Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

What have they heard? Pre-visit Image of Sri Lanka as a Tourist Destination


Affiliations
1 Department of Marketing Management, Faculty of Management Studies and Commerce, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
2 Department of Marketing Management, Faculty of Management Studies and Commerce, University of Sri Jayawaedenapura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda-10250, Sri Lanka
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Nearly a decade has passed since the end of the civil-conflict which prevailed for 30-long years in Sri Lanka. Despite the evocative dark patches, tourism industry made a significant contribution to rebuild this nation during this period. However, efforts to answer even the most basic questions including, “How do tourists view Sri Lanka as a tourist destination?”, have been noticeably inadequate. This paper thus, aims to explore the pre-visit destination image held by tourists regarding Sri Lanka and the role played by information sources in forming such a pre-visit image. Having conducted 25 semi-structured interviews with overseas tourists, who have not gained any travel exposure in Sri Lanka, the findings, derived from a thematic analysis, suggested that the respondents have a favourable pre-visit image, overall, towards the country. While word-of-mouth has been influential in forming such a favourable image, the government-maintained information sources were viewed in a supportive capacity.

Keywords

Destination Image, Post-Conflict Recovery, Pre-Visit Image, Sri Lanka, Wordof- Mouth Communication.
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • Beerli, A., & Martín, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing destination image. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 657-681.
  • Bigne, J. E., Sanchez, M. I., & Sanchez, J. (2001). Tourism image, evaluation variables and after purchase behaviour: inter-relationship. Tourism Management, 22(6), 607-616.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
  • Buultjens, J. W., Ratnayake, I., & Gnanapala, W. A. C. (2016). Post-Conflict tourism development in Sri Lanka: implications for building resilience. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(4), 355-372.
  • Calantone, R. J., Di Benedetto, C. A., Hakam, A., & Bojanic, D. C. (1989). Multiple multinational tourism positioning using correspondence analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 28(2), 25-32.
  • Cave, J., Ryan, C., & Panakera, C. (2003). Residents’ perceptions, migrant groups and culture as an attraction - The case of a proposed pacific island cultural centre in New Zealand. Tourism Management, 24(4), 371-385.
  • Chen, C. C., Lin, Y. H., & Petrick, J. F. (2013). Social biases of destination perceptions. Journal of Travel Research, 52(2), 240-252.
  • Chen, C. F., & Tsai, D. (2007). How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioural intentions? Tourism Management, 28(4), 1115-1122.
  • Chon, K. S. (1990). The role of destination image in tourism: A review and discussion. The Tourist Review, 45(2), 2-9.
  • Cole, S., & Morgan, N. (2010). Tourism and Inequality: Problems and Prospects. CABI.
  • Court, B., & Lupton, R. A. (1997). Customer portfolio development: Modelling destination adopters, inactives, and rejecters. Journal of Travel Research, 36(1), 35-43.
  • Cox, C., Burgess, S., Sellitto, C., & Buultjens, J. (2008). Consumer-generated webbased tourism marketing. Gold Coast, Qld.: Sustainable Tourism CRC.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research designs: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
  • Crompton, J. L. (1979). An Assessment of the Image of Mexico as a Vacation Destination and the Influence of Geographical Location Upon That Image. Journal of Travel Research, 17(4), 18-23.
  • Dann, G. M. (1996). Tourists’ images of a destination: An alternative analysis. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 5(1-2), 41-55.
  • Dichter, E. (1985). What’s in an image. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 2(1), 75-81.
  • Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. B. (1991) The meaning and measurement of destination image. Journal of Tourism Studies, 2(2), 2-12.
  • Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. B. (1993). The Measurement of Destination Image: An Empirical Assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(4), 3-13.
  • Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. B. (2003). The meaning and measurement of destination image. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 14(1), 37-48.
  • Embacher, J., & Buttle, F. (1989). A repertory grid analysis of Austria’s image as a summer vacation destination. Journal of Travel Research, 27(3), 3-7.
  • Fakeye, P. C., & Crompton, J. L. (1991). Image Differences between Prospective, First-Time and Repeat Visitors to the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Journal of Travel Research, 30(2), 10-16.
  • Fernando, S., Bandara, J. S., & Smith, C. (2013). Regaining missed opportunities: the role of tourism in post-conflict development in Sri Lanka. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 18(7), 685-711.
  • Frías, D. M., Rodriguez, M. A., & Castaneda, J. A. (2008). Internet vs. travel agencies on pre-visit destination image formation: An information processing view. Tourism Management, 29(1), 163-179.
  • Frías, D. M., Rodríguez, M. A., Castañeda, J. A., Sabiote, C. M., & Buhalis, D. (2012). The formation of a tourist destination’s image via information sources: The moderating effect of culture. International Journal of Tourism Research, 14(5), 437-450.
  • Fyall, A., Garrod, B., & Wang, Y. (2012). Destination collaboration: A critical review of theoretical approaches to a multi-dimensional phenomenon. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 1(1–2), 10-26.
  • Gallarza, M. G., Saura, I. G., & Garcýìa, H. C. (2002). Destination image: Towards a conceptual framework. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 56-78.
  • Gartner, W. C. (1989). Tourism image: attribute measurement of state tourism products using multidimensional scaling techniques. Journal of Travel Research, 28(2), 16-20.
  • Gartner, W. C. (1994). Image Formation Process. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 2(2-3), 191-216.
  • George, R. (2003). Tourist’s perceptions of safety and security while visiting Cape Town. Tourism Management, 24, 575-585.
  • Goodrich, J. N. (1978). The Relationship Between Preferences for and Perceptions of Vacation Destinations: Application of a Choice Model. Journal of Travel Research, 17(2), 8-13.
  • Gunn, C.A. (1988). Vacationscape: Designing tourist regions. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
  • Hunt, J. D. (1975). Image as a factor in tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 13(3), 1-7.
