Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology)

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Differential Specification of Various Insecticides and their Environmental Degradation


Affiliations
1 School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara –144401, Punjab, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Insecticides are tremendously applied to regulate insect pest population world widely. Various chemical categories of insecticide possess different mode of action and differential chemical interaction with various cellular biomolecules which ultimately results, in induction of species specific, sequential biochemical processes, within exposed organisms. The concerned biochemical processes occur through differential expression of various genetic elements which are eventually responsible for specificity of insecticides. Various insecticides affect cellular enzymes, ion channels, specific receptors, electron transport chain etc. which ultimately results in disruption of normal functionality of; nervous system, mitochondrial activity, exoskeleton integrity, midgut nutrient absorption ability, lipid bio-synthesis process, normal developmental pattern and mating behavior of insect pests. The purpose of this review is to provide comprehensive insight of different classes of insecticides, mode of action of concerned chemical categories, specific toxicity to target as well as non-target organisms and further, enzymatically degradation of concerned xenobiotics in living organisms and chemical degradation in environment.

Keywords

Degradation of Insecticides, Differential Specificity, Insecticides, Mode of Action.
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • Rosenberry T. Acetylcholinesterase. In: Advances in Enzymology, Vol. 43, Meister A, editor, New York: Interscience; 1975.

  • Massoulie J, Bon S. The molecular forms of cholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase in vertebrates. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 1982; 5:57–6. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.05.030182.000421. PMid:6176173

  • Worthing CR, Walker SB. The pesticide manual. British Crop Protection Council, Croyden; 1987.

  • Gnagey AL, Forte M, Rosenberry TL. Isolation and characterization of acetylcholinesterase from Drosophila. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1987; 26:13290–8.

  • Soderlund DM, Casida JE. Effects of pyrethroid structure on rates of hydrolysis and oxidation by mouse liver microsomal enzymes. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 1977; 7:391–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-3575(77)90043-8

  • Lawrence LJ, Casida JE. Pyrethroid toxicology: Mouse intracerebral structure-activity relationships. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 1982; 18:9–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-3575(82)90082-7

  • Casida JE, Gammon DW, Glickman AH, Lawrence LJ.Mechanisms of selective action of pyrethroid insecticides. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 1983; 23:413–8. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.23.04 0183.002213. PMid:6347050

  • Tomlin CDS. The pesticide manual: A world compendium. Hampshire, UK: British Crop Protection Council; 2009.

  • EtoM. Organophosphorus pesticides: Organic and Biological Chemistry. Cleveland: CRC Press; 1974.

  • Hollingworth RM. New insecticides: Mode of action and selective toxicity. In: Agrochemical Discovery: Insect, Weed, Baker DR, Umetsu NK, editor, American Chemical Society: Washington DC; 2001. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2001-0774.ch021

  • Camp HB, Fukuto TR, Metcalf RL. Selective toxicity of isopropyl parathion. Effect of structure on toxicity and anticholinesterase activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1969; 17:243–8. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60162a038

  • Villatte F, Ziliani P, Marcel V, Menozzi P, Fournier D. A high number of mutations in insect acetylcholinesterase may provide insecticide resistance. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 2000; 67:95–102. https://doi.org/10.1006/pest.2000.2478

  • Lee A, Metcalf RL, Williams JW, Hirwe AS, Sanborn JR, Coats JR, Fukuto TR. Structure-activity correlations of the insecticide prolan and its analogs. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 1977; 7:426–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048- 3575(77)90003-7

  • Holan G. New halocyclopropane insecticides and the mode of action of DDT. Nature. 1969; 221:1025–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/2211025a0. PMid:4388228

  • Fahmy MAH, Fukuto TR, Metcalf RL, Holmstead RL.Structure-activity correlations in DDT analogs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1973; 21:585–91. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60188a029. PMid:4718926

  • Narahashi T. Nerve membrane as a target for pyrethroids. Pesticide Science. 1976; 7:267–72 . https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780070310

  • Nishimura K, Fujita T. Quantitative structure-activity relationships of DDT and its related compounds. Journal of Pesticide Science. 1983; 8:69–80. https://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.8.69

  • Lee A, Metcalf RL, Williams JW, Hirwe AS, Sanborn JR, Coats JR, Fukuto TR. Structure-activity correlations of the insecticide prolan and its analogs. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 1977; 7:426–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048- 3575(77)90003-7

  • Brown DD, Metcalf RL, Sternburg JG, Coats JR. Structureactivity relationships of DDT-type analogs based on in vivo toxicity to the sensory nerves of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 1981; 15:43–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/00483575(81)90033-X

  • Coats JR, Williams JW, Chang C, Lee A, Metcalf RL. Structure-activity for uptake and toxicity of DDT-type insecticides utilizing an NMR method for estimating cr. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 1989; 8:45–2. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620080106

  • Crouse GD, Sparks TC. Naturally derived materials as products and leads for insect control: The spinosyns. Reviews in Toxicology. 1998; 2:133–46.

