Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology (RJPT) is an international, peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary journal, devoted to pharmaceutical sciences. The aim of RJPT is to increase the impact of pharmaceutical research both in academia and industry, with strong emphasis on quality and originality. RJPT publishes Original Research Articles, Short Communications, Review Articles in all areas of pharmaceutical sciences from the discovery of a drug up to clinical evaluation. Topics covered are: Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics; Pharmaceutical chemistry including medicinal and analytical chemistry; Pharmacognosy including herbal products standardization and Phytochemistry; Pharmacology: Allied sciences including drug regulatory affairs, Pharmaceutical Marketing, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Pharmaceutical biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Education and Hospital Pharmacy. A & V Publications en-US Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 0974-3618 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemicals in Some Medicinal Plants of Western Himalayas https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219657 Plants have been well known for their medicinal applications for ages and traditional medicines are still a major part of habitual treatments in different parts of the world. They are used since ancient times for treating different ailments and providing valuable drugs such as analgesics (morphine), antihypertensives (reserpine), cardiotonic (digoxin) and antimalarials (quinine and artemisinin). The discovery of medicinal plants helps in achieving the new targets in treating various diseases like cancer, malaria and neurological disorders. Herbs proved to be the only solution for treating a large number of health-related problems. Most of the recent drugs are obtained in one or another way from plants. Medicinal plants contain biologically active, naturally occurring chemical compounds known as phytochemicals which provide health benefits and protect the human cell from any type of damage. Phytochemical screenings of medicinal plants have contributed to the discovery of new drugs. In our present investigation, an attempt has been made to screen out the bioactive constituents of three selected plants of western Himalayas and further they had been subjected to quantitative analysis for estimation of different parameters. Manju manjujaswal90@gmail.com Aiman Aziz Shamee Rehman 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Development and Evaluation of Thermo Triggered in Situ Nasal Gel of Selegiline for Depressive Disorders: In Vitro, in Vivo and Ex Vivo Characterization https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219658 In present scenario selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the first-choice drug for depression, but as per study of American Psychiatric Association monoamine oxidase inhibitor may be used as an antidepressant when other antidepressant trial on patient have been failed. Selegiline is both MAO-A and MOA-B inhibitor (dose dependent). Present delivery system is an<em> in situ</em> gelling system based on the chitosan and β-glycrophosphate. β-Glycerophosphate is used in form of di sodium salt which is a weakly basic compound which is naturally found in the body. <em>In situ</em> gelling system was prepared by addition of β- glycerophosphate to chitosan polymer causes conversion of pH sensitive chitosan to temperature sensitive. Developed formulations were evaluated for mucoadhesive strength, gel strength, drug content,<em> in vitro</em> release which was found 17.0±1.0 seconds, 6.4±0.1, 229.3±1.0 cp, 1433.3±1.2 cp, 99.45±0.4 %, 35.7±0.6 seconds, 3035.78±0.46 dyne/cm<sup>2</sup> respectively. Histopathological studies of treated nasal mucosa of sheep revealed that selected formulation batch have no toxic effect on mucosal layer and no significant change was observed in mucosal structure. <em>In vivo</em> study of prepared optimized in situ gel was found more efficacious compare to marketed oral tablet of selegiline. Shiv Kumar Srivastava Mahesh Prasad Antesh Kumar Jha 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 In Silico Analysis of Novel Azetidinone Substituted Benzotriazole and Benzimidazole Derivatives as Plasmodium Falciparum Glutamate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219659 NADP-dependent enzyme Glutamate dehydrogenase is responsible for the maintenance of reduced state in plasmodia. Chloroquine and Mefloquine inhibit glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme and also glutathione reductase like antioxidative enzyme and thioredoxin, inducing oxidative stress. Plasmodia can't survive in the highly oxidized medium. From a detailed study on the SAR of quinolines, a series of compounds were designed and developed using molecular docking, In silico analysis was done using SWISSADME online tool, and bioactivity prediction was performed using Molinspiration online tool. Among the all designed compounds, in the benzotriazole series, compound code 1(d) (-103.22kcal/mol), 1(e) (-102.05kcal/mol), and 1(b) (-100.78 kcal/mol) show good binding affinity. Whereas, in the benzimidazole series, compound code 2(f) (-104.98 kcal/mol), 2(b) (-104.86kcal/mol) and 2(g) (-104.08kcal/mol) shows good binding affinity. The performed research reveals that benzimidazole derivatives offer an advantage over benzotriazole moiety for binding affinity with the enzyme Plasmodium Falciparum glutamate dehydrogenase. Sandip N. Badeliya Pankaj P. Kapupara Ankit B. Chaudhary 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Multi Epitopes Potential on Surface Sars-cov-2 Protein as a Covid-19 Vaccine Candidate https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219660 Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiology of an outbreak Covid-19. SARS-CoV-2 has a structural part consisting of spike glycoprotein, nucleoprotein N, membrane M and envelopes small membrane pentamer E. Immunoinformatic approach epitope analysis is developed to identify both weak and robust epitopes. Our study aims to identify several epitopes present in the spike glycoprotein, envelope, and membrane protein from the SARCoV-2 surface, with the help of insilico approach that highly potential as vaccine candidates. Analysis of antigeninicity was performed with the Kolaskar and Tongaonkar Antigenicity software. Epitope Mapping was analyzed using Linear Epitope Prediction Bepired. The structure of proteins with epitope regions was visualized by software Pyrex and PyMOL. Conserve analysis was performed using bio edit software. HLA mimicry was analyzed through HLAPred software. Molecular docking between the epitope with HLA I and HLA II was validated by Chimera and PyMOL software. The toxicity test for candidate vaccine peptides was carried out using ToxinPred software. Our study found seven potential epitope candidates as vaccine candidates. The seven epitopes were derived from spike proteins (5 epitopes), envelope proteins (1 epitope), and membrane proteins (1 epitope). All epitope codes are conserved and are not the same as HLA in Humans. The docking test results show a value with low affinity so that a strong bond can provide a high immune response. Toxicity tests show that all epitopes are non-toxic and safe to use as vaccine ingredients. Seven peptides from the spike, envelope, membrane protein that showed potential as vaccine candidates against Covid-19. Khoirul Anam Bobi Prabowo Meike Tiya Kusuma Yuliati Sri Winarsih Tri Yudani Mardining Raras Sumarno Reto Prawiro 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Hypoglycemic Activity of Methanol Fraction of Solanum Torvum (Swartz) Fruits in Normal and Streptozotocin Induced Hyperglycemic Rat Models https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219661 Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disorder, now considered as a major global health problem which is affecting around 9.3% of world population and its incidence is increasing day by day. In India, several plants having hypoglycemic property are traditionally used in management of diabetes. Solanum torvum (Swartz) (ST) plant belonging to family Solanaceae; is medicinally reported and claims to cure various diseases in Indian traditional system of medicine (Ayurveda) and also in folklore and as per previous report, the decoction of its fruits is very useful in the treatment of diabetes. The thrust of this investigation is to examine the hypoglycemic efficacy of methanolic fractions (50, 100 and 200mg/kg body wt.) of ST fruits (MFST) from defatted hydro-alcoholic extract in normoglycemic, followed by Streptozotocin (45mg/kg) induced diabetic, and glucose loaded hyperglycemic rats by single as well as multiple oral administration in contrast to the standard drug glibenclamide (2.5mg/kg body wt.). In the beginning of the investigation, acute oral toxicity study of MFST was carried out in rats to determine the dose for experiment animals. The study report showed that the MFST (200mg/kg) significantly (pth hour and 3<sup>rd</sup> hour respectively during the single dose study and from the 15<sup>th</sup> day to 30<sup>th</sup> day in multi dose study. The blood glucose level decreasing activity of MFST may be due to the secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds present in it. Hence the present investigation report reveals that MFST possess significant hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic activity which persuades the traditional use of the plant for the treatment or management of diabetes mellitus. Bishwanath Mishra Durga M. Kar Laxmidhar Maharana Sujit Dash Ganesh P. Mishra 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Formulation and Evaluation of Chronomodulated Pulsatile Drug Delivery System for Nocturnal Hyperacidity https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219662 Introduction: Chronomodulated pulsatile drug delivery system is basically time-controlled drug delivery system in which the release of drug in the body is allowed to match with circadian rhythm with controlled lag time. Aim and Objective: The objective of this work was to develop and evaluate oral pulsatile tablet of Pantoprazole sodium for the treatment of nocturnal hyperacidity. Pulsatile drug delivery system for Pantoprazole sodium was formulated initially as a core tablet followed by press coated. Five different compositions of the core tablet were prepared by using cross carmellose super disintegrant. Base on drug content and dissolution time F5 formulation optimised and proceeds for press coating. Five different compositions of press coating were prepared and evaluated for in vitro drug release. Result: The formulation C4 achieved a maximum of 99.65% cumulative drug release over a period of 3hr. 30 min. Lag time for C4 formulation was found to be 2 hr. It means that the system was found to be satisfactory in terms of drug release after a lag time. Conclusion: Since the developed formulation when taken at bedtime, the tablet would be expected to release the drug at midnight which provides better control with the nocturnal hyperacidity. Rohini Kharwade Haripriya Nair Dipali Masurkar Ajay Pise Sachin More Shilpa Pise 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Evaluation of Anti-oxidant, Anti-microbial and Phytochemical Analysis of Different Parts of C. Bipinatus https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219663 Plants are sources of many natural active compounds used to prevent several diseases. The various parts of plants like leaf, stem, flower and root are rich of these bioactive compounds. From ancient times these natural compounds have been using for treatment and prevention of diseases.<em> Cosmos bipinnatus</em> is an herbaceous, medicinal plant. The present study was aimed with the objective to antioxidant, antimicrobial and phytochemical screening, total phenolic and total flavonoid content of different solvent extracts of different parts of <em>Cosmos bipinnatus.</em> Flavonoids were abundantly found in the leaves and the root of <em>Cosmos bipinnatus.</em> Steroids were absent only in the leaves and flowers of <em>Cosmos bipinnatus</em> while terpenoids were completely absent in the flowers of the plant. Alkaloids were absent in the leaves extracted from all the three solvents and root sample extracted using ethyl acetate and stem sample extracted using ethanol. Proteins are absent in all the parts of the plant extracted using all the three solvents namely ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. Tannins are absent in the entirely in the flower in addition to the stem sample taken using the solvent hexane. Saponins are present all the parts like leaf, stem and flower but are not found in the root extract of the plant. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extracts were calculated by using the standard gallic acid and quercetin graphs to find out the concentration. The total phenolic content is high for the plant sample stem that is extracted by using hexane as the solvent the value is 790μg/mg. The total flavonoid content is high for the plant sample stem that is extracted by using hexane as the solvent the value is 150μg/mg. The antioxidant activity was also found out by using various assays like FRAP and DPPH where the percentage of inhibition was found out. The highest percentage of inhibition for leaf was found out to be at 120μg/ml with the solvent hexane that is 88.86%. The highest percentage of inhibition for stem was found out to be at 60mg/ml using ethanol that is 89.92%. The highest percentage of inhibition for flower was found out to be at 60mg/ml by ethyl acetate that is 91.42%. The highest percentage of inhibition for root was found out to be at 60mg/ml that is 97%. From the FRAP results it is evident that the antioxidant activity is highest for the root sample. Tejaswi Jasti Manisha Senapathi Sasank p Varaprasad Bobbarala Kandra Prameela 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Isolation and Identification of Antibacterial Compound from Actinomycetes Isolated from Mangrove Soil https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219667 Nine actinobacteria were isolated from the mangrove soil of Bhitarkanika and screened for their bioactive metabolites and antimicrobial property. Out of the nine actinobacterial isolates, the bacterial isolateBAB-7 showed positive activity towards most of the enzymesscreened,i.e., Cellulase, phosphate solubilization, L-asparaginase, protease, and amylase. The actinobacterial isolate BAB-7 also exhibited antimicrobial activity against <em>K. pneumoniae, V. alginolyticus, V.</em> <em>parahaemolyticus, P. aeruginosa,E. coli, S. typhimurium, and S. salivarius.</em> Based on biochemical characterization, the actinobacterial isolate BAB-7 was identified asSteptomcessp.The secondary metabolites produced by the bacterial strain were analyzed through GC-mass spectroscopy and found to besimilar to the peaks of2-cyclohex-3-en-1-yl-2-oxoacetic acid derivative (ketomycin). Riya Jalan Biswaranjan Pradhan Santosh Kumar Singh Anuradha Das Rajib Lochan Barik Jyotisikha Meher Rashmi Ranjan Mishra Debasmita Dubey Bikash Chandra Behera 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 A Validated Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Diacerein and Aceclofenac in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulation https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219668 A simple, exceptionally cost-effective, extremely accurate, quite precise and highly reproducible analytical method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Diacerein and Aceclofenac in bulk and Pharmaceutical formulation. The new Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography technique was developed. <strong>Method-</strong> The separation has been done on column ACQUITY UPLC BEH Shield C18 (50 x 2.1mm), 1.7μm (40°C temperature). The mobile phase contained Buffer and Acetonitrile (Buffer: ACN) (55:45 V/V).. The flow rate was set at 0.4ml/min, and detected at 268nm with PDA detector. Mobile phase was sonicated for 15 min. before use. 5μl of samples of standard stock solution and tablet solution were injected. Different trials were performed to separate diacerein and aceclofenac. The total run time of the detection was 4 min. The developed method was validated against different validation parameters.<strong> Results -</strong> The retention times were obtained at 1.762min. and 2.891 min. for Diacerein and Aceclofenac respectively. Accuracy study was observed in the range of 100.33% to 101.67% with less than 2% RSD. LOQ was found to be 2.98μg/ml and 5.9041μg/ml. similarly LOD was found to be 0.9841μg/ml and 1.9467μg/ml. for Diacerein and Aceclofenac respectively. Precision %RSD for intraday and interday were found to be 0.19 and 0.18 for Diacerein , 0.44 and 0.16 for Aceclofenac respectively. Linearity was found in the range of 2.5-17.5μg/ml and 5-35μg/ml for Diacerein and Aceclofenac respectively. The method was found robust by deliberate changes in the flow rate, ratio of mobile phase and detection wavelength. <strong>Conclusion-</strong>The method was found to be satisfactory and can be used successfully for determination of Diacerein and Aceclofenac simultaneously in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Bharatee P. Chaudhari Kratika Daniel 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Box Behnken Design for Optimization of Mirabegron Solid Dispersion by Fluidized Bed Processing https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219669 The present study was to develop a stable mirabegron solid dispersion by FBP technique with improved solubility, dissolution and stability. The solid dispersion of mirabegron with poloxamer, PEG-6000 and PVP K-30 has been prepared with different weight ratios by using FBP technique. Saturation solubility studies showed significant effect of all polymers on solubility of mirabegron. MS9 batch showed maximum solubility 198.48 μg/ml in water. Box Behnken design was applied for the development of ER formulation of mirabegron by considering poloxamer, BHT and EC independent factors and drug content and drug release was dependent variables. MS9 exhibited 99.18% drug release indicated immediate release and run 6 exhibited 99.33% drug content and 99.45% at 24 h indicates significantly extend the release of mirabegron. These finding solid dispersion by fluidized bed processing is extremely important for the solubility and dissolution rate enhancement of mirabegron. Rajendra K. Surawase Kamalkishor G. Baheti 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 In-silico Ligand and Structure Based Design of Hiv-1 Protease Inhibitors: Current Trends and Future Directions https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219670 A study of the function of the protease inhibitor as well as of highly active antiretroviral therapy is involved in the present work. The paper focused on the cause of drug resistance and related phenomena, the HIV protease structure and its catalytic mechanism, the production of HIV inhibitors based on CADD, as well as ligand-based drug design using QSAR and computational binding energy technique, other computational modelling, optimization based on CORAL software. In order to shed light on the potential growth of the new drug for the treatment of HIV, the debate on the prediction of the desired biological activity and the structural relationship studies and study related to the structure-based drug design and the most potent drugs was reviewed. S. Ramasamy Sushmita Gupta Ritu Rani Chaudhary Amit Kumar Verma 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Analysis of Adverse Drug Reactions Associated with Anti-tubercular Drugs – a Retrospective Study https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219671 <strong>Background:</strong> Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR’s) to anti-TB drugs might contribute to the extension of treatment period, final termination, drug resistance and treatment failure as Anti-TB medications are the main stay treatment in Tuberculosis. These ADR’s may cause unintended interruption of treatment which may pose a challenge in TB management. <strong>Aim:</strong> This study aims to explore and observe adverse reactions of 1st line antitubercular drugs in DOTS treatment.<strong> Methodology</strong>: This is a analysis of ADRs of antitubercular drugs that were reported to ADR monitoring centre (AMC), SDSTRC and RGICD ,Bangalore either by spontaneous reporting or found by active surveillance methods. This study was for about 32 months. During this period all the ADRs caused by antitubercular drugs reported to the AMC were collected and classified based on WHO causality assessment. Later all those data were analyzed and results were generated <strong>Results</strong>: A total of 507 ADR’s were reported and out of which the majority of ADR’s were reported in adult population (45%). Based on gender, Male had a higher incidence of ADR (324, 63.9%). Based on WHO causality assessment scale, 69.4% of ADRs were ‘possible’ followed by 25.2% being ‘probable’ and 4.1% being ‘certain’. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Monitoring of patients on Anti tubercular treatment with early identification and appropriate management of ADR becomes very essential. The timely and aggressive management of adverse effects of anti-tubercular drugs greatly facilitates patient adherence. Dharini Boopathi Akshatha J S Uma Buggi Hema Siva Arun K P Deepalakshmi Mani 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Biological Activities of Steroids and Extracts from Xestospongia Sp. Growing in Southeast Sulawesi (Indonesia) https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219673 <em>Xestospongia sp.</em> is one of marine sponge that can be found in Southeast Sulawesi. It belongs to Demospongiae classes which have shown many pharmacological activities such as antioxidant. Thus, this study aimed to identify isolates from<em> Xestospongia sp.</em> and its activity as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Isolation were carried out by chromatography technique including Thin Layer Chromatrography (TLC), vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and radial chromatography (RC) with silica gel as an adsorbent. Structure of isolated compounds were determined by spectroscopy methods i.e. FTIR, <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C NMR and also by comparison with those reported values. Biological activity of <em>Xestospongia sp</em> was also evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radicals and Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) methods. Four compounds isolated and identified from methanol extract of <em>Xestospongia sp.</em> were steroids that are (1) purchrasterol, (2) xestosterol, (3) saringosterol, and (4) 5α,8α-epidioxy-24α-ethylcholest-6-en-3β-ol. The extract and the compounds showed antioxidant activity against DPPH radicals in which the extract was stronger than the isolated compounds. Furthermore, the <em>Xestospongia sp.</em> extract exhibited a dose-dependant anti-inflammatory activity by stabilizing red blood cell membranes at concentrations ranging from 50 to 3200 ppm. In conclusion, <em>Xestospongia sp.</em> extract which contain sterol compounds, such as purchrasterol, xestosterol, saringosterol and 5α,8α-epidioxy-24α-ethylcholest-6-en-3β-ol provides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Baru Sadarun Wahyuni Muhammad Hajrul Malaka Adryan Fristiohady Agung Wibawa Mahatma Yodha Nur Syifa Rahmatika Zulfikri Saleh Islami Muhammad Nurjayadin Carla Wulandari Sabandar Ahmad Darmawan Andini Sundowo Andi Rifky Rosandi Sahidin I 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Comparison of Diagnostic Tests for Detection of Nonstructural-1(Ns1) Antigen Dengue Virus Using Immunochromatography and Fluorescence Immunoassay Methods https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219677 <strong>Background :</strong> NS1 is currently widely used for diagnosis of dengue virus (DENV) infection. Various methods are used to diagnose DENV infection (DVI), either ELISA, immunochromatography (ICT) or most recently the fluorescence immunoassay (FIA) method which are commercially available. <strong>Objective:</strong> This study aimed to compare the detection capabilities of dengue NS1 antigens using (1) Dengue NS1 ICT Ag (Standard Q - SD Biosensor, Inc.), (2) Dengue NS1 ICT Ag (SD Bioline - Standard Diagnostic, Inc), and (3) Dengue NS1 Ag FIA (Standard F - SD Biosensor, Inc.) <strong>Methods:</strong> This study consisted of serum samples (n=80) with the number of DVI patients (n=50), non-DVI (n=30). All samples were examined using all three commercial kits for NS1 antigen testing. All DVI samples showed results of reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR - SIMPLEXAᵀᴹ Dengue - Focus Diagnostics) and/or positive dengue NS1 (Panbio® Dengue Early ELISA) antigen. <strong>Results:</strong> Standard F showed the highest sensitivity (82%) compared to Standard Q (74%) and SD Bio line (74%). These three commercial kits had the same specificity 100%. The positive predictive value all of these kits was 100% each. The negative prediction value of Standard F, Standard Q, and SD Bio line were 76.9%, 63.8%, 63.8%, respectively. These three NS1 antigen tests had a good agreement (κ 0.681-0.774).<strong> Conclusions:</strong> FIA test performance (Standard F SD - Biosensor, Inc.) were a quick and easy examination, showing a higher sensitivity and specificity than ICT for detecting DENV infection. Further research is needed to confirm the diagnosis of primary or secondary infection. Nelly Zuroidah May Fanny Tanzilia I Gusti Agung Ayu Eka Putri Sunari Billy Jordan Wrahatnala Faradila Khoirun Nisa Haki Aryati Puspa Wardhani Dominicus Husada Ali Rohman Siti Nadia Tarmizi 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Spectroscopic Method for the Quantification of Residue of Tetramethylthionine Chloride on Swab from Manufacturing Equipment in Support of Cleaning Validation https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219685 Tetramethylthionine chloride is approved by the FDA for the treatment of paediatric and adult patients with acquired methaemoglobinaemia. The objective of this research was to develop and validate an Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric method for quantification of Tetramethylthionine chloride in cleaning control swab sample from manufacturing equipment surfaces. Simple, accurate and cost efficient spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation and quantification of Tetramethylthionine chloride which is going to be used for the evaluation of cleaning in cleaning validation. The optimum conditions for the quantitative analysis of the drugs were established. The maximum wavelength (λ<sub>max</sub>) was found to be 663nm. The percent recovery of Tetramethylthionine chloride for 50.0%, 100.0% and 150.0% were 99.13, 97.76 and 101.18 respectively. Linearity of Tetramethylthionine chloride for Validation showed a good linear relationship with Correlation Coefficient (r<sup>2</sup>) value of 0.999 was obtained. Validation was performed according to the ICH guidelines of Analytical Method Validation. The Sample Solution was chemically stable up to 36 hours. The proposed may be suitable for the Estimation and Quantification of Tetramethylthionine chloride for evaluation of cleaning in cleaning validation for quality control purposes. Kishan Malviya Monika Maheshwari Mahendra Singh Rathore 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 The Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effect of 5- Naphthalidin-2, 4 Thiazolidinedione Derivatives in Alloxan Induced Type Ii Diabetic Model https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219686 <strong>Objective:</strong> The present study was undertaken to study antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic potentials of 5- naphthalidin-2, 4-thiazolidinediones derivatives and its interaction with rosiglitazone in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. <strong>Methods:</strong> Diabetes was induced in male swiss albino rats by single intramuscular injection of alloxan (0.15 mg/Kg i.m) and NIDDM-rats received 4b, 4c or 4d (36 mg/Kg, p.o). Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were measured by glucose-oxidase &amp; peroxidase reactive strips. Serum biochemical parameters such as total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were estimated. The statistical analysis of results was carried out using Student t-test and one-way analysis (ANOVA) followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). <strong>Results:</strong> The results revealed that 4b, 4c and 4d showed promising results by lowering the blood glucose. Moreover, 4c compound displayed high efficiency for lowering lipid profiles compared to others. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> These results suggest that taking 5- naphthalidin-2, 4 TZD orally twice/day is a valuable treatment for Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and hypolipidemic agent. They exert their effects through altering regulation genes in glucose and lipid metabolisms in diabetic rats. Rekha. S Kalpana Divekar Chandrashekhara. S 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis on the Leaves Extracts of Sida Acuta Burm.F. And Sida Rhombifolia Linn. Family Malvaceae https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219694 To investigate the phytochemical screening (group determination) of the plants leaves of<em> Sida acuta</em> <em>Burm.f., and Sida rhombifolia Linn.</em> family Malvaceae. In Ayurvedic system of medicine <em>Sida acuta</em> <em>Burm.f.,</em> used as digestive, diuretic, fever, burning of the body and urinary discharge. <em>Sida</em> <em>rhombifolia Linn</em>. used as good in urinary complaints, discharge and strangury, useful in fever, heart diseases, burning sensations, piles, all kinds of inflammations. Present study involved Leaves of <em>Sida acuta Burm.f., and Sida rhombifolia Linn</em>. were studied by preliminary phytochemical screening of leaf powders using different solvent viz; petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous. Leaf extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis of using standard procedures. The phytoconstituents present in it viz. alkaloids, carbhohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, lignins and saponins are present in leaf extracts of <em>Sida acuta Burm.f.,</em> and <em>Sida rhombifolia Linn.</em> The active principles of <em>Sida acuta</em> <em>Burm.f., and Sida rhombifolia Linn</em>. namely Manghaslin, Quercetin 3-(2Gxylosylrutinoside), Myricetin 7-Rhamnoside, Isorhamnetin 3-O-[b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-&gt;2)-a Lrhamnopyranoside], Quercetin 3-(2Gxylosylrutinoside), Peltatoside, Rutin, Quercimeritrin are present. The diversity of phytochemicals study can serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identification of this plant material in future investigations. S. Selvadurai P. Shanmugapandiyan 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients with Cardiometabolic Disorders- a Clinical Study in Ahmedabad Population https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219695 Vitamin D deficiency and cardiometabolic disorders are very much widespread in worldwide, India and Ahmedabad region of Gujarat. It was the first study conducted among Gujarati ethnic group of Ahmedabad region, India. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of vitamin D supplementation on cardiometabolic disorders with vitamin D deficiency. The study was performed as an open labeled, randomized, parallel-group, single centric and prospective design at Tej Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The dosage regimen of vitamin D supplementation was 60,000 IU/ week for 4 weeks and then 60,000IU once a month for 12 months. Our results showed that vitamin D supplementation causes significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 6 and 12 months as well as significant decrease in triglycerides (TG),very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), fasting blood glucose (FBG), post prandial blood glucose (PPBG) and glycosylated haemoglobin ( HbA1c) with significant increase in 25(OH)D level in vitamin D group at 12 months as compared with non-vitamin D group .Our findings supported that vitamin D deficiency may be a potential risk factor for cardiometabolic disorders and the dosage regimen of vitamin D supplementation is enough to achieve sufficiency and maintain 25(OH)D level which ultimately causes improvement in cardiometabolic disorders. Debdoot Basu Anant Yadav Anita A. Mehta 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 GC-MS Analysis of Phytochemicals and Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Amaranthus Parganensis. https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219696 There are different kinds of flora found across the world. Diverse variety of plants are there like ornamental plants, indoor plants, vegetable crops, medicinal plants, wild plants etc. Every plant has its own significance and utilizations in diverse fields. Mainly medicinal plants have therapeutic uses in the drug development process. But even other type of plants such as vegetable crops have been found to have medicinal values. Therefore, green vegetables are essential part of our diet from ancient times. This study focuses on evaluating the properties of a leafy vegetable herb namely <em>Amaranthus parganensis</em>. The biologically active compounds that were found through GC-MS revealed the presence of phytol; squalene; 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester; N-Hexadecanoic Acid; 3,4,5-Trimethoxy-2',4'-diaminodiphenylsulfide; 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol and Ethoxy(methoxy)methyl silane in varied amounts. Furthermore, silver nanoparticles which has therapeutic applications may be synthesized from <em>Amaranthus</em> p<em>arganensis</em>. We conclude through this study that<em> Amaranthus parganensis</em> has bioactive compounds which may have therapeutic value. Also, we have shown that the plant could be a potential source for silver nanoparticles synthesis which may have therapeutic applications. Smarika Chauhan Swamynathan G 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Approaches to Ensure Comparability of the Results of Assessment of Customer Loyalty to a Pharmacy https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219697 When assessing complex indicators, the problem of comparability of the results often arises. This fully applies to determining the customer pharmacy loyalty. The aim of the research was to determine approaches to ensure comparability of the results of assessing customer pharmacy loyalty and to determine the range of loyalty. The following NPS methods were used to assess customer loyalty to a pharmacy: customer satisfaction, customer segmentation, and Servqual method. In order to collect primary information, a survey of pharmacy clients was conducted using the method of standardized f2f interviews, where 256 respondents were interviewed. To conduct a study of customer loyalty to a pharmacy, a questionnaire was developed to assess the types of loyalty and another questionnaire to determine loyalty based on an assessment of the quality of service. The questions presented in the questionnaire made it possible to take into account the specifics of pharmaceutical activities. The conditions were determined to ensure the comparability of the results obtained, which included the choice of a single scale in points for the survey and the determination of a single base for calculating relative indicators. Application of the Servquаl method showed that 16.5% of the total number of respondents can be considered loyal; the NPS value was 20%; according to customer satisfaction scores, 24% of fully satisfied customers can be considered loyal. Taking into account the selected research methods, customer loyalty ranges from 16.5% to 24%. Thus, the possibility and feasibility of using a set of methods for assessing customer loyalty to a pharmacy is shown, which makes it possible to obtain comparable results and assess loyalty range. Olena Piven Elena Shuvanova Irina Tkachenko Aleksandr Xrenov 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Effect of Antenatal Betamethasone on Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Preterm Neonates https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219698 Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) is one of the most common complications that cause the death among pre-term neonates (PNs). Use of Antenatal betamethasone is the effective intervention for the prevention of RDS and reducing early neonatal mortality and morbidity. Although there is limited information as to how effective this practice in developing countries. Aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of betamethasone on RDS in PNs. We conducted a prospective, observational multi-centered study at Gynecology and Obstetrics, Neonatal department of two teaching hospitals in South India over a period of 6 months. All babies born alive before 37 weeks of gestation were included in the study. The study population included 70 PNs and they were classified into three based on the consumption of betamethasone (no dose, single dose and double dose). Among them, 28(40%) belonged to no dose, 25(35.7%) in single dose and 17(24.2) in double dose. Neonates whose mothers received two doses of betamethasone had a significantly lower incidence of RDS (P=0.043) than neonates whose mothers received a single dose of betamethasone (P=0.343). We concluded that a single complete course of betamethasone (Two doses of betamethasone 12mg 24 hours apart) is efficacious than one dose of betamethasone in prevention of RDS. Haripriya P. S. Dhanya Mary Louis Nikita Naushad Merin Tomy Sreelakshmi M.S. Narmadha M.P. 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Synthesis and Characterization of Mixed Ligand Complexes from Curcumin and New Schiff Base Derived from Isatin for Some Metallic Ions and Evaluation Biological Activities https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219700 This study describes the synthesis of new Schiff base ligand (L') derived from isatin with 2- amino-6-methylbenzothaizole, also prepared mixed ligand complexes from curcumin (HL) and Schiff base (L') with metal ions, give formula: [M(L)(L') Cl] where: M = [Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd], With (M: HL: L') [1:1:1] in ethanol as a solvent. The Schiff base (L') and all complexes were characterized by spectroscopic measurements (IR, <sup>1</sup>H,<sup>13</sup>C-NMR, UV-Vis, A.A., LC-mas), magnetic susceptibility, elemental microanalysis, molar conductivity, chloride content, and melting point. Based on the results obtained an octahedral geometrical formula was suggested for all prepared complexes. The evolution of biological activity for ligands and their complexes was valued for two kinds of bacteria: (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) and only one type for each of the mildew Candida Albicans. The results showed that the biological activity of the complexes against the bacteria and mildew are best than the ligands. Shaimaa Ahmad Hassan 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential of Lycium Shawii Roem. And Schult (Awsaj) and Tetraena Qatarensis (Hadidi) Beier and Thulin Leaves: A Herbal Approach to Combat Drug Resistance and Oxidative Stress https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219702 The present investigation deals with the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of chloroform and methanolic extracts of <em>Lycium shawii and Tetraena qatarensis</em> leaves. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assay. In the DPPH assay, the lowest IC<sub>50</sub> values 45.63 and 46.17μg/ml were observed with methanolic and chloroform extract<em> Lycium shawii</em> leaves, respectively. In FRAP assay most of the extracts showed optical density &gt;0.5 at 40μg/ml. In the antibacterial activity test, all tested extracts were found active towards all bacterial strains with MIC ranged between 0.03125 to 0.12mg/mL. Subsequently, in the combined effect assay, the highest fold increase (92.31%) was observed against Salmonella typhi with methanol extract of<em> Lycium</em> <em>shawii</em> leaves. The examined plants could be used as a treatment for microbial infection and oxidative stress after detailed follow-up investigations. Mashael W. Alruways Nazam Khan 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Flaxseed Mucilage Hydrogel Based Floating Drug Delivery System: Design and Evaluation https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219704 Natural polymer-based plant polysaccharides and proteins have been most widely explored as an adjuvant in the dosage form formulation. Here we design a novel gastro-retentive floating tablet, based on a polysaccharide material from Flaxseed <em>(Linum usitatissimum L</em>.) for Domperidone. After oral administration; Domperidone showed good solubility in acidic pH but significantly reduced solubility in alkaline medium. So that to increase the absorption and bioavailability of Domperidone, it is necessary to increase the retention time in the upper part of the Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by developing a floating sustained drug delivery system. The directly compressible floating tablets of domperidone were formulated using varying amount of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K 100 M (HPMC K100 M), Carbopol 934 and Flaxseed mucilage. Hardness, friability, weight variation, thickness, disintegration time of tablet formulations were within acceptable limits. The overall results explained that the optimized formulation F5 prepared by the exact ratio of Flaxseed mucilage, HPMC K100 M, Carbopol, could be more efficient on floating and sustained release of Domperidone in the upper part of GIT as compared to the tablets prepared by using HPMC K100 M and Carbopol 934 only. These findings indicated that Flaxseed can be used to develop novel gastro-retentive sustained release drug delivery system with the double advantage of sustained drug release at the upper part of GIT. Shreya Ramteke Naresh Haigune Sachin More Shilpa Pise Ajay Pise Rohini Kharwade 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Digitalization of Pharmaceutical Business in Ukraine https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219705 This article analyzes the level of transformation of the pharmaceutical business in Ukraine and the willingness of pharmacy enterprises to switch to new digital technologies. Given the new reality and the global COVID-19 pandemic, digital transformation will affect the pharmaceutical markets of all countries. The current situation contributes to breaking out of the comfort zone and enhances transition to new technologies and opportunities. Pharmaceutical companies are forced to use digital technology, and develop remote contact with customers. Currently, 4.1 billion people in the world have sustainable Internet access and the amount of users is growing by 1 million daily, with 2.8 billion people making purchases on the Internet. Simultaneously, the portrait of the average digital user is changing – the age is increasing, now it is a group of people aged between 25 and 44. The age group mentioned above can be described as potential “golden” consumers of pharmaceutical institutions – at such age financial capabilities meet appearing chronic diseases. Global trends have a crucial impact on the pharmaceutical sector; more flexible companies are already introducing modern technology into their day-to-day operations. A number of large pharmacy enterprises in Ukraine have new digital technologies at hand: online chats for client consulting; mobile applications; online orders and goods reservation; record of customer purchases; gamification of customer acquisition; bonuses that can be monetized in the network of pharmacy stores; disease coaching, etc. General trends in digital transformation are seen particularly well in the retail section of the pharmaceutical business. The process of personification of pharmacies as brands and products manufactured in pharmacy conditions is clearly monitored. Pharmacies that own web pages, despite the similarity of the information provided, try to maximize personification of the information presented and protect it from plagiarism. There is a visible relaunch of the collaborative consumption model, new uncommon partners are attracted, thanks to which the customer base is expanding. The new opportunity arises for real-time purchases with the maximum automation of this process and minimizing the time spent on purchases. Also, the article outlines the directions in which Ukrainian pharmaceutical enterprises begin to develop, as well as the barriers and reasons that impede this development. Timanyuk Iryna Bondarieva Iryna Malyi Volodymyr 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Effect of Anti-inflammatory Activity of Aqueous, Hydro-ethanol and Methanol Extracts of Two Unani Formulations https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219708 In view inflammation causes of development of some chronic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, diabetes, asthma. Cell model in vitro in an effort to provide an understanding about the cellular and molecular mechanism of Unani formulation are being used for treatment of various inflammatory diseases including arthritis for centuries. Method Antioxidant by DPPH assay. Cell viability through MTT assay. Measurement of NO level and ROS levels by (DCFDA) in RAW cells. Results in DPPH Assay showed all the extracts ofUNIM-302 shows good antioxidant activity when compared to UNIM301. UNIM drugs show no substantive cytotoxic activity against RAW macrophages cell line. UNIM301, UNIM 302 inhibited the production of Nitric oxide production in RAW cells. ROS the results found that UNIM301 and UNIM302 of all extracts could significantly inhibits the LPS stimulation and reduces production of ROS in RAW cells. In conclusion study demonstrated that both Unani formulations inhibits NO and ROS production in LPS induced RAW macrophages. Activity in all different extracts UNIM 302 exhibited better antioxidant compared to UNIM 301these unim formulation extracts can be used as natural sources of antioxidants potent anti inflammatory agent and exhibits inflammatory preventive properties. Lahari Kuna Shravan Kumar Ghali Towseef Amin Rafeeqi Gulam Mohammed Husain Mohammed Abdul Waheed Ghazala Javed Munawwar Husain Kazmi Alokananda Chakraborty 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Effect of Anti-inflammatory Activity of Aqueous, Hydro-ethanol and Methanol Extracts of Two Unani Formulations https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219712 In view inflammation causes of development of some chronic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, diabetes, asthma. Cell model in vitro in an effort to provide an understanding about the cellular and molecular mechanism of Unani formulation are being used for treatment of various inflammatory diseases including arthritis for centuries. Method Antioxidant by DPPH assay. Cell viability through MTT assay. Measurement of NO level and ROS levels by (DCFDA) in RAW cells. Results in DPPH Assay showed all the extracts ofUNIM-302 shows good antioxidant activity when compared to UNIM301. UNIM drugs show no substantive cytotoxic activity against RAW macrophages cell line. UNIM301, UNIM 302 inhibited the production of Nitric oxide production in RAW cells. ROS the results found that UNIM301 and UNIM302 of all extracts could significantly inhibits the LPS stimulation and reduces production of ROS in RAW cells. In conclusion study demonstrated that both Unani formulations inhibits NO and ROS production in LPS induced RAW macrophages. Activity in all different extracts UNIM 302 exhibited better antioxidant compared to UNIM 301these unim formulation extracts can be used as natural sources of antioxidants potent anti inflammatory agent and exhibits inflammatory preventive properties. Lahari Kuna Shravan, Kumar Ghali Towseef Amin Rafeeqi Gulam Mohammed Husain Mohammed Abdul Waheed Ghazala Javed Munawwar Husain Kazmi Alokananda Chakraborty 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Effect of Natural/ Synthetic Polymers and Super Disintegrants on the Formulation of Zafirlukast Fast Dissolving Film https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219713 Fast-dissolving films are one of the interested delivery systems for oral solid dosage forms to overcome swallowing difficulty for geriatric and pediatric patients. Zafirlukast (ZLK) is one of the most commonly used oral medication for treatment of asthmatic patients particularly mild to moderate cases. Oral fast dissolving films of ZLK were prepared using two different filming forming polymers, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC). Different concentrations of the 2 polymers were used to prepare 10 formulas. Other excipients were also added at various ratios to produce 10 different formulations. These were maltodextrin, crosspivodone, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and banana powder. In vitro characterization of the formulations showed that HPMC-based formulations had significantly shorter disintegrating times (p &lt; 0.05) and improved dissolution rates. Addition of crosspovidone, PVP, and maltodextrin as disintegrants to the film forming polymers did not significantly enhance the disintegration of the films. However, banana powder significantly elongated the film disintegration. Compatibility studies using FTIR did not show an interaction between ZLK and excipients in all formulations. Ashti M. H. Saeed Maryam Alaayedi Hayder Yahya Mansoor Al-Jarsha 15 Lower Back Pain Classification Using Parameter Tuning https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219714 Back pain is one of the most popular diseases which cause extreme discomfort for patients. More than 80% of the people’s day to day activities are affected due to lower back pain. The symptom sometimes gets neglected and worsens the situation, which can cause lifelong damage to vital organs. Lower back pain can be classified as normal and abnormal LBP based on the boundary values of various parameters. Extensive research has been carried out in this field and most of the classification techniques serve the purpose by classifying the data with already provided accuracy values. However, this paper provides a novel technique by adding feature parameter tuning which acts as a catalyst in increasing the accuracy and thereby identifying the effective parameters that help in the optimization. Sushmita Lenka Nancy Victor 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 In Vitro Antiplatelet Activities of Aqueous Extract of Garlic (Allium Sativum) and Black Garlic in Human Blood https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219715 Coronary heart disease is one of the deadliest cardiovascular disease in the world. Recent studies have shown an increase in aspirin resistance as a gold standard therapy causing recurrent heart attacks. Antiplatelet of natural resources thus need to be explored. Garlic <em>(Allium sativum)</em> is known to be effective as an antiplatelet, but the problem arose after consuming garlic prolonged is the presence of unpleasant breath and body odor which reduces patient compliance in therapy. Black Garlic is a product made of garlic which tastes delicious and does not smell pungent like raw garlic. There has been no study of Black Garlic as an antiplatelet before. The aim of this research was to determine the antiplatelet activities of aqueous extract of garlic (AEG) and Black Garlic (AEBG) and to evaluate their differences in human blood in vitro. This research was designed to be experimental posttest only, which was performed in 10 groups, namely the vehicle controls, positive controls, as well as the concentration groups of AEG and AEBG (each 1-4μg/μL). The antiplatelet activity was tested using the Born method, which measured the plasma uptake before and after induced with Papain. Evaluation was done by calculating the percent inhibition of platelet aggregation of the concentration groups relative to vehicle controls. The results showed that both AEG and AEBG have antiplatelet activities ([H=16.664; 5 df; p=0.005] and [H=16.225; 5 df; p=0.006] respectively). The inhibition of platelet aggregation is also shown to be significantly different in both samples [H=21.693; 7 d.f; p=0.003]. Lia Agustina Emilia Gan Ninis Yuliati Giftania W. Sudjarwo 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Evaluation of N – Butanol Fraction of Albizia Procera (Roxb.) Benth Against Diabetes Mellitus with Rats https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219716 The antidiabetic activity of n–butanol fraction of<em> Albizia Procera</em> was evaluated in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The n–butanol fraction of <em>Albizia Procera</em> (200 and 400 mg/kg) were administered to Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats for 14 days and blood glucose levels (BGLs) of the diabetic rats were monitored at intervals of hours and days throughout the duration of the treatment. The n-butanol fraction of<em> Albizia procera</em> was found to be non-toxic up to the dose of 2000mg/kg and did not cause any death of the tested animals. STZ induced rats significantly increase the blood glucose level as compared to other groups. N- butanol fraction produces dose dependent effect as the high dose (400mg/kg) shows more significant antidiabetic action compared to 200mg/kg (P&lt; 0.01).These results suggest that the N – Butanol fraction of<em> Albizia Procera</em> possess antidiabetic effect on Streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats and this justifies its use in ethno medicine and can be exploited in the management of diabetes. D. Anand M. Sathish 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Formulation, Development and Release Enhancement of Sustained Release Tablet of Antidiabetic Drug Glipizide by the Use of Natural Polymers https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219717 <strong>Background:</strong> Modification in sustained release system is a newly developed area that has shown good control over the administration of drug by maintaining systemic concentrations. Objective: The study was conducted to formulate a sustained release tablet of antidiabetic drug, glipizide, with improvement in patient’s compliance. <strong>Methods:</strong> Sustained release tablet of glipizide was prepared by using different concentration of natural polymers like guar gum, chitosan and xanthan gum as a release modifier by wet granulation method. The tablets had been analyzed by chemical and physical parameters. Drug and polymer interactions had been studied by FT-IR and in vitro drug release had been studied using rotating paddle dissolution apparatus. The release rate had been studied on different models in order to measure their release kinetics. <strong>Results:</strong> Obtained FT-IR spectra interpreted no interaction of used natural polymers. Over a period of 12 hrs the maximum drug release was 98.66%. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results of the study successfully revealed that the formulated sustained release tablet of glipizide could be formulated by use of natural polymers which could provide maximum drug release and this study could further be explored to formulate other doasage forms by using natural source polymers. Sonia Chauhan Rupa Mazumder Rakhi Mishra Avijit Mazumder Nidhi Srivastava 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 A Comparative Study on Ecg Changes among Normal and Otherwise Healthy Congenitally Deaf Children https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219718 <strong>Background:</strong> Congenital deafness is usually seen to be associated with number of heart diseases. Screening congenitally deaf children with ECG can give us an insight on unidentified congenitally associated heart disease<strong>. Aim and objective:</strong> To study the ECG changes in congenitally deaf children and compare with normal children of the same age group.<strong> Materials and methods:</strong> We conducted a community based cross sectional analytical study with a sample size of 120 subjects out of which 60 were children from deaf school as cases and 60 were children from normal school with normal hearing as controls. Both the groups had 30 males and 30 females. 12 lead ECG was taken, studied and compared among the two groups.<strong> Results:</strong> Deaf children showed significant ECG changes like long QTc (16.7%), left axis deviation (3.3%), right axis deviation (1.6%), clockwise rotation (8.33%), anticlockwise rotation (5%), QRS complex abnormalities (45%), T wave inversions (45%). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Our study was able to pick up numerous changes in ECG of deaf children. Yet the findings are inconclusive. Further genetic and thorough cardiac evaluation is necessary to comprehensively establish the relation between co-occurrence of ECG changes and congenital sensorineural deafness. Suma. S Hari Prasad. V Abeetha. S Tejashwini. K Renu Sharda 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Afatinib Versus Gefitinib in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (Nsclc) with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (Egfr) Mutation in Indonesia: Observational Studies with Retrospectives https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219719 <strong>Background</strong>: A cost effectiveness study is a method in pharmacoeconomic research that can be used as a reference for decision makers or clinicians in determining effective and efficient treatment for patients, one of which is a Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer patient who has an EGFR mutation. Research related to the cost effectiveness of the benefits afatinib and gefitinib is still very limited, especially in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the cost-effectiveness of afatinib versus gefitinib in NSCLC with EGFR mutation patients.<strong> Methods and Material:</strong> This study is an observational study with a retrospective approach that observes medical record records (to determine clinical outcomes) and financial records (to determine direct medical costs) in NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations at dr Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta and Dr Kariadi Hospital Semarang, Java Island., Indonesia in the period January 2016 - June 2019. <strong>Result</strong>: Direct medical cost for NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations who received afatinib therapy was an average of Rp. 120,881,289, - ± 5,353,480.07 per patient, while those who received gefitinib therapy were an average of 90,750,186, - ± 3,369,967,722. Effectiveness data have been published in previous studies. The ICER PFS value shows that afatinib is cost-effectiveness compared to gefitinib with a value of Rp. 106, 345, 069.4/PFS (year). This ICER value is less than 2 times the value of Gross Domestic Product/GDP (Rp. 118, 200,000, -) which is around 1.8 times the value of GDP, whereas in OS afatinib is no better than gefitinib. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Afatinib cost effectiveness based on real world retrospectively compared to gefitinib with ICER PFS value of Rp. 106, 345, 069.4/year. Seftika Sari Tri Murti Andayani Dwi Endarti Kartika Widayati 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 A Novel Co-crystallization Technique to Enhance the Physicochemical Property of Bcs Class-ii Drugs Using Efavirenz as a Model Drug https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219720 <p>Pharmaceutical co-crystallization, a novel technique, provides for alteration and tailoring of physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) notwithstanding maintaining the intrinsic activity of the drug molecule. In the present work, co-crystals of efavirenz (EFA) were prepared with selected conformers of GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) status wise salicylic acid (SA) and benzoic acid (BA) using solution crystallization method to improve its dissolution. The assembly of crystal structure was evaluated by means of fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Saturation solubility and in vitro dissolution studies were further employed to investigate co-crystals. Equilibrium solubility profile of EFA-SA and EFA-BA exhibits an enhancement of 1.60 and 1.29 folds of solubility of efavirenz co-crystals as compared to the pure drug. Pharmacokinetic study performed in rats showed AUC<sub>0-∞</sub> for co-crystals formulation was higher (13.15±0.02μg hmL−1) than the pure drug suspension formulation 7.85±0.03μg hmL−1. Statistically, AUC<sub>0-t</sub> of the co-crystal formulation was significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) as compared to pure drug suspension formulation. Higher amount of drug concentration in blood indicated better systemic absorption of efavirenz from co-crystals formulation as compared to the pure drug suspension formulation.</p> Vikram R. Shinde Yogesh V. Pore J. Venkateshwara Rao 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Growth Dynamics Following Growth Hormone Treatment in Group of Iraqi Patients with Turner’s Syndrome https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219721 <strong>Background:</strong> Short stature is a well-known consequence of Turner’s syndrome (TS) and treatment with growth hormone can be improved the height of those patients, determination of the growth hormone velocity dynamics can help us to predict the optimum period for growth hormone treatment response. <strong>Objective:</strong> To study growth dynamics, which explained by height standard deviation, growth velocity and growth velocity standard deviation subsequent to growth hormone treatment in patients with Turner’s syndrome. Patient and Methods: During the period from January 2010 to January 2020, medical records of (30) patients with Turner’s syndrome (TS) were registered for this study, treated with growth hormone (GH). Where growth hormone (GH) dose was 0.06 IU/kg/day. Patients' height, mid-parental height (MPH), Bone age, the target height, the height standard deviation value, growth velocity and growth velocity standard deviation value were measured during Periodic follow-up of the patients every (3) months. Growth dynamics that explained by growth velocity, growth velocity Standard deviation and height standard deviation were compared before and after finishing treatment. <strong>Results:</strong> The average of height at beginning of treatment was 1.04±0.49 and the average of height at end of treatment is 1.3±0.154. While the difference in average is significant p=0.002. The difference between average of height standard deviation value at beginning of treatment and the average of height standard deviation value at end of treatment is also significant p =0.001. The first 2 years had the highest growth velocity and after that the growth velocity almost steady the same. The first year had lowest growth velocity standard deviation and the last year had the highest growth velocity standard deviation. There was no side effects observed was observed during treatment protocol. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The growth velocity dynamics peak was more encountered during the first two years of treatment making it the optimum period of interest for compliance with growth hormone treatment. Muneer Fadhil Ridha 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Protective Effect of the Combination of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Asparagus Racemosus, Centella Asiatica, Plumeria Rubra with Glibenclamide in Experimentally Induced Diabetic Nephropathy in Rats https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219722 <p><strong>Objective:</strong> The current investigation analysed the effect of combination of standardized hydroalcoholic extracts of Asparagus racemosus (AR), Centella asiatica (CA) and Plumeria rubra (PR) on glibenclamide (GB) administered in experimentally induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) in Wistar rats. <strong>Material and methods:</strong> DN was induced in laboratory rats by alloxan monohydrate (160 mg/kg i.p). Rats were given the combination of AR, CA and PR called as ACP (100, 200 and 400mg/kg) along with GB (5mg/kg). Group 1-4 were control, diabetic control, standard GB (10mg/kg), GB (5 mg/kg), while groups 5-7 were given ACP (100, 200 and 400mg/kg) along with GB (5mg/kg) once daily for 30 days. Blood glucose, serum insulin, uric acid, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, superoxide dismutase (SOD), albumin, malondialdehyde (MDA), and kidney histopathological examination was done in all experimental animals.<strong> Results:</strong> ACP along with GB improved the derailed glycaemic status, renal biochemical, oxidative stress parameters in animals. Co-administration of ACP (400mg/kg) with GB (5mg/kg) significantly (p&lt;0.01) decreased BUN, creatinine, uric acid, significantly increased (p&lt;0.05) SOD, significantly (p&lt;0.01) decreased MDA, significantly increased (p&lt;0.05) serum insulin when compared with diabetic control. Histopathological observations corroborated with biochemical parameters. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Enhancement in the effectiveness of GB was observed with ACP (400mg/kg). Thus, ACP confers protection by improving renal, oxidative parameters and the restoration of morphological abnormalities in the kidneys.</p> Amruta Vidyadhar Yadav Chandrashekhar Devidas Upasani 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Acceptance of Problem-based Learning by Preclinical Students from a Public University and Its Impact on Their Learning https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219723 <strong>Introduction:</strong> In modern medical education, with its transformational changes, teacher-centered learning is transformed into student-centered learning. This shift has escalated so fast with momentum, and its value in teaching and learning has been evaluated in many ways. In the current scenario, problem-based learning (PBL) is a well-recognized effective method of teaching and learning. The credit goes to McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, for the establishment of PBL. In Malaysia, many medical schools have applied this method in their curriculum, one of which is University Malaysia, Sarawak (UNIMAS), which has also adopted PBL in its undergraduate curriculum since 1996. <strong>Purpose:</strong> The aim of this study is to determine the students’ acceptance of PBL and its positive and negative impact on their learning. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional study conducted to determine the acceptance of the students of PBL. The study population is selected using convenience sampling of 140 out of 148 pre-clinical year-2 students who were exposed to the PBL method, the focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted based on pre-framed questions to know the impact of PBL on the students’ learning. <strong>Results</strong>: Results showed that the respondents had the satisfaction and accepted PBL. Sixty students from 6 PBL groups were involved in FGD. Feedback from FGD revealed their difficulties with the conduction of 1st session of PBL, for instance, problems in searching resources, new learning environments and peers from different regions. There were positive responses spelled by the subjects that the PBL has improved their communication skills, critical thinking, and self-esteem.<strong> Conclusion:</strong> Overall the PBL has proved beneficial evidenced a positive impact on the learning process of medical students. Khin Than Yee Helmy Bin Hazmi Tin Moe Nwe Mya Mya Thwin Mon Mon Yee Mi Mi khaing Soe Lwin Myat San Yi 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 In Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Properties of Panchagavya https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219724 Natural products have gained more attention in healthcare and treating various diseases because of their promising antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activity. The current research focused on reporting the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activity of panchagavya (PG) which is a natural formulation of five cow products. The antibacterial activity of PG was studied against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, B. subtilis, and the maximum zone of inhibition was found to be 19.67±0.44, 23.50±0.29, 14.17±0.60, and 17.17±0.17mm respectively. The in vitro antioxidant study revealed the free radical scavenging activity of PG by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and hydrogen peroxide assays. The percentage of inhibition for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals was found to be 34.62, 49.58, 57.64, 69.12 and 75.79% while the hydrogen peroxide radicals was 23.27, 34.47, 46.53, 59.71 and 72.74% at 50, 100, 150, 200, 250μg/mL respectively. PG showed significant anticancer activity against the HepG2 cell line in a dose-dependent manner with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 122 μg/mL. The findings of the present study may be useful for the discovery of novel antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer agents from the natural cow products. However, further in vivo studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of PG on cancerous cells. Sivaji Sathiyaraj Gunasekaran Suriyakala Arumugam Dhanesh Gandhi Thirumalpur Neelakandan Baskaran Ranganathan Babujanarthanam 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Expression Level of Hsp70 and Cox-2 in Breast Cancer Proliferation in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219730 Stress and inflammation have significant roles in tumor growth. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is a molecular chaperone under stress conditions, such as carcinogenesis and cancer managements. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is an inducible enzyme, regulated in response to variety of proinflammatory agents, like tumor promoters. The overexpression of HSP70 and COX-2 has been shown to be implicated in poor prognosis of cancer patients. There is a high degree of heterogeneity between tumours that can be seen from the different aggressiveness, such as tumor proliferation/growth (tumor size). All of the heterogeneity factors determine the risk of disease progression and therapeutic resistance. The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of HSP70 and COX-2 in tumour proliferation (T stage) of invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (NST). Sixty samples were tested using an analytical observational design with cross sectional approach. We collected these samples from year 2016 to 2020 and divided them into 4 groups based on T stage (T1, T2, T3, T4). Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the expression of HSP70 and COX-2. There were significant differences of HSP70 (p= 0.030) and COX-2 (p=0,000) expression in the four groups There was no significant correlation between HSP70 and COX-2 expression (p=0,181) in the four groups. HSP70 and COX-2 have an important role in tumour proliferation therefore can determine prognosis and targeted therapy in breast cancer patients. Rebecca Agustine Kristian Willy Sandhika Heriyawati 15 Effect of Naringin Co-administration on Oral Bioavailability Of Efavirenz in Rabbit https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219734 Efavirenz is a first line anti-retroviral drug belonging to category of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTIs), However, it has variable bioavailability due to its limited aqueous solubility. Naringin is a bioavailability enhancer which has been used to increase bioavailability of several drugs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of improving the bioavailability of Efavirenz using Naringin in experimental rabbits. The experimental rabbits were divided into four groups. Group I received Efavirenz 9.33 mg/kg, p.o (which corresponded to 200mg of human dose), Group II received Efavirenz 9.33mg/kg, + Naringin 20.8mg/kg, p.o; Group III received Efavirenz 28mg/kg, p.o (which corresponded to 600mg of human dose); Group IV received Efavirenz 28mg/kg + Naringin 20.8mg/kg, p.o. Afterwards, plasma from each group of rabbits was extracted and at fixed time interval drug plasma concentration was estimated using HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters of were determined for each group. Efavirenz (9.33mg/kg and 28mg/kg) - Naringin (20.8mg/kg) co-administration significantly increased absorption rate constant (Ka) and elimination rate constant (Kel), C<sub>max</sub>, T<sub>1/2</sub>, T<sub>max</sub>significantly. Efavirenz 9.33mg/kg - Naringin (20.8mg/kg) co-administration increased area under the curve significantly. The relative bioavailability of Efavirenz 9.33 mg/kg - Naringin (20.8mg/kg) co-administration and Efavirenz 28mg/kg - Naringin (20.8mg/kg) co-administration was found to be 113.77% and 106.75% respectively. Based on the results it can be concluded that Naringin co-administration increased the oral exposure of Efavirenz to some extent. Bioavailability of Efavirenz with Naringin was found to be higher than Efavirenz control. Mohammad Asif Rakesh K. Patel Hardik Patel Sadaf Jamal Gilani 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 New Approach for Determination of Phenylephrine Hcl in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulation Using a Various Microextraction Methods https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219735 In this study, ion pair reactions used for evaluation of phenylephrine HCl the development of simple, accurate, low-cost, and fast extraction methods for the separation of phenylephrine HCl was described. The first method was used was the direct extraction that included the reaction PHE with Alizarin yellow reagent to produce yellow complex in the acidic medium (pH=4). The absorbance of this complex was 430nm. The concentration range (1-20μg.mL<sup>-1</sup>), the Beers law was obeyed with correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>=0.997), limit of detection as (0.34μg.mL<sup>-1</sup>), limit of quantification as (1.12μg.mL<sup>-1</sup>) and molar absorptivity as (14459.9). The second method was dispersive liquid liquid microextraction (DLLME). This method was used to estimation PHE complex by utilizing UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The linearity of calibration curve above was the range between (0.5-13 μg.mL-1), the correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>=0.996) and molar absorptivity was (12423.3), the detection limit (LOD) and quantification limit (LOQ) were (0.094μg.mL<sup>-1</sup>) and (0.31μg.mL<sup>-1</sup>), respectively. This process was successfully method to detect PHE in both pure and pharmaceutical formulations. Nagham K. Kareem Mohammed Z. Thani Khalid F.Al-Rawi 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Current Clinical Anticipation of Arbidol Against Covid-19: Possibilities https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219736 World Health Organization (WHO) has assessed that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as an epidemic. However, an effective antiviral for COVID-19 is still uncertain. Since the onset of the outbreak, the scientific and clinical community keep proposing many agents that would have efficacy against COVID-19. Arbidol is an indole core with proven effectiveness against influenza over the past few years apart from critics. The concrete hypothesis of arbidol interaction with spike glycoprotein prevents the entry of virus. Further, demonstrated clinical efficiency of arbidol against RNA virus and broad-spectrum inhibition of influenza A and B virus, adenovirus, and other viruses, including hepatitis C virus, drives us to seek more understating of the molecule and its clinical possibilities. In this review, we attempt to describe the many possible hypotheses of arbidol against Covid-19. Ramana Hechhu Rangapuram Vasanthi Tamrat Balcha Balla Kaliaperumal J 15 Coumarins as Potential Anticoagulant Agents https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219737 Major classes of plant metabolites that display a diversity of bioactivities are the Coumarin derivatives. At present, majority of the clinical anti-coagulant agents are coumarins, namely dicoumarol, acenocoumarol and warfarin. The victims who consume coumarins are antidotes should be kept under observation for unfavorable reaction. Phenprocoumon and warfarin, the Vitamin K adversaries, are the front-line oral anti-coagulants for prime and peripheral inhibition of cerebral embolism in victims with atrial fibrillation. Vitamin K adversaries have the capacity of reducing the risk of stroke exceptionally, but their usage is curbed due to some major disadvantages, such as the risk of intracranial and gastrointestinal bleeding, the requirement for systematic laboratory tests for therapy adjustment, interactions with a number of drugs and nutrients, and narrow therapeutic window. At present, latest oral anti-coagulants, namely direct factor Xa inhibitors (e.g., apixaban, rivaroxaban) and direct thrombin inhibitors (e.g., dabigatran), are evolved and tried out in clinical experiments. For the inhibition of cerebral embolism in victims with atrial fibrillation, Rivaroxaban and Dabigatran are currently validated. The role of blood clotting in challenging areas such as the therapeutic potentials of influence over coagulation and the pathogenesis of illness of uncertain etiology shows its biologic and pathologic importance. With growing tempo, acquiring from numerous disciplines – physical, biochemical, physiologic, biochemical, pathologic and clinical, progression has happened swiftly. Adequate proficiency has become handy for over 2 decades in order to grant comprehensive therapeutic requisition. Extensive usage of anti-coagulants and the possibility of their augmentation as vascular and thrombo-embolic sickness have been becoming important as serious medical problems, thereby making re-examination of ample guiding essentials needful. Abhishek Kumar Pankaj Kumar Shravya H Aravind Pai 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Characterization and Synthesis of Milk Thistle Nanoparticles to Overcome Oxidative Stress Induce Testicular Damage in Male Rats https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219760 Background Silymarin (SMN) is a natural component polyphenolic purified from Silybum marianum (milk thistle) seeds. SMN can control reactive oxygen species and converts them into compounds with minimizing their toxicity. Objectives The aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of silymarin nanoparticles on sperm parameters of rats induced diabetes by alloxan. Methods: Firstly gas liquid chromatography (GCMS) was utilized to identification active compound in milk thistle, then the preparation of silymarin -TPGS nanoparticles: Nanoparticles of silymarin of were prepared by the Nano precipitation. Forty Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups, control, induced diabetic with 150mg/kg of alloxan I.p, group three and four induced diabetic and treated with milk thistle extract and nanoparticles at a dose of 100 mg/kg.bw daily orally, for 60 days, Blood was collected from heart puncture for estimate serum FSH, L.H, and testosterone, then animal sacrificed to evaluate sperm quality and quantity as well as the histopathological section of tests. Results: Biochemical inspection appear that SMN nanoparticles improved sperm quality and quantity when compared with untreated and SMN groups. SMN nanoparticles appear to have therapeutic effects as an antioxidant against alloxan-induced damage in rat testes. Conclusions: Silymarin nanoparticles can be considered as a hopeful herbal as complementary medicine which may play a significant role to save normal spermatocytes against ROS effects-induced reproductive damage. Essa Daham. Jalloob Rusul Heider Abdulamir A. Al Zahid Iman Jawad. Jaber Adnan Mansour. Jasim Mohsin Kareem Rawaa Ameer Ridha. Dirwal Dheyaa Ali.Neamah 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 In- Vitro Antiurolithiatic Potential of Leaves of Anneslea Fragrans Wall. Against Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stones and Its Ft- Ir Analysis https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219761 <em>Anneslea fragrans</em> Wall. is an evergreen shrub or small tree that belongs to family Theaceae and can be characteristically identify by its unique aroma. <em>A. fragrans</em> has collected from Manipur, India and its leaves were extracted in methanol using soxhlet method.<em> In- vitro</em> antiurolithiatic potential has determined by turbidity changes in artificial urine method, nucleation assay, and aggregation assay. FT-IR has been used to study the functional group characterization of the leaves of A. <em>fragrans. A. fragrans</em> has showed significant<em> in- vitro</em> antiurolithiatic activity through turbidity changes in artificial urine, nucleation, and aggregation assay with maximum % inhibition at 1000μg/ml i.e. 78.1%, 32.32%, and 57.11% respectively. FT-IR analysis reveals the major functional groups including hydroxyl, saturated aliphatic, quinone or conjugated ketone and aliphatic flouro group. <em>A. fragrans</em> have shown excellent in- vitro antiurolithiatic activity and hence, can be consider as an effective herbal alternative or constituent of herbal formulation for treatment of urolithiasis. Suresh Kumar 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Rapid Quantitative Estimation of Glipizide and Sitagliptin in Rat Plasma by Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (Lc-ms) https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219762 <strong>Objective</strong>: Highly responsive simple Liquid-liquid Extraction Glipizide development using deuterated Glipizide and Sitagliptin LC-MS/MS Glipizide for gradation of Glipizide and Sitagliptin in rat plasma <strong>Glipizide:</strong> The chromatographic condition involves, isocratic mode using waters X-Bridge C18 3.5μ (150x4.6mm) column. Mobile phase 0.1% orthophosphoric acid and Acetonitrile in the ratio (80:20) was used and detection was carried out in a positive mode of electrospray ionization by using MS. <strong>Results:</strong> Glipizide has been validated, the linearity was observed in the range 10-150 ng/ml and 0.1-1.5 ng/ml for Glipizide and Sitagliptin respectively. For intraday and inter-day precision %RSD values were found to be within the acceptable limits. Recovery studies for Glipizide and Sitagliptin obtained was 99.5% and 98.6% respectively. The battery of stability studies like bench-top, Autosampler stability, freeze-thaw, and long term stability was performed. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Highly responsive simple liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy assay Glipizidewas developed and witnessed for the gradation of Glipizideand Sitagliptin in rat plasma, the developed Glipizidewas applied to pharmacokinetic studies. A. Anka Rao K. Pavan Kumar A. Narayana Rao Narender Malothu B. Prassana Kumar Desu Naga Raju Bandaru 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Method Development and Validation of Simultaneous Determination of Assay of Quinapril and Tolcapone https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219763 A simple and selective HPLC method is developed for the simultaneous determination of quinapril and tolcopone. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a inertsil column, C18(150 X 4.6 ID) 5μm with mobile phase consisting of a mixture of 40 volumes of mixed phosphate buffer and 60 volumes of acetonitrile were prepared with a detection of wavelength of 239nm. The method was validated for analytical parameters such as specificity, accuracy, precision, robustness and ruggedness as per ICH guidelines. The correlation coefficient for linear curve obtained between concentration vs. Area for standard preparations of Quinapril and Tolcapone is 0.995 and 0.999. The percentage mean recovery of Quinapril and Tolcapone is 101.02% and 99.55% respectively. The proposed method was found to be simple, accurate, precise, and robust and stability indicating HPLC method. Hence this method can be used for routine analysis. O.S.S. Chandana 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Microbiological Profile with Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern for Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media in a Tertiary Hospital, Indonesia https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219764 <strong>Introduction:</strong> Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a chronic inflammation in the middle ear and mastoid space that repeatedly secretes through the perforated membrane of tympanic disease over three months. This disease is a critical cause of hearing in developing countries. The prevalence of CSOM in Indonesia is 3.8%. Improper use of antibiotics leads to germicidal incidence. Understanding the pattern of germs and their antibiotic sensitivity will lead to a rational choice of antibiotics to prevent the emergence of resistance. Aim: to report the microbiological profile and sensitivity patterns in CSOM patients in our department. <strong>Materials</strong> <strong>and Methods:</strong> This is a retrospective descriptive study conducted on 45 patients from September 2019 - March 2020 at the ENT-KL Department of Dr Soetomo Surabaya Indonesia. Forty-five samples were collected from CSOM patients who underwent mastoidectomy. Specimens were collected from these patients, examination, isolation, examination and isolation antibiogram were carried out according to standard procedures.<strong> Results:</strong> A total of 45 samples were obtained from this study, and all (57.77%) of the patients were identified as CSOM cases with cholesteatoma. The number of women is 62.3% more than men, and the age group 12 to 16 (20.0%) is the most reported. There were 75.6% perforations in the tympanic membrane, and a central perforation was primarily found (35.6%). Most of the Schuller mastoid X-ray results showed sclerotic features in 29 patients (59.2%). Of the 45 ear swabs, about 68.89% of the surgical materials gave positive culture results, the remaining 31.11%. There was no microbial growth, where most of the growth of monomicrobial bacteria (57.8%). Of the isolates that grew, 70.58% were identified as the group of gram-negative bacteria, with Pseudomonas Aerogenosa isolates being the most common (44.11%). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The sensitivity test showed the most sensitivity to Meropenam, Amikacin, Piperacillin-Tazobactam, Ceftasidim and Cefoperazone-Sulbactam Cefotaxime and Ceftriaxone showed lower sensitivity. Artono Rahmi Surayya Nyilo Purnami Edi Handoko 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 3d Qsar Analysis of Flavones as Antidiabetic Agents https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219765 Diabetes is the most prevailing disease worldwide and emerged as the fourth leading cause of mortality. Inhibition of intestinal α-Glucosidase enzyme is an effective approach for controlling post prandial hyperglycemia. α-Glucosidase inhibitors are known to be very effective in decreasing post-prandial hyperglycemia but the existing drugs are weak inhibitors of α-Glucosidase and also have side effects. Hence it needs for new therapeutic candidate which can effectively inhibit the activity of α-Glucosidase. Flavones recognized as the potential lead structure for many pharmacological activities. In the present research work 3D QSAR (comparative molecular field analysis and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis) was carried out on a series of flavones to identify structural requirement for effective inhibition of α-Glucosidase enzyme. The QSAR results shows that the LOO cross-validated q2 values of CoMFA and CoMSIA models are 0.742 and 0.759, respectively. The outcome of this research work could be effectively utilized for design of better α-Glucosidase inhibitors. Navin Sainy Nidhi Dubey Rajesh Sharma Nitin Dubey Jitendra Sainy 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 A Validated Stability Indicating Rp-hplc Method for Simultaneous Determination of Lopinavir and Ritonavir in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219766 A rapid and precise reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the validated of Lopinavir and Ritonavir in its pure form as well as in tablet dosage form. Chromatography was carried out on a Kromasil C18 (4.6 x 250mm, 5μm) column using a mixture of TEA buffer (pH 4.0), Methanol in proportion 65:35 v/v as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min, the detection was carried out at 227nm. The retention time of the Lopinavir and Ritonavir were found to be 2.079, 4.045 min respectively. The method produce linear responses in the concentration range of 5-35μg/ml for both Lopinavir and Ritonavir. The method precision for the determination of assay was below 2.0% RSD. The method is useful in the quality control of bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The optimized method was validated and proved to be suitable for the quality control of the mentioned drugs in their different pharmaceutical dosage forms, according to ICH guidelines. The developed method was found to be fairly precise, rapid and economical for simultaneous estimation of Lopinavir and Ritonavir when compared with the reported method. Prasanthi Dannana Gowri Sankar 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Factors Associated with Glycemic Control among Syrian Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219767 Glycemic control is the main therapeutic objective in diabetes management. The aim of this study was to determine factors associated with poor glycemic control among Syrian patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Latakia city. A random sample of 214 patients was selected from T2DM patients seen in the national center for diabetes in latakia over a period of 10 months in 2018/2019. Each patient was interviewed according to a validated questionnaire. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured for all patients using fast ion-exchange resin separation method. The SPSS 26.0 program was used for the statistical analysis. Probability (P) value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Uncontrolled HbA1c (&gt;7%) was seen in 70.6% of T2DM patients. There was no relationship of glycemic control, neither as HbA1c value, nor as percentage of patients with uncontrolled HbA1c, with age, gender, family history, education, duration of diabetes, diet or physical activity. Smokers and divorced patients, were more likely to have poor glycemic control. Elevated total cholesterol was significantly correlated with poorer glycemic control. Moreover, high levels of HbA1c were associated with the presence of diabetes complications and insulin therapy. Our findings suggests that poor glycemic control is common in T2DM Syrian patients in Latakia. Diabetic patients should routinely perform HbA1c and lipid profile analysis. There is a great need to educate patients about strategies to help them manage their diabetes and live a healthier life. Khadija Khalil Afraa Zrieki 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Applications of Fourier Transform Infrared and Uv-visible Spectroscopy for the Demonstrating Sameness of Ganirelix Peptide in Liquid Injection Formulation https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219768 Ganirelix (or Ganirelixum) is a synthetic peptide molecule made up of covalently bonded 10 amino acids. The structural order of peptides determines their biological properties. The minor change in the structure of therapeutic peptides can have a significant impact on their biological behaviors. In this regard, the ganirelix drug product was sterilized at 121°C for 15 mins and further exposed to thermal and humidity at 25°C/60%RH and 40°C/75% RH for 6 months. The ganirelix was isolated using flash chromatography and freeze- dried. We applied Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Ultraviolet -Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopic techniques to investigate temperature and humidity effects on the chemical structure of Ganirelix. FTIR scans were conducted in the wave number range of 4000 – 400cm-1 and UV scans were conducted in the wavelength range of 190 – 400nm. The attained IR stretching vibrations, maximum UV absorbance results, overlayed IR and UV-Vis spectra of Ganirelix in temperature stressed generic drug product is closely comparable to reference listed drug (RLD). In addition, it showed homology in the finger print region of the FTIR with those of the reference listed drug (RLD). Kumarswamy Ummiti J .V. Shanmukha Kumar 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Transanethole Protects Against Global Cerebral Ischemia Through Its Anti-inflammatory and Anti Apoptotic Activity https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219769 <strong>Aim and Objective:</strong> In this research study, transanethole at a dose of 250 and 500mg/kg p.o was investigated for its potency against Bilateral Common Carotid Artery occlusion (BCCAO) for 1 hr accompanied by 22 hrs reperfusion<strong>. Method:</strong> Healthy Albino Wistar rats (200–250gm) were divided randomly into 4 groups (n=9). Group I was considered as sham control, received 2% tween 80p.o, group II was considered as ischemic- reperfusion (disease control) and received 2% tween 80p.o and group III and IV were considered as prophylactic treatment groups and received transanethole at doses of 250mg/kg, p.o and 500mg/kg, p.o. respectively. After pretreatment with transanethole for14 days, rats were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) for 1 hour accompanied by 22 hr reperfusion (I/R). After 22 hrs of reperfusion, motor coordination, behavioral assessment, infarct area, brain water content, excitatory mediators, inflammatory and apoptotic markers were determined.<strong> Results</strong>: Transanethole improved the motor coordination, lowered the brain water content, infarction volume and attenuated the levels of excitatory mediators. Western blotting analysis was performed to identify the proinflammatory mediators (TNF α, p38 MAPK), anti-inflammatory cytokine IL 10 and apoptotic marker proteins (Caspase 3, Bcl-2 and Bax) in brain tissue. Prophylactic treatment with trans anethole significantly down regulated the expressions of TNF-α, caspase 3, Bax, dephosphorylated p38 MAPK and upregulated the expressions of Bcl-2, IL 10 in a dose dependent manner in comparison with disease control group. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> An anti-inflammatory and anti- apoptotic activity of transanethole protected from cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. Hima Saila. M Santhrani Thakur 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Phytochemistry and Cytotoxicity Analysis of Kemang (Mangifera Kemanga) Fruit Extract on Hela Cervical Cancer Cell Line https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219770 Mango extract has been proven in its anticancer effect against cervical cancer, however kemang (Mangifera kemanga), despite being a relative of mango, has not been thoroughly researched although expected to give the same effect. <strong>Objective:</strong> To identify the contents contained in the ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extract of kemang flesh and examine its cytotoxic effect on HeLa cervical cancer cells.<strong> Methods:</strong> Kemang flesh was extracted using ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. Phytochemical tests and thin-layer chromatography on the extracts were conducted to identify the phytochemical contents. MTT assay was carried out using the extracts against HeLa cells to find out the cytotoxic effect of the samples in IC50 values. <strong>Results:</strong> Phytochemical tests revealed that kemang flesh extract contains flavonoid, tannin, triterpenoid, and alkaloid. Thin-layer chromatography test with nonpolar eluent showed one spot with Rf of 0.82 in ethanol extract; six spots with Rf of 0.16, 0.36, 0.49, 0.76, 0.82, and 0.94 in ethyl acetate extract; and six spots with Rf of 0.36, 0.48, 0.63, 0.75, 0.83, and 0.93 in n-hexane extract. MTT assay obtained IC50 values for HeLa cells, respectively for ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts, were 44.34, 16.41, and 43.23ppm. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Kemang fruit extract has potential as an anticancer agent against cervical cancer. Prajnadiyan Catrawardhana Ersal Rasyid Saharso Yusuf Mushlih Yatri Hapsari Fadilah Fadilah 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Preparation, Evaluation and Development Celecoxib Prolonged Release (Pr) Tablets by Using Cellulose Polyacrylic Acid – Based Polymers https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219771 The aim of this research was formulation of celecoxib prolonged release matrix tablets and studying the influence of different types and concentration of polymers on release of drug. Seven formulations F1 – F7 were manually designed using different proportions and amount of polymers. The formulations of matrix tablets (F1 – F6) were composed of different polymers such as, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC-K100M), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), ethylcellulose (EC-10 cps), Carbopol-940, hydroxypropyl cellulose high viscosity (HPC<sub>h</sub>), whereas (F7) standard formulation without polymer contained microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), lactose monohydrate, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-K30). The MCC and PVP-K30 were used in a fixed quantity in all formulations except F9 in proportions, 21.66% and 3.33%, respectively. Dissolution test was performed in phosphate buffer of pH 7.4, because cellulose polymers are insoluble in gastric fluid and celecoxib is very slightly soluble in gastric fluid. Dissolution profiles indicated that formulations F1, F2 and F3 extended the drug release up to 16h. MS Excel was used to analyze the dissolution profile data for drug release kinetics such as first order, Zero-order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas models. Formulation (F1) containing HPMC–K100M as a matrix former showed drug release as highest correlation coefficient (R2) values obtained when higuchi-order model was applied (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9316). While formulation (F2) containing HPMC–K100M and EC showed the highest correlation coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) values when first-order model was applied (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9534). Whereas, formulation (F3) containing HPMC – K100M and CMC as a matrix former showed concentration-independent drug release as highest linearity was observed when zero-order model was applied (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9869). Active substance was released from all formulations by Case II relaxation mechanism. The present study showed that cellulose polyacrylic acid – based polymers can be used successfully to develop prolonged release matrix tablet formulation. Svetlana Suslina Аhmed Alkhodri 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 A Desirability Approach for Antidiabetic and Antiinflammatory Efficacy of Ficus Subincisa Bark https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219772 <strong>Background:</strong> This study aimed to examine the anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects of the green solvent extract from<em> F.subincisa</em> Buch-Ham.ExSm.This paper also explains how bio-based products have been highly safe and alternative to the use of organic solvent. <strong>Methods:</strong> The serial extraction was carried out with increasing polarity using a magnetic stirrer: d-limonene, Isopropyl alcohol, Ethyl lactate, and Hydroalcohol.The concentrated and dried extracts were subjected to analysis the antidiabetic activity and anti-inflammatory activity were assessed by employing standard in vitro techniques. <strong>Result</strong>:<em> In vitr</em>o anti-inflammatory assays were performed using heat-induced bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation and erythrocyte membrane stabilization assays.α-amylase and α-glucosidase were used to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of <em>F.subincisa</em> bark <em>in vitro</em>. Diclofenac sodium, Acarbose, and aspirin were used as reference drugs. The i<em>n vitro</em> method showed significant anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties of different bio-based extracts tested. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Findings from this study showed that <em>F.subincisa</em> exhibited substantial anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic actions i<em>n vitro</em> models. A . Shukla P. Pokhriyal 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 The Roles of Insulin Growth Factors-1 (Igf-1) in Bone Graft to Increase Osteogenesis https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219773 <strong>Background:</strong> Bone graft material is used with periodontal flap procedure that is expected to help the growth of new bone through the process of osteogenesis, osteoinduction, and osteoconduction. Some work must be done to support the regeneration of periodontal tissue, including the three key elements of principal, such as scaffolds (collagen and bone material), signal molecules (growth factors) and cells. IGF-1 is a growth factor that has been studied to stimulate the replication of osteoblasts and bone matrix synthesis of bone remodeling process. Osteocalcin is a specific product of osteoblasts, in a previous study that the increase of osteocalcin indicates an increase in bone formation markers. Osteopontin expression by kondrosit showed the role of these cell in sintesizing matrix that have a main role for osteoclast resorpsion dan bone remodeling.<strong> Objective:</strong> To know the effect of IGF-1 on bone healing process that has been applied xenograft with attention to osteoblast, osteoclast, osteopontin and osteocalcin expression in animal model. <strong>Methods:</strong> This study was an experimental study in the rabbit. Comparing two groups, xenograft + IGF-1 and others just xenograft, was applied to the tibia’s defect for 21 days<strong>. Results:</strong> There are significant differences between the groups. The expression of osteoblast, osteopontin and osteocalcin looks more numerous after 21 days on the xenograft + IGF-1 group than the group that only uses xenograft alone. Whereas expression of osteoclast was seen to be less in the xenograft + IGF-1 group. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> the use of IGF-1 as a fisiologic mediator in regenerate periodontal tissues proved to be effective with the increased expression of osteoblast, osteopontin, osteocalcin and decreased osteoclasts. Chiquita Prahasanti Sonny Perdana 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of New Hydrazone Derivatives of (2,4-dinitrophenyl) Hydrazine https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219774 In this work, novel compounds of hydrazones derived from (2,4-dinitrophenyl) hydrazine were synthesized. Benzamides derivatives and sulfonamides derivatives were prepared from p-amino benzaldehyde. Then these compounds were condensed with (2,4-dinitrophenyl) hydrazine through Imine bond formation to give hydrazones compounds. The compounds were characterized using FT-IR (IR Affinity-1) spectrometer, and 1HNMR analyses. The majority of the compounds have a moderate antimicrobial activity against “Gram-positive bacteria staphylococcus Aureus, and staphylococcus epidermidis, Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and fungi species Candida albicans” using concentrations of 250 μg\ml. Halah A. Sahib Mohammed K. Hadi Maadh Qusay Abdulkadir 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 In Vitro Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities of Extracts from the Leaves of Cassia Moschata Kunth https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219775 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, which is the most common cause of dementia. This disease commonly occurs in elderly people. The increase in life expectancy means that that the number of people suffering from AD is expected to rise each year if there is no effective treatment found. The relation of cholinesterase and oxidative stress to Alzheimer’s disease has been reported. In our previous study, we have investigated the potency of the ethanolic extract of<em> Cassia moschata</em> leaves as an anticholinesterase. The current study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and anticholinesterase properties of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of<em> C. moschata</em> as well as to determine the total phenolic content (TPC). Two different methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The anticholinesterase assay was carried out against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) according to the modified Ellman’s method. The TPC was determined by a colorimetric method using Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, and employing gallic acid as a reference. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of <em>C. moschata</em> demonstrated antioxidant activity in both DPPH and ABTS assays. There were statistically significant differences in the IC50 values of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts in both DPPH and ABTS assays. The aqueous extract exhibited a lower IC50 value compared to the ethanolic extract. The IC<sub>50</sub> value for the aqueous extract was 36.46 μg/mL in the DPPH assay, and 10.61 μg/mL in the ABTS method compared to IC<sub>50</sub> 38.74 μg/mL and 17.17 μg/mL for the ethanolic extract, respectively. Meanwhile, the ethanolic extract showed higher potency as anticholinesterase with the IC<sub>50</sub> value of 44.43 μg/mL compared to the aqueous extract with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 114.60 μg/mL. The TPC measurement revealed that the aqueous extract has a higher amount of phenolic than the ethanolic extract. These data suggest that the aqueous extract from the leaves of <em>C. moschata</em> has a higher ability to scavenge free radicals compared to the ethanolic extract, which also contains a higher amount of phenolic compounds. However, the high content of phenolic compounds in the aqueous extract did not correspond to the anticholinesterase activity. The presence of non-phenolic compounds may also contribute to the anticholinesterase activity in the ethanolic extract. Suciati Suciati Wachidatur Rizqiyah Dwiki Nur Inayah Retno Widyowati Wiwied Ekasari Nungruthai Suphrom 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Chemical Composition and Evaluation of the Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Pre-rif Teucrium Polium Essential Oil https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219776 As part of the valorization of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants (AMP) in Morocco, we studied the chemical composition and the antibacterial and antifungal activities of Teucrium polium Essential Oil harvested in a region of Pre-Rif, Taza in Morocco (BniKrama). After extraction of the essential oil (EO) by hydro-distillation process, the study of the chemical composition of this EO was carried out by gas chromatography (GPC) and GC/MS (gas chromatography- mass spectrometry), and the evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activity was carried out against eleven microbial strains by determining the minimum concentration inhibitor. The yield after extraction by hydro-distillation is 0.71%. After (CPG) of the essence of this plant, sixty-eight components have been identified, of which α-Pinene is the major component (21.96%). It is followed by Limonene (18.77%), and β-Pinene (8.46%). The essential oil of T. polium (EOTP) has shown strong antibacterial and antifungal activity. This bioactivity is mainly due to the richness of this essence in terpenes known by their effectiveness against microbial agents. This essential oil is very rich in chemical molecules. Antimicrobial tests show that this EOTP has a broad spectrum on molds, fungi and bacteria. Oussama Chauiyakh Aziz Et-Tahir Badr Satrani Mohamed Ghanmi Sara Cherrad Kamal Kettani Abdelaziz Chaouch Malika Tiskar 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Development and Validation of Rp-hplc Method for the Determination of Ropinirole Hydrochloride in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219777 A simple, precise, rapid and accurate RP-HPLC method was developed for the estimation of Ropinirole hydrochloride in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method employed a Phenomenex C8 column (250 × 4.6mm, 5μm) and a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid (pH 2.61) and methanol in the ratio of 50:50 v/v. The flow rate was optimized at 1.2mL/min and the effluents were monitored at 248 nm over a run time of 10.0 min. where the analyte showed the retention at 2.91±0.26 min. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 1-100μg/mL (y = 40236x – 10950). The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.0007μg/mL and 0.0021μg/mL respectively. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines and was found to be sensitive, accurate, precise and robust while satisfying all the system suitability. The method was also tested for its stability indicating capability by performing the forced degradation studies and the drug was almost stable in all the exposed conditions with very minor degradations observed. The developed method was used for the assay of the drug in marketed tablets and the percentage assay was found to be 99.32±0.83 %w/w. The results of the study depict that the proposed RP-HPLC method is specific and sensitive for the routine analysis of Ropinirole hydrochloride in bulk drug and in its pharmaceutical dosage form. Sowjanya Gummadi Durga S. Siyyadri 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 The Risk of Genetic Polymorphisms in the Immune Genes on the Developed of Respiratory Allergic Diseases https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219778 Allergic diseases are intricate and improvement includes both natural and hereditary components. besides classic Tcell-originated T helper form-2 cytokine comparable to IL4; IL5; IL13. Tissues created cytokine akin to thymic-stromal-lymphopoietin. IL25 as well as IL33 at the moment is famous the main contribution of allergies irritation. IL33 generated via quite a lot of tissue living cells and generally enhances allergic infection using its results in hematopoietic-cells varieties. Ecological and endogenously triggered which induce IL33 cell released could also correlated to contamination, irritation and tissues harm. Current review brief an extensive variety for certified IL33 efficiency in human-cellular-mediatory in irritation like good as genetically marker when IL33 contributed with sickness. At last, IL33 attached with IL1/RL1 was engaged with asthma. previous information shows in some investigation that contribution by IL33-IL1RL1 gene with asthma was biologically conceivable, IL33 on asthma patients can influence expressing levels for IL33 serum. Moreover, rs16924159/G-A variation is related in IL33 level of respiratory hypersensitive diseases patients. Noor Al-Huda Ali A. H. Saeed Alaa N Mohammed Ali Israa Hussein Hamzah 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 The Effect of the Application of Topical Shallots on Infant Pain Post-immunization https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219779 One of factors that influences the immunization coverage below the global target is immunization adverse events as well as local reactions, such as pain. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of topical shallots and whether they reduce the incidence of immunization adverse events in infants aged 0 - 11 months, especially the level of pain. This study used a quasi-experimental design with a pre-post design. The sample was infants aged 0 - 11 months. The experimental group consisted of 15 participants and the control group consisted of 15 participants. The pain was measured using the NIPS (Neonatal Infant Pain Scale). In this study, the experimental group was given shallots (<em>Allium Cepa L. Var aggregatum</em>) topically before they were rubbed around the area of the injection. The control group was not given any intervention. We measured the pain every day until 3 days post-immunization. The data was analyzed using the Wilcoxon Sign Rank test. The study showed that there were changes in the level of pain in the experimental group on day 1, day 2, and day 3 post-immunization (p &lt; 0.05). There were also changes in the level of pain in the control group on day 1, day 2 and day 3 (p &lt; 0.05). The frequency distribution data showed that no respondents experienced pain in the experimental group, whereas in the control group, there were still two respondents who experienced mild pain. This study recommends using shallots topically, where they are rubbed around the injection area to reduce the local reaction and pain. Zainab 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Significance of Kuttana in the Preparation of Guggulu Vati Processed in Triphala Kwatha https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219780 <strong>Background:</strong> Since vedic period, much importance is given for <em>guggulu (Commiphora wightii,</em> (Arn) Bhandari). One can get reference of guggulu as early as 3000 to 10,000 years ago in the veda, for treating human illnesses. References are available regarding usage of <em>guggulu</em> externally as well as internally during the period of<em> charaka, sushruta and vagbhata</em> for the treatment of <em>medoroga and vatavikara</em>. <em>Śhodhana</em> is a preliminary procedure which assist in removing or modifying the possible physical or chemical impurities from raw material and making them suitable for therapeutic use. It has been found clinically that <em>guggulu kalpa</em> usually pass in the faeces un-disintegrated or partially absorbed. To overcome this the kuttana (pounding) method is mentioned to facilitate quick disintegration which in turn helps in quick absorption of <em>guggulu</em> in the body. So present study was taken to know the effect of <em>kuttana</em> on the physico chemical properties of <em>guggulu.</em> <strong>Methodology:</strong><em> Guggulu</em> (<em>Commiphora wightii)</em> Shodhana (procedure) was done in <em>Triphala Kwatha</em> and <em>Guggulu</em> (<em>Commiphora wightii</em>) Vati (tablet) were prepared with and without <em>Kuttana</em> (pounding) method. The prepared samples were tested for analytical parameters like organoleptic character, pH, friability, hardness, disintegration time, uniformity of weight, total ash, loss on drying, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive, water soluble extractive and HPTLC was done.<strong> Result:</strong> The organoleptic characters of all the both samples were same. Triphala Shodhita <em>Guggulu</em> (<em>Commiphora wightii)</em> <em>Vati</em> (tablet) prepared with <em>Kuttana</em> (pounding) showed less disintegration time. Pharmaceutical result revealed that the yield was increased in<em> Triphala Shodhita Guggulu</em> (<em>Commiphora wightii</em>). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> There was a decrease in pH, acid insoluble ash value, water soluble ash value, water soluble extractive value, weight variation value, hardness, disintegration time and increase in Moisture content, Total ash value, Alcohol soluble ash value of<em> Triphala Shodhita</em> <em>Guggulu</em> (<em>Commiphora wightii) Vati</em> (tablet) after <em>Kuttana</em> (pounding). From chromatographical analysis it is observed that a greater number of components were detected. Arun N Vinaykumar R. Kadibagil 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Hysteroscopic Procedure as Day Care Cases under Tiva with Dexmedetomidine Vs Ketamine https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219781 <p><strong>Background:</strong> Day care surgery under total intravenous anaesthesia where the patient is discharged the same day has made hysteroscopy, a form of minimally invasive surgery, the most frequently performed gynaecological procedure. <strong>Aim and objective:</strong> Dexmedetomidine, a highly selective alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonist having dose dependent sedation, analgesic properties and Ketamine, a n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, a dissociative sedative hypnotic with potent analgesic properties have been chosen to compare their efficacy, evaluate the requirement of rescue sedative and/or analgesic, haemodynamic changes and any complication per-operatively for day care hysteroscopic procedures. <strong>Methods:</strong> 25 patients in each group in the range of age 20 to 55yrs, weight 40-60kg, height 145-155cm, ASA I and II were administered dexmedetomidine (D) 100μg IV or Ketamine (K) 75mg IV both over 10 mins, at the onset of the procedure. Maintenance of anaesthetia had been done on mask ventilation with 30% oxygen and 70% nitrous oxide. <strong>Results:</strong> The demographic data was statistically insignificant. The haemodynamics were stable in the group D, not in group K, ‘p’ value &lt;0.0001. The requirement of rescue sedative propofol, midazolam and rescue analgesic fentanyl and the number of top up doses were higher in the group K, p value &lt;0.01, statistically highly significant. Group K had suffered more per-operative complications. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Dexmedetomidine for day care hysteroscopic procedures can be the anaesthetic drug of choice.</p> Jayashree Sen Bitan Sen 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Development and Validation of Rp-hplc Method for the Estimation of Alogliptin in Api and Tablet Formulation https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219782 The analytical method was developed and validated for determination of Alogliptin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms by High performance liquid chromatography. The separation was carried out on Zorbax SB-Aq (250 x4.6mm,5μ ID) column. The mobile phase consists of 0.1% TFA Water : ACN in the ratio 62:38 at flow rate 1ml/min with diode array detector wavelength at 290nm.The column temperature was adjusted at 30º ± 0.5°C with injection volume 10μl.The retention time of Alogliptin was 3.06min. The linearity of the calibration curve was linear over the concentration range 25-75μg/ml (r2=1). The validation was carried out as per ICH guidelines. The development of method was easy, rapid, linear, precise, accurate and consistent. Suyash Ingle Varsha Tegeli Avinash Birajdar Gajanand Nangare 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Mechanism of Apoptosis Retinal Ganglion Cells Rattus Norvegicus Caused by Ethambutol https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219783 <strong>Background:</strong> The cause of cell death is thought to be due to the pathological apoptotic process in Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs), but how the exact mechanism of what is most influential is still not explained. Objective: This study aimed to explain the mechanism of RGCs apoptosis<em> Rattus</em> <em>Norvegicus</em> which is thought to underlie the occurrence of ethambutol toxic optic neuropathy. <strong>Methods</strong>: A total of 42 male, adult<em> Rattus norvegicus Sprague-Dawley</em> strains were divided into 6 groups with 3 control groups and 3 treatment groups in a randomized design with time series test. The treatment groups were given ethambutol 15 mg/kg/day for each group within 5, 10 and 15 days orally using a gauge.Expressions of SOD2, MDA, PKC δ, p53, Cyt c, Caspase 3 and apoptosis were examined by immunohistochemical methods.<strong> Results:</strong> Ethambutol affected significant decreased expression of SOD2 with p=0.002 in 5 days, p=0.013 in 10 days and p=0.018 in 15 days; significant increased MDA in 5 days with p=0.05, 10 days with p=0.017, 15 days with p=0.002; significant increased p53 in 5 days with p=0.012, 10 days with p=0.002, 15 days with p=0.001; significant increased Cyt c in 5 days with p=0.004, 10 days with p=0.001, 15 days with p=0.001; significant increased Caspase 3 in 5 days with p=0.001, 10 days with p=0.003, 15 days with p=0.001 and apoptosis in 5 days with p=0.001, 10 days with p=0.001, 15 days with p=0.001. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The mechanism of apoptosis of RGCs caused by ethambutol was showed via decreased expression SOD2, increased expression of MDA, p 53, Cyt c, Caspase 3 andapoptosis. These biomarkers are essential to detect apoptosis as one of mechanism in cell death. Lukisiari Agustini Nurwasis Aryati Gatut Suhendro I Ketut Sudiana Widjiati Bambang Purwanto Winarto 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Development of New Analytical Method for the Estimation of Raltegravir in Rabbit Plasma https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219784 The study was aimed to conduct a pharmacokinetic evaluation of Raltegravir in rabbit plasma using a sensitive HPLC method. The plasma samples were assayed by Waters alliance e-2695 HPLC instrument using X-bridge phenyl hexyl column (150x4.6mm, 5 μ) under isocratic condition. Acetonitrile and Tri ethyl amine buffer (30:70 v/v) was used as mobile phase with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The eluent was monitored at 312 nm for measurement of Raltegravir. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 25-1000 ng/ml. The application denotes all the parameters of system suitability, specificity, linearity and accuracy are in good agreement with USFDA guidelines and applied effectively for the investigation of pharmacokinetic studies in rabbit. Deepthi Sandhala Srinivas Lankalapalli 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Infra-radiation Test of Crude the Leaves of Nothophanax Scutellarium Merr., Moringa Oleifera and Piper Betle L. https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219785 Biodiversity in Indonesia is home to medicinal plants in the world, including <em>Nothopanax</em> <em>scutellarium Merr., Moringa oliefera Lam., Piper betle L.</em> Several researchers have examined the active compounds contained in these plants. This study focused on preliminary phytochemistry and FTIR analysis of leaf extracts of <em>Nothopanax scutellarium Merr., Moringa oliefera Lam., Piper betle L</em>. Phytochemicals were extracted with ethanol 70% by maceration. The results showed that the active compounds of flavonoids, steroids, tannins, phenols, saponins, and alkaloids were present in the three leaves. FTIR analysis observed the main peak at wavenumber 3623.44 cm<sup>-1</sup> in the mangkokan leaf extract, wavenumber 3690.64 cm-1 in the moringa leaf extract, and wavenumber 3683.89 cm<sup>-1</sup> in the piper betle leaf extract. All of which showed the O-H phenol functional group. Cut Sriyanti Tongku Nizwan Siregar Mudatsir Azhari Gani 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Some Novel 1,5 Benzodiazepine Derivatives Derived from Pyrrolyl Chalcones https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219786 The α,β unsaturated ketone 3-(2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-onederivatives were treated with benzene-1,2-diamine to obtain 2-(2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[b][1,4]diazepine derivatives. These synthesized compound were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectroscopy. These synthesized molecules were evaluated for invitro antimicrobial activity. All The synthesized compounds, showed potent anti-microbial activity as compare to reference drug. In these study the synthesized were docked with Type IIA topoisomerases 2XCT using glide dock program and binding affinity were predicted for the synthesized compounds. The compound AP8 and AP9 have shown more active as per binding energy. Pankaj Kumar Abhishek Kumar Jean Sandra Pinto Sachin A. Kumbar Nanditha Bhat Prashant Nayak 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds Present in Some Traditional Anti-dermatophytic Plants by Thin Layer, Column Chromatographic Methods https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219787 Traditionally, various medicinal plants were known to possess anti-dermatophytic potential and have been used for many years to treat skin diseases. We are aimed to examine anti-dermatophytic plants like<em> Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br., Cassia alata (L) Roxb., Kaempferia galanga L., Melia azedarach L. and Sesbania grandiflora (L) Pers.</em> for the quantification and separation of phyto-chemical compounds through thin layer and column chromatography. Five plant samples comprising of leaves, stem fiber and rhizome were separately extracted using five solvents such as, ethanol, methanol, acetone, chloroform and petroleum ether. The solvent extracts were subsequently investigated for qualitative, quantitative phytochemical, thin layer and column chromatographic analysis using standard assays. The experimental findings revealed the varied presence of compounds such as sugar, amino acid, protein, phenol, alkaloid and flavonoid in the solvent extracts used. In TLC profiling, a number of phyto chemical compounds, at different ranges of visible spots, with different Rf values at varying solvent system, were identified. Also, column fractions at different solvent run ratio (hexane: acetone = 8:2, 6:4, 4:6, 2:8) were identified with a wide range of color variations at different retention time and were collected sequentially. The present analysis exhibit a significant role to identify and differentiate therapeutic phyto-compounds which helps for further study on isolation and characterization with anti-dermatophytic potential. Sownthariya C Shanthi P Balavinayagamani Ganapathy Priyadharshni K Thiripura Sundari U Nagaraja Suryadevara 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Physico-chemical Studies of Ground Water Quality of Chirawa, Buhana and Surajgarh Tehsil of Jhunjhunu District. Rajasthan (with Special Reference to Fluoride) https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219803 In Present Paper the Physicochemical Studies of ground water of Chirawa, Buhana and Surajgarh tehsil of Jhunjhunu district have been studied. Water samples from the ground water of villages, colonies, school, hospitals and railway station were collected and analysed for physico- chemical parameters like ammonia, alkalinity, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, TDS, Total hardness, and concentration of ions like chloride, fluoride, nitrate, sulphate, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, some heavy metal like as Mn and Fe. It has been observed that all parameters were found within desirable limit compared to BIS, but fluoride, potassium, and sodium values are higher compared to WHO. The interesting fact that phosphorus, iron and manganese were not found in any ground water samples. Only fluoride, potassium and sodium are making ground water unfit for drinking. Anita Kumari Y. K. Gupta 2022-03-30 2022-03-30 15 Acute Oral Toxicity of Essential Oil Extracted from the Leaves of Ocimum Sanctum L. (Thulasi) in Female Wistar Albino Rats. https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219804 Due to the widespread use of antimicrobial agents, many Microorganisms have developed drug resistance to many available antimicrobials today. Essential oils from different plants are being explored for their ability to treat various human diseases, including infectious diseases. Earlier, we have found that the essential oil from the leaves of<em> Ocimum sanctum L.</em> had anti bacterial effect on 18 human pathogenic bacteria. In the present study, the essential oil of<em> Ocimum sanctum L.</em> was evaluated for its toxic effects at 300 mg / Kg body weight and 2000 mg / Kg body weight of female Wistar albino rats as per the OECD Guidelines 423 for testing of chemicals. The 14 day acute oral toxicity test has shown <em>Ocimum sanctum L</em>. essential oil is not toxic at 300 mg / Kg body weight of animals but has some toxic effects at 2000 mg /Kg body weight of animals. However, no animals died during the 14 day acute oral toxicity test with 2000 mg / Kg body weight of animals and therefore the LD<sub>50</sub> dose of <em>Ocimum sanctum L.