  • Jani, D., & Hwang, Y. H. (2011). User-generated destination image through weblogs: A comparison of pre-and post-visit images. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16(3), 339-356.
  • Jani, D., & Nguni, W. (2016). Pre-trip vs. post-trip destination image variations: A case of inbound tourists to Tanzania. Turizam: meðunarodni znanstveno-struèni èasopis, 64(1), 27-40.
  • Jenkins, O. H. (1999). Understanding and measuring tourist destination images. International Journal of Tourism Research, 1(1), 1-15.
  • Josiassen, A., Assaf, A. G., Woo, L., & Kock, F. (2016). The Imagery–Image Duality Model: An Integrative Review and Advocating for Improved Delimitation of Concepts. Journal of Travel Research, 55(6), 789-803.
  • Lai, K., & Li, X. (2016). Tourism destination image: Conceptual problems and definitional solutions. Journal of Travel Research, 55(8), 1065-1080.
  • Lawson, F., & Baud-Bovy, M. (1977). Tourism and recreation development. Architectural Press.
  • Leiper, N. (1979). The framework of tourism: Towards a definition of tourism, tourist, and the tourist industry. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4), 390-407.
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry (Vol. 75). Sage.
  • Liou, D. Y. (2010). Beyond Tokyo rainbow bridge: destination images portrayed in Japanese drama affect Taiwanese tourists’ perception. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 16(1), 5-15.
  • Lo lacono, V., Symonds, P., & Brown, D. H. (2016) Skype as a tool for qualitative research interviews. Sociological Research Online, 21(2), 1-15.
  • Lubbe, B. (1998). Primary Image as a Dimension of Destination Image: An Empirical Assessment, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 7(4), 21-43.
  • McCartney, G., Butler, R., & Bennett, M. (2009). Positive tourism image perceptions attract travellers—Fact or fiction? The case of Beijing visitors to Macao. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 15(2), 179-193.
  • McDougall, G. H. G., & Fry, J. N. (1974/75). Combining two methods of image measurement. Journal of Retailing, 50 (Winter), 53-61.
  • Milman, A. (2011). Postcards as representation of a destination image: the case of Berlin. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 18(2), 157-170.
  • Minichiello, V. (1995). In-depth interviewing: principles, techniques, analysis (2nd ed.), South Melbourne, Vic: Longman Australia.
  • Ministry of Economic Development (2011). Tourism Development Strategy 2011 – 2016. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Author.
  • Morgan, N., Pritchard, A., & Piggott, R. (2002). New Zealand, 100% pure. The creation of a powerful niche destination brand. Journal of Brand Management, 9(4), 335-354.
  • Morgan, N., Pritchard, A., & Pride, R. (2002). Destination branding: Creating the unique destination proposition. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Novelli, M., Morgan, N., & Nibigira, C. (2012). Tourism in a post-conflict situation of fragility. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(3), 1446-1469.
  • Oxenfeldt, A. R. (1974). Developing a favorable price-quality image. Journal of Retailing, 50(4), 8-14.
  • Papadimitriou, D., & Gibson, H. (2008). Benefits sought and realized by active mountain sport tourists in Epirus, Greece: Pre-and post-trip analysis. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 13(1), 37-60.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Pearce, P. L. (1988). The ulysses factor. New York, NY: Springer.
  • Pike, S. (2002). Destination image analysis—a review of 142 papers from 1973 to 2000. Tourism Management, 23(5), 541-549.
  • Pike, S. (2003). The use of repertory grid analysis to elicit salient short-break holiday destination attributes in New Zealand. Journal of Travel Research, 41(3), 315-319.
  • Pike, S., & Page, S. J. (2014). Destination Marketing Organizations and destination marketing: A narrative analysis of the literature. Tourism Management, 41, 202-227.
  • Prebensen, N. K. (2007). Exploring tourists’ images of a distant destination. Tourism Management, 28(3), 747-756.
  • Reilly, M. D. (1990). Free Elicitation of Descriptive Adjectives for Tourism Image Assessment. Journal of Travel Research. 28, 21-26.
  • Reynolds, W. H. (1965). The Role of the Consumer in Image Building. California Management Review, 7(3), 69-76.
  • Robson, C. (2002). Real world research: A resource for social scientists and practitioner researchers (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Ryan, C. (2000). Tourist experiences, phenomenographic analysis, postpostivism and neural network software. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2(2), 119-131.
  • Ryan, C., & Cave, J. (2005). Structuring destination image: A qualitative approach. Journal of Travel Research, 44(2), 143-150.
  • Selby, M., & Morgan, N. J. (1996). Reconstructing place image: A case study of its role in destination market research. Tourism Management, 17(4), 287-294.
  • Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority. (2017a). Tourism Strategic Plan 2017 – 2020. Retrieved from http://www.sltda.gov.lk/sri-lanka-tourism-strategic-plan-2017
  • Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority. (2017b). Tourism Growth Trends 1970 to 2017. Retrieved from http://www.sltda.lk/statistics
  • Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority. (2017c). Official Website for Tourists by the Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (SLTDA). Retrieved from http://www.srilanka.travel/
  • Sussmann, S., & Unel, A. (1999). Destination image and its modification after travel: An empirical study on Turkey. In A. Pizam and Y. Mansfield (Eds.), Consumer behaviour in travel and tourism (pp. 207-226). New York, NY: Haworth Hospitality.
  • Tasci, A. D. A., & Gartner, W. C. (2007). Destination image and its functional relationships. Journal of Travel Research, 45(4), 413-425.
  • Tasci, A. D. A., Gartner, W. C., & Cavusgil, S. T, (2007). Conceptualization and Operationalization of Destination Image. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 31(2), 194-223.
  • Um, S., & Crompton, J. L. (1990). Attitude determinants in tourism destination choice. Annals of Tourism Research, 17(3), 432-448.
  • United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2011). Policy and practice for global tourism. Madrid, Spain: UNWTO.
  • World Tourism. (2002). Thinktank. World Tourism Organization. Retrieved from http://www.world-tourism.org/education/menu.html
  • Yilmaz, Y., Yilmaz, Y., Ýçigen, E. T., Ekin, Y., & Utku, B. D. (2009). Destination image: A comparative study on pre and post trip image variations. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 18(5), 461-479.
  • Zhang, H., Fu, X., Cai, L. A., & Lu, L. (2014). Destination image and tourist loyalty: A meta-analysis. Tourism Management, 40, 213-223.

Abstract Views: 208

PDF Views: 0




  • What have they heard? Pre-visit Image of Sri Lanka as a Tourist Destination

Abstract Views: 208  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Sajith Siriwardana
Department of Marketing Management, Faculty of Management Studies and Commerce, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
J. W. Dushan Chaminda
Department of Marketing Management, Faculty of Management Studies and Commerce, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
Dilan T. Rathnayake
Department of Marketing Management, Faculty of Management Studies and Commerce, University of Sri Jayawaedenapura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda-10250, Sri Lanka

Abstract


Nearly a decade has passed since the end of the civil-conflict which prevailed for 30-long years in Sri Lanka. Despite the evocative dark patches, tourism industry made a significant contribution to rebuild this nation during this period. However, efforts to answer even the most basic questions including, “How do tourists view Sri Lanka as a tourist destination?”, have been noticeably inadequate. This paper thus, aims to explore the pre-visit destination image held by tourists regarding Sri Lanka and the role played by information sources in forming such a pre-visit image. Having conducted 25 semi-structured interviews with overseas tourists, who have not gained any travel exposure in Sri Lanka, the findings, derived from a thematic analysis, suggested that the respondents have a favourable pre-visit image, overall, towards the country. While word-of-mouth has been influential in forming such a favourable image, the government-maintained information sources were viewed in a supportive capacity.

Keywords


Destination Image, Post-Conflict Recovery, Pre-Visit Image, Sri Lanka, Wordof- Mouth Communication.

References