Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

In Vitro Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities of Extracts from the Leaves of Cassia Moschata Kunth


Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, East Java,, Indonesia
2 Center for Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Diseases, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, East Java,, Indonesia
3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000,, Thailand
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, which is the most common cause of dementia. This disease commonly occurs in elderly people. The increase in life expectancy means that that the number of people suffering from AD is expected to rise each year if there is no effective treatment found. The relation of cholinesterase and oxidative stress to Alzheimer’s disease has been reported. In our previous study, we have investigated the potency of the ethanolic extract of Cassia moschata leaves as an anticholinesterase. The current study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and anticholinesterase properties of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. moschata as well as to determine the total phenolic content (TPC). Two different methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The anticholinesterase assay was carried out against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) according to the modified Ellman’s method. The TPC was determined by a colorimetric method using Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, and employing gallic acid as a reference. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. moschata demonstrated antioxidant activity in both DPPH and ABTS assays. There were statistically significant differences in the IC50 values of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts in both DPPH and ABTS assays. The aqueous extract exhibited a lower IC50 value compared to the ethanolic extract. The IC50 value for the aqueous extract was 36.46 μg/mL in the DPPH assay, and 10.61 μg/mL in the ABTS method compared to IC50 38.74 μg/mL and 17.17 μg/mL for the ethanolic extract, respectively. Meanwhile, the ethanolic extract showed higher potency as anticholinesterase with the IC50 value of 44.43 μg/mL compared to the aqueous extract with an IC50 value of 114.60 μg/mL. The TPC measurement revealed that the aqueous extract has a higher amount of phenolic than the ethanolic extract. These data suggest that the aqueous extract from the leaves of C. moschata has a higher ability to scavenge free radicals compared to the ethanolic extract, which also contains a higher amount of phenolic compounds. However, the high content of phenolic compounds in the aqueous extract did not correspond to the anticholinesterase activity. The presence of non-phenolic compounds may also contribute to the anticholinesterase activity in the ethanolic extract.

Keywords

Alzheimer’s disease, Cassia moschata, Medicinal plant, Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant.
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Bird TD. Genetic Aspects of Alzheimer Disease. Genetics in Medicine. 2008; 10(4): 231-239. doi:10.1097/gim.0b013e31816b64dc.

  • Patel CK, Panigrahi B, Badmanaban R, Patel CN. Biochemical Origins of Alzheimer’s Disease with Treatment Techniques. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2010; 2(1): 33-38.

  • Kumar DR, Shankar MS, Reddy PP, Kumar BRS, Sumalatha N. A Review on Alzheimer’s Disease. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2014; 6(1): 59-63.

  • Aanandhi MV, Niventhi A, Rujaswini T, Hemalatha CN, Praveen DA. Comprehensive Review on the Role of Tau Proteins in Alzheimer’s Pathology. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Technology. 2018; 11(2): 788-790.

  • Choudhury S, Vellapandian C. Alzheimer’s Disease Pathophysiology and its Implications. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Technology. 2019; 12(4): 2045-2048.

  • Dhinakaran S, Tamilanban T, Chitra V. Targets for Alzheimer’s Disease. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Technology. 2019; 12(6): 3073-3077.

  • Christen Y. Oxidative Stress and Alzheimer Disease. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000; 71(2): 621S-629S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.2.621s.

  • Halliwell B. Role of Free Radicals in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Therapeutic Implications for Antioxidant Treatment. Drugs Aging. 2001; 18(9): 685-716.doi:10.2165/00002512-200118090-00004.

  • Singh RP, Sharad S, Kapur S. Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Relevance of Dietary Antioxidants. Journal Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine. 2004; 5(3): 218-225.

  • Pham-Huy LA, He H, Pham-Huy C. Free Radicals, Antioxidants in Disease and Health. International Journal of Biomedical Science. 2008; 4(2): 89-96.

  • Butterfield DA. Amyloid Beta-peptide (1-42)-Induced Oxidative Stress and Neurotoxicity: Implications for Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease Brain. A Review. Free Radical Research. 2002; 36(12): 1307-1313.doi:10.1080/1071576021000049890.

  • Krishnaiah D, Sarbatly R, Nithyanandam R. A Review of the Antioxidant Potential of Medicinal Plant Species. Food Bioproducts Processing. 2011; 89(3): 217-233. doi:10.1016/j.fbp.2010.04.008

  • Vakhariya RR, Talokar SS, Salunkhe VR, Magdum CS. Cognitive Disorders and its Herbal Remedies. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2017; 9(1): 42-46.

  • Chitra V, Narayanan J. In vitro Screening for Anti-Cholinesterase and Antioxidant Activity of Extract of Garcinia hanburyi. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Technology. 2018; 11(7): 2918-2921.

  • Velraj M, Lavaniya N. Alzheimer Disease and a Potential Role of Herbs-A Review. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Technology. 2018; 11(6): 2695-2700.

  • Jadhav RP, Kengar MD, Narule OV, Koli VW, Kumbhar SB. A Review on Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and its Herbal Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019; 9(2):112-122.