  • Coats JR, Metcalf RL, Kapoor IP. Effective DDT analogues with altered aliphatic moieties. Isobutanes and chloropropanes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1977; 25:859–68. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60212a023. PMid:881506

  • Coats JR. Structure-activity relationships in DDT analogs. In: Insecticide Mode of Action, Coats JR, editor, Academic Press: New York; 1982. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12177120-1.50007-2

  • Coats JR. Structure-activity relationships among DDT derivatives. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. 1983:173–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601238309372362. PMid:6131916

  • Coats JR, Karr LL, Fryer RL, Beard HS. Diphenylchloronitroethane insecticides. Synthesis and Chemistry of Agrochemicals, ACS Symp. Ser. 355, Baker DR, Feynes JG, Moberg WK, Cross B, editors, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC; 1987. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1987-0355.ch020

  • Drewes CD, Vining EP. In vivo neurotoxic effects of dieldrin on giant nerve ibers and escape reflex function in the earthworm, Eisenia foetida. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 1984: 22; 93– 103. https://doi.org/10.1016/00483575(84)90014-2

  • Hartley D, Kidd H, Ed. The Agrochemicals Handbook. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Nottingham, England; 1987.

  • Zhao X. Salgado VL, Yeh JZ, Narahashi T. Differential Actions of Fipronil and Dieldrin Insecticides on GABAGated Chloride Channels in Cockroach Neurons. JPE. 2003; 06;914–24. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.103.051839. PMid:12766256

  • Goel A, Aggarwal P. Pesticide Poisoning. The National Medical Journal of India. 2007; 20:182–91.

  • Narahashi T. Nerve membrane as a target for pyrethroids. Pesticide Science. 176; 7:267–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/ ps.2780070310

  • Casida JE, Gammon DW, Glickman AH, Lawrence LJ. Mechanisms of selective action of pyrethroid insecticides. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 1983; 23:413– 38. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.23.040183.002213. PM id:6347050

  • Naveen NC, Chaubey R, Kumar D, Rebijith KB, Rajagopal R, Subrahmanyam B, Subramanian S. Insecticide resistance status in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci genetic groups Asia-I, Asia-II-1 and Asia-II-7 on the Indian subcontinent. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7:40634. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40634. PMid:28098188 PMCid:PMC5241821

  • Smith P. AgroProjects: PestProjects - 2001. PJB Publications: Richmond, Surrey, UK; 2001.

  • Jones MDR, Gubbins SJ, Cubbin CM. Circadian flight activity in four sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera, Culicidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research. 1974; 64:241-60. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300031126 35.

  • Black BC, Hollingworth RM, Ahmmadsahib KI, Kukel CD, Donovan S. Insecticidal action and mitochondrial uncoupling activity of AC-303,630 and related halogenated pyrroles. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 1994; 50:115–28. https://doi.org/10.1006/pest.1994.1064

  • Mosha FW, Lyimo IN, Oxborough RM, Malima R, Tenu F, Matowo J, et al. Experimental hut evaluation of the pyrrole insecticide chlorfenapyr on bed nets for the control of Anopheles arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2008; 13:644– 52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02058.x. PM id:18419583

  • Romero A, Potter MF, Haynes KF. Evaluation of chlorfenapyr for control of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. Pest Management Science. 2010; 66:1243–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2002. PMid:20661938

  • Oxborough RM, Kitau J, Matowo J, Mndeme R, Feston E, Boko P. Evaluation of indoor residual spraying with the pyrrole insecticide chlorfenapyr against pyrethroidsusceptible Anopheles arabiensis and pyrethroid-resistant Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2010; 104:639–45. https://doi. org/10.1016/j. t rstmh.2010.07.008.PMid:20850003

  • Oliver SV, Kaiser ML, Wood OR, Coetzee M, Rowland M, Brooke BD. Evaluation of the pyrrole insecticide chlorfenapyr against pyrethroid resistant and susceptible Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae). Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2010; 15 (1):12705–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02416.x. PMid:19891759

  • Tawatsin A, Thavara U, Chompoosri J, Phusup Y, Jonjang N, Khumsawads C. Insecticide resistance in bedbugs in Thailand and laboratory evaluation of insecticides for the control of Cimex hemipterus and Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. 2011; 48:1023–30. https://doi.org/10.1603/ME11003. PMid:21936321