</em> should be more than 2000 mg / Kg of body weight of female Wister albino rats. Venugopal Jayapal V. Subha K. Bhavani Kartik Janardan Salwe K. Manimekalai Josh M Easow Stephen Selvaraj 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Effect of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training with Biofeedback on Stress Urinary Incontinence in Females, Kelantan, Malaysia: A Pilot Study https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219805 Various interventions are available for preventing and treating urinary incontinence, including medication, medical devices, and surgery. Some of the patients are not keen on surgical intervention, and pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) will be another treatment option for female urinary incontinence. The current research aims to assess the effect of pelvic floor muscle training with biofeedback on improving the strength of the pelvic floor muscle, the severity of SUI, and quality of life among females with stress urinary incontinence. A random sampling of 10 patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) referred to the physiotherapy department by urogynecology department, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II (HRPZ II), were recruited into the study of PFMT with biofeedback after a baseline assessment of the severity of stress urinary incontinence, strength, and quality of life. They were evaluated at baseline, at the 4<sup>th</sup> week, the 8<sup>th</sup> week of intervention, and a follow-up was done at the 12<sup>th</sup> week. The outcomes were measured with the incontinence severity index, perineometer, and incontinence impact questionnaire—Short Form IIQ-7. The results showed that there was a significant difference in mean SUI severity (F = 37.81, <em>p</em>= 0.001), strength (F = 15.44, <em>p</em> = 0.002), and quality of life (F = 104.11, <em>p</em> = 0.001) based on time. As a conclusion, pelvic floor muscle training with biofeedback is an assistive device that has significant effectiveness in the conservative treatment of stress urinary incontinence in female patients. Nur Yanti Hariana Bt. Othman Naresh Bhaskar Raj Naing NN Mahadeva Rao US Enie Akhtar Lee Wan Zhen Anuar Md Zain 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Effect of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training with Biofeedback on Stress Urinary Incontinence in Females, Kelantan, Malaysia: A Pilot Study https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219806 <strong>Introduction:</strong> <em>Lawsonia inermis L</em> is a medicinal herb from Lythraceae family. This plant is proven to be able to treat various diseases. <em>Lawsonia inermis L</em> is one of the flowering plant of a single species of the genus Lawsonia. This plant contains the main active compounds such as flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and essential oils. Flavonoids and phenols are the active compounds which most commonly found. <strong>Objective :</strong> This study aims to determine the quality parameters of the extract which include specific and non-specific parameters, antioxidant activity and total flavonoid content in purified extracts of<em> Lawsonia</em> i<em>nermis L.</em> <strong>Methodology</strong>: The extract was obtained by maceration method using 96% ethanol. Purified extract was obtained by separating the chlorophyll and tannins contained in the sample using ethanol and aqudes, then continued by partitioning using ethyl acetate and adding MgSO<sub>4</sub> as a drying agent. The ethyl acetate phase was concentrated using a Rotary Vacuum Evaporator to obtain a purified extract with a reddish black color. Furthermore, the extract was analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC) using eluent n-hexane: ethyl acetate (1: 1). <strong>Result :</strong> Specific parameters include organoleptic observations, water-soluble compounds and ethanol-soluble compounds, while non-specific parameters include drying loss, moisture content, total ash content, acid soluble content, specific gravity, microbial contamination, mold/yeast contamination, Pb metal contamination, Cd and As. The antioxidant activity assay used the DPPH method and the IC50 value was 39.07 mg / L, while the total flavonoid test used quercetin as a comparison and the total flavonoid content was 3.29%. <strong>Conclusion :</strong> The purified extract of <em>Lawsonia inermis L.</em> leaves comply the quality standard of the extract, has very strong antioxidant activity and contains flavonoids. Mus Ifaya Ahmad Muhtadi Ida Musfiroh I Sahidin Amar Ma’ruf Syawal Abdurrahman 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 In-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Oxalis Carniculata Linn and Investigation of Plausible Mechanism of Photo-protection by Molecular Modeling Study https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219807 <em>Oxalis Carniculata Linn</em> belonging to Oxalidaceae family is a small herb with variety of biological activity. The leaves of <em>Oxalis Carniculata</em> was extracted with different solvents and the fractions were screened for antioxidant potential using in-vitro methods such as 2, 2-Diphenyl-2-Picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and H2O2 radical scavenging activity, and reducing power assay . Total flavonoid, phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity were determined spectrophotometrically. Among the six different fractions ethanolic fraction exhibited highest total flavonoid content (224.2±0.25 mg/g QAE) and methanolic fraction exhibited highest phenolic content (184.31±0.14 mg/g GAE) and total antioxidant capacity (232.79±0.17mg/g AAE). Further methanolic fraction showed highest DPPH and H2O2 radical scavenging activity with IC50 value 23.43±0.12 and 19.71±0.16 respectively. The major cause of skin photoaging is exposure to ultraviolet light that is coupled with the increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and decreased collagen synthesis. MMPs (especially MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9) expressions are associated with the decreased elasticity of the dermis due to collagen degradation. In the present study, we have assessed the antioxidant effects of <em>Oxalis Carniculata</em> extract, correlated it with skin photoaging and postulated its mechanism of action by molecular docking study. The molecular docking study of flavones present in <em>O. Carniculata</em> revealed that the phyto-constituents of <em>O. Carniculata</em> species have similar mechanism of binding to that of standard drug with MMP-9 inhibitory action. These results can facilitate the further preclinical models, and clinical study upon skin protective potential against UV-induced skin aging of the <em>O. Carniculata</em> flavones. Madhuri Baghel Hemant Badwaik Sangeeta Patil 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Role of the Nlrp3 Inflammasome in Periodontal Disease: A Tour D'horizon https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219810 The NLRP3 inflammasome is a vital component of the innate immune system that mediates caspase-1 activation and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines, namely interleukins (IL-1/IL-18), in retort to microbial infection such as periodontal pathogens. Secretion of IL-1β is a major component of periodontal tissue inflammation and a crucial cause of periodontal disease. The conversion of pro-IL-1β into its biologically active form is controlled by inflammasomes such as NLRP3. Nevertheless, uncontrolled NLRP3 activation may cause several inflammatory disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, periodontitis, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. NLRP3 activation may be caused due to various stimuli, leading to multiple molecular and cellular events. Drugs targeting the various steps in these events may provide a solution to the aberrant NLRP3 activation. In this review, we have investigated the various mechanisms of NLLRP3 activation and the various drugs which have exhibited its inhibition. Pradeep Koppolu Rasheed Abdulsalam 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Applications of Microbial Bioflocculants for Environmental Remediation: An Overview https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219812 The application of bioflocculants has recently become a promising solution for the treatment of water and wastewater as well as removal of pollutants from environment. Water pollution is the most challenging environmental issue in the developing countries to determine the quality of life. The wastewater from different sources contains suspended solids, organic and inorganic particles, dissolved solids, heavy metals, dyes and other impurities which are harmful to the environment causing major health hazards in human and animals. The use of bioflocculants is advantageous for the control of environmental pollution as they are non- toxic and biodegradable in nature. Moreover, they do not create any secondary pollution. Chemical flocculants being a source of carcinogens can be replaced by bioflocculants which needs to be produced on a large scale. However, commercially viable bioflocculants are yet to be produced and marketed widely. This review intends to present the updated information on microbial bioflocculants and their applications for remediation of pollutants from wastewater. It may bring up the significant issues which can be attempted by future researchers for a better understanding to develop commercially viable, safe, eco-friendly and cost effective bioflocculants using new biotechnological techniques. Nilanjana Das Ashwini Prabhakar Shende Keerthana G Sanjeeb Kumar Mandal 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Role of Duloxetine in Neuropathic Pain: A Clinical Impact, Mechanism, Challenges in Formulation Development to Safety Concern https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219808 Neuropathic pain (NP) is a dreadful disease of the somatosensory nervous system with many etiologies. The antidepressant drug is recommended as the first-line drug for the management of such pain. Duloxetine (DXH) is one of the classes of antidepressant drugs having an efficient use in mild to severe pain management. There are many clinical studies conducted on DXH and tested for its effectiveness in NP. For this review articles were collected from PubMed, Science Direct, goggle scholar, and other relevant sites. This review is based on the recently updated articles on duloxetine. The inclusion criteria for this was an English, clinical study with a year of publication between mostly 2010-2020, the DXH and its treatment of NP, comparison of DXH with another drug for the treatment of NP. The only exclusion criteria for this review is the preclinical study. The study design (randomized, cross-sectional, double-blinded), compound DXH regime, outcome measure of the study, and the efficacy were taken into consideration. The present review focused on the molecular targets, challenges, formulation development, comparison with some other drugs in terms of therapeutic benefits, and tolerance with the safety issue of DXH. It was found that DXH provides impactful relief from pain but still modification in the treatment strategies for NP is required. Linu Dash Bimlesh Kumar Anupriya Varimadugu Bhanukirankumar Reddy Indu Melkani Narendra Kumar Pandey Kardam Joshi Dhara Patel 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Utilization of Polymethyl Methacrylate and Hydroxyapatite Composite as Biomaterial Candidate for Porous Trabecular Dental Implant Fixture Development: A Narrative Review https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219809 Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) and Hydroxyapatite (HA) utilization as single materials are rarely used as dental implant materials. There is a promising hope by combining these two materials as a dental implant fixture. Nevertheless, there is a limited information of PMMA/HA composite utilization as dental implant material. The aims of this narrative review is to describe the potential of PMMA/HA composite utilization as biomaterial candidate for porous trabecular dental implant fixture development. This narrative review finds the potential of PMMA/HA composite as biomaterial candidate for porous trabecular dental implant. The keywords "Biomaterial," "Dental Implant," "Hydroxyapatite," "Osseointegration," and "Polymethyl Methacrylate" were used in a web-based search of PubMed, NCBI, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate databases. PMMA is non-toxic, cost-effective, biocompatible, simple to manipulate, and has strong mechanical properties in the oral cavity. Furthermore, osteoblastic cell adhesion, development, and differentiation are aided by the use of HA as a biomaterial to induce bone formation. Nonetheless, due to its rapid absorption and degradation, single HA is seldom used as a dental implant material. Developing dental implant composite has been extensively studied, among them are the fabrication of PMMA/HA. PMMA/HA has fairly good physical characteristics with a compressive strength, good bioaffinity properties, biocompatible with bone cells. The osteoconductivity of HA enhance the bioactivity of the composite materials, thus making the dental implant to have an excellent osseointegration. We propose that there is a possibility of utilization of PMMA/HA composite as biomaterial candidate for porous trabecular dental implant fixture. Chiquita Prahasanti Darmawan Setijanto Diah Savitri Ernawati Rini Devijanti Ridwan David Buntoro, Kamadjaja Anita Yuliati Asti Meizarini Nike Hendrijantini Agung Krismariono Shafira Kurnia Supandi Tania Saskianti Ratri Maya Sitalaksmi Djoko Kuswanto Tansza Setiana Putri Nastiti Faradilla Ramadhani Muhammad Dimas Adiya Ari Alexander Patera Nugraha 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Zoonosis and Bats: Evolution of Virulence and Disease Outbreaks https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219811 The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has brought the entire world to a near lockdown. Having infected more than 6,54,08,787 people and claiming more than 15,09,743 lives as on 4<sup>th</sup> December 2020 it has made mankind to rethink over its claim of being highly advanced. Although we have come a long way both in terms of technology and medical advancements from 1918’s Spanish flu to latest novel coronavirus outbreak, still somehow we feel ourselves somewhat as helpless as we were back in 1918. There still remains a gap in understanding the full mechanism of the infection cycle of zoonotic diseases and their intensive relationships with their reservoir hosts. In this review we will be discussing why it’s still a challenge for us to fight these viral diseases and also how out of nowhere these diseases appear claiming millions of life every now and then. Also, we will try to understand how the reservoir ‘bats’ escape virulence. Ankita Sahu Vinit Singh Baghel 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Polyherbal Formulation for Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Review https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219813 Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is defined as painful menstrual flow in teenagers who have no other gynaecological symptoms. High absenteeism to school and work have been reported in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and low dose oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are the conventional treatment for primary dysmenorrhea. Despite their effectiveness, various side effects hinder the patients away from long time management with conventional treatment. Various polyherbal formulation have been used for centuries in the management of primary dysmenorrhea. However, scientific evidence of its mechanism of action and clinical effectiveness are scarce. A summarised overview of the molecular pathogenesis of the primary dysmenorrhea has been provided to understand the mechanistic pathway involved in primary dysmenorrhea. A total of 8 polyherbal formulations have been included. Pre-clinical and clinical trials of polyherbal formulation commonly used in primary dysmenorrhea have been discussed in this review to provide a picture of the current practice of traditional medicines in the management of primary dysmenorrhea. Most of the preparations demonstrated their actions through regulation of inflammatory markers and hormones in vivo. Inconsistency in sample size, doses of herbal preparation and primary outcomes of clinical trials created controversial findings on the effectiveness of the polyherbal preparation in human. Choo Shiuan Por Mogana R Gabriel A. Akowuah Sasikala Chinnappan Nor Hayati Abdullah 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Biological Screening and Structure Activity Relationship of Benzothiazole https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219814 Benzothiazole is a heterocyclic compound having nitrogen and sulphur. It's a bicyclic compound with a thiazole with benzene ring fused together. As per a review of the literature, benzothiazole is a primary moiety for the development of anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective agents. As a result, a list of biologically active benzothiazole derivatives has indeed been compiled in this study. The structure-activity relationship is analyzed based on the biological activities of benzothiazole derivatives and their substitution pattern. We also examined the mechanism of action of various benzothiazole derivatives, which can benefit researchers in the creation of new benzothiazole derivatives. Khyati Bhagdev Sibaji Sarkar 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15 Influence of Dietary Molecules on Human Health: Whey Proteins https://i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/219815 Whey protein is one of the major sources of essential proteins which is being used widely now days for maintaining a healthy life style and to meet the daily protein requirement. In order to maintain a healthy body weight, regular exercise accompanied with a healthy diet is very important, and whey protein is a perfect source of fulfilling the protein requirements of the body. Whey is obtained majorly from milk which is formed by the production of cheese. Milk is the major source of whey as it comprises 20% of the total constituent of milk. Whey protein is a high-quality protein with a rich amino acid profile. It contains the broad spectrum of amino acids that includes essential amino acids (EAAs) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) which are important in the growth and repair of tissues. Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine are the amino acids that play a major role in BCAA in protein synthesis and has recently been identified as playing role in muscle building and increase in the hormonal growth. It is easy to digest as compared to other components of milk like casein and has no fat content in it which makes it possible to help in gaining lean muscle mass in the body. These are one of the many advantages of consuming whey for which its demand in the market is rising. .Despite numerous advantages it can show some side effects like kidney problems, indigestion, bloating, etc. So it is advisable to consume it after consulting with a physician or some health expert in a specific dosage for a period of time. This review article gives a brief explanation of the role of whey proteins present in milk. Kumari Rashmi Mehak Gupta Shreyoshi Tarapdar Megha Duggal Shubham Tyagi Harmanpreet Kaur Priyank Vyas Amit Gupta 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 15