  • Patil SV, Patil VK, Patil PA. Review on Herbal medicines of Alzheimer’s Disease. Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020; 10(3):171-177.

  • Ganapaty S, Thomas PS, Ramana KV, Vidyadhar KN, Chakradhar V. A Review of Phytochemical Studies of Cassia Species. Journal of Natural Remedies. 2002; 2(2): 102-120.19. Dave H, Ledwani L. A Review on Anthraquinones Isolated from Cassia Species and Their Applications. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources. 2012; 3(3): 291-319.

  • Sundaramoorthy S, Gunasekaran S, Arunachalam S, Sathiavelu M. A Phytopharmacological Review on Cassia Species. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2016; 8(5): 260-264.

  • Jothy SL, Torey A, Darah I, Choong YS, Saravanan D, Chen Y, Latha LY, Deivanai S, Sasidharan S. Cassia spectabilis (DC) Irwin et Barn: A Promising Traditional Herb in Health Improvement. Molecules. 2012; 17(9): 10292-10305.doi: 10.3390/molecules170910292.

  • Torey A, Sasidharan S, Yeng C, Latha LY. Standardization of Cassia spectabilis with Respect to Authenticity, Assay and Chemical Constituents Analysis. Molecules. 2010; 15(5): 3411-3420.doi: 10.3390/molecules15053411.

  • Deshpande HA, Bhalsing SR. Recent Advances in the Phytochemistry of Some Medicinally Important Cassia Species: A Review. International Journal of Pharma Medicine and Biological Sciences. 2013; 2(3): 60-78.

  • Ekasari W, Wahyuni TS, Arwaty H, Putri NT. Determination of Effective Dose of Antimalarial from Cassia spectabilis Leaf Ethanol Extract in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice. African Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2018; 12(1 Suppl): 110-115.doi: 10.2101/Ajid.12v1S.16

  • Suciati, Laili ER, Poerwantoro D, Hapsari AP, Gifanda LZ, Rabgay K, Ekasari W, Ingkaninan K. Evaluation of Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Six Indonesian Cassia Species. Journal of Research Pharmacy. 2020; 24(4): 472-478. doi:10.35333/jrp.2020.195

  • Ahmed SI, Hayat MQ, Tahir M, Mansoor Q, Ismail M, Keck K, Bates RB. Pharmacologically Active Flavonoids from the Anticancer, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Extracts of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2016; 16(1): 460.doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1443-z.

  • Kolar FR, Gogi CL, Khudavand MM, Choudhari MS, Patil SB. Phytochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Some Cassia Species. Natural Product Research. 2017; 32(11): 1324-1328. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1342085.

  • El-Hashash MM, Abdel-Gawad MM, El-Sayed MM, Sabry WA, Abdel-Hameed el-SS, Abdel-Lateef Eel-S. Antioxidant Properties of Methanolic Extracts of the Leaves of Seven Egyptian Cassia Species. Acta Pharmaceutica. 2010; 60(3): 361-367. doi: 10.2478/v10007-010-0030-y

  • Arya V, Yadav JP. Comparative Assessment of Relative Antioxidant Activity of Sequential Leaf Extracts of Cassia occidentalis L and Cassia tora L. Pharmacologyonline. 2011; 1: 529–543.

  • Mehta JP, Parmar PH, Vadia SH, Patel MK, Tripathi CB. In-Vitro Antioxidant and In-Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Aerial Parts of Cassia Species. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2017; 10(supp. 2): S1654-S1662.doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.06.010

  • Kumar RS, Narasingappa RB, Joshi CG, Girish TK, Prasada Rao UJ, Danagoudar A. Evaluation of Cassia tora Linn. against Oxidative Stress-Induced DNA and Cell Membrane Damage. Journal of Pharmacy and BioAllied Sciences. 2017; 9(1): 33-43. doi: 10.4103/0975-7406.206215

  • Singh VV, Jain J, Mishra AK. Determination of Antipyretic and Antioxidant Activity of Cassia occidentalis Linn Methanolic Seed Extract. Pharmacognosy Journal. 2017; 9(6): 913-916.doi:10.5530/pj.2017.6.143.

  • Herald TJ, Gadgil P, Tilley M. High-Throughput Micro Plate Assays for Screening Flavonoid Content and DPPH-Scavenging Activity in Sorghum Bran and Flour. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2012; 92(11): 2326-2331. doi:10.1002/jsfa.5633.

  • Lee KJ, Oh YC, Cho WK, Ma JY. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity Determination of One Hundred Kinds of Pure Chemical Compounds Using Offline and Online Screening HPLC Assay. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2015; 2015: 165457. doi:10.1155/2015/165457.

  • Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V Jr, Featherstone RM. A New and Rapid Colorimetric Determination of Acetylcholinesterase Activity. Biochemical Pharmacology. 1961; 7(2): 88-95. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9

  • Ingkaninan K, Temkitthawon P, Chuenchom K, Yuyaem T, Thongnoi W. Screening for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity in Plants Used in Thai Traditional Rejuvenating and Neurotonic Remedies. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003; 89(2-3): 261- 264.doi:10.1016/j.jep.2003.08.008.

  • Suciati, Rabgay K, Fachrunniza Y, Saesong T, Hadi TA, Wahyuni TS, Widyawaruyanti A, Ingkaninan K. Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Marine Sponges against Cholinesterase and 5α-Reductase. Malaysian Applied Biology Journal. 2019; 48(3): 77-83.

  • Zhang Q, Zhang J, Shen J, Silva A, Dennis DA, Barrow CJ. A Simple 96-Well Microplate Method for Estimation of Total Polyphenol Content in Seaweeds. Journal of Applied Phycology. 2006; 18: 445–450.doi:10.1007/s10811-006-9048-4

  • Blois MS. Antioxidant Determinations by The Use of A Stable Free Radical. Nature. 1958; 181: 1199-1200.doi:10.1038/1811199a0

  • Molyneux P. The Use of The Stable Free Radical Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for Estimating Antioxidant Activity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology. 2004; 26(2): 211- 219.

  • Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant Activity Applying an Improved ABTS Radical Cation Decolorization Assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 1999; 26 (9-10): 1231–1237.doi:10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3

  • Aadesariya MK, Ram VR, Dave PN. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities by Use of Various Extracts from Abutilon pannosum and Grewia tenax Leaves in the Kachchh Region. MOJ Food Processing and Technology 2017; 5(1): 216-230.doi:10.15406/mojfpt.2017.05.00116

  • Shahidi F, Ambigaipalan P. Phenolics And Polyphenolics in Foods, Beverages and Spices: Antioxidant Activity and Health Effects – A Review. Journal of Functional Foods. 2015. 18(part B): 820-897.doi:10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.018

  • Wang TY, Li Q, Bi KS. Bioactive Flavonoids in Medicinal Plants: Structure, Activity and Biological Fate. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018;13(1):12-23.doi:10.1016/j.ajps.2017.08.004.

  • Dzoyem JP, Eloff JN. Anti-inflammatory, Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Activity of Leaf Extracts of Twelve Plants Used Traditionally to Alleviate Pain and Inflammation in South Africa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2015;160:194–201.doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.034

  • Irshad Md, Zafaryab Md., Singh M, Rizvi MM. Comparative Analysis of the Antioxidant Activity of Cassia fistula Extracts. International Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2012; 2012: 157125. doi: 10.1155/2012/157125.


Abstract Views: 271

PDF Views: 0




  • In Vitro Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities of Extracts from the Leaves of Cassia Moschata Kunth

Abstract Views: 271  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Suciati Suciati
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, East Java,, Indonesia
Wachidatur Rizqiyah
Center for Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Diseases, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, East Java,, Indonesia
Dwiki Nur Inayah
Center for Natural Product Medicine Research and Development, Institute of Tropical Diseases, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, East Java,, Indonesia
Retno Widyowati
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, East Java,, Indonesia
Wiwied Ekasari
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, East Java,, Indonesia
Nungruthai Suphrom
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000,, Thailand

Abstract


Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, which is the most common cause of dementia. This disease commonly occurs in elderly people. The increase in life expectancy means that that the number of people suffering from AD is expected to rise each year if there is no effective treatment found. The relation of cholinesterase and oxidative stress to Alzheimer’s disease has been reported. In our previous study, we have investigated the potency of the ethanolic extract of Cassia moschata leaves as an anticholinesterase. The current study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and anticholinesterase properties of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. moschata as well as to determine the total phenolic content (TPC). Two different methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The anticholinesterase assay was carried out against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) according to the modified Ellman’s method. The TPC was determined by a colorimetric method using Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, and employing gallic acid as a reference. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. moschata demonstrated antioxidant activity in both DPPH and ABTS assays. There were statistically significant differences in the IC50 values of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts in both DPPH and ABTS assays. The aqueous extract exhibited a lower IC50 value compared to the ethanolic extract. The IC50 value for the aqueous extract was 36.46 μg/mL in the DPPH assay, and 10.61 μg/mL in the ABTS method compared to IC50 38.74 μg/mL and 17.17 μg/mL for the ethanolic extract, respectively. Meanwhile, the ethanolic extract showed higher potency as anticholinesterase with the IC50 value of 44.43 μg/mL compared to the aqueous extract with an IC50 value of 114.60 μg/mL. The TPC measurement revealed that the aqueous extract has a higher amount of phenolic than the ethanolic extract. These data suggest that the aqueous extract from the leaves of C. moschata has a higher ability to scavenge free radicals compared to the ethanolic extract, which also contains a higher amount of phenolic compounds. However, the high content of phenolic compounds in the aqueous extract did not correspond to the anticholinesterase activity. The presence of non-phenolic compounds may also contribute to the anticholinesterase activity in the ethanolic extract.

Keywords


Alzheimer’s disease, Cassia moschata, Medicinal plant, Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant.

References