  • Park H, Lee K, Park S, Ahn B, Lee J, Cho HY, Lee K. Identification of antitumor activity of pyrazole oxime ethers. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2005; 15:3307–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl2005.03.082.PM id:15922597

  • Vicebtini C B, Romangnoli C, Andreotti E, Mares D. Synthetic pyrazole derivatives as growth inhibitors of some phytopathogenic fungi. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2007; 55:10331–8. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf072077d. PMid:18001038

  • Clemens L. Pyrazole chemistry in crop protection. Heterocycles. 2007; 71:1467–02. https://doi.org/10.3987/REV-07-613

  • Ouyang GP, Cai XJ, Chen Z, Song BA, Bhadury PS, Yang S, Jin LH, Xue W, Hu DY, Zeng S. Synthesis and antiviral activities of pyrazole derivatives containing oxime ethers moiety. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2008; 56:10160–7. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf802489e PMid:18939848

  • Ouyang GP, Chen Z, Cai XJ, Song BA, Bhadury PS, Yang S, et al. Synthesis and antiviral activities of pyrazole derivatives containing oxime esters group. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 2008; 16:9699–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2008.09.070. PMid:18945621

  • Wu J, Song BA, Hu DY, Yue M, Yang, S. Design, synthesis and insecticidal activities of novel pyrazole amides containing hydrazine substructures. Pest Management Science. 2012; 68:801–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2329.PMid:22190278

  • Wu H, Zhang X, Zhang GA, Zeng SY, Lin KC. Antifungal vapour-phase activity of a combination of allyl isothiocyanate and ethyl isothiocyanate against Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum infection on apples. Journal of Phytopathology. 2011; 159:450–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2011.01792.x

  • Smith P. Agro Projects: Pest Projects - 2001. PJB Publications, Richmond, Surrey, UK; 2001.

  • Narahashi T. Nerve membrane as a target for pyrethroids. Pesticide Science. 1976; 7:267–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780070310

  • Fukami JI. Insecticides as inhibitors of respiration. In: Approaches to New Leads for Insecticides von Keyserlingk HC, Jager A, Ch von Szczepanski, editors, Springer-Verlag, New York; 1985. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-708213_5

  • Kuhn DG, Addor RW, Diehl RE, Furch JA, Kamhi VM, Henegar KE, et al. Insecticidal pyrroles. In: rational approaches to structure, activity, and ecotoxicity of agrochemicals, Draber W, Fujita T, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; 1993. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1993-0524.ch015

  • Song HJ, Liu YX, Xiong LX, Li YQ, Yang N, Wang QM. Design, synthesis, and insecticidal activity of novel pyrazole derivatives containing α-hydroxymethyl-N-benzyl carboxamide, α-chloromethyl-N-benzyl carboxamide, and 4,5-dihydrooxazole moieties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2012; 60:1470–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf204778v. PMid:22304385

  • Bretschneider T, Buchholz JB, Fischer R, Nauen R. Spirodiclofen and spiromesifen-Novel Acaricidal and insecticidal tetronic acid derivatives with new mode of action. Chimia International Journal for Chemistry. 2003; 57(11):697101. https://doi.org/10.2533/000942903777678588

  • Ruder FJ, Guyer W, Benson JA, Kayser H. (1991). The thiourea insecticide/ acaricide diafenthiuron has a novel mode of action: inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by its carbodiimide product. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 1991; 41(2):207–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-3575(91)90075-W

  • Ruder F, Kayser H. The thiourea insecticide diafenthiuron inhibits mitochondrialATPase in vitro and invivo by its carbodiimide product. Biochemical Society Transactions. 1994; 22(1):241–4. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0220241.PMid:8206242

  • Cheng EY, Kao CH, Chou TM (1984). The thiazoles, a new class of insecticide for the control of resistant diamondback moth. Journal of Agricultural Research of China. 1984; 33(4):418–23.

  • Reding ME, Persad AB. Systemic insecticides for control of black vine weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in container- and field-grown nursery crops. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2009; 102(3):927–33. https://doi.org/10.1603/029.102.0310. PMid:19610404

  • Lamberth C, Dinges J (2012). Bioactive heterocyclic compound classes: Agrochemicals. Chapter: Pyridine and Thiazole-containing insecticides as potent agonists on insect Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors; 2012. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527664412

  • Flückiger CR, Kristinsson H, Senn R, Rindlisbacher A, Buholzer H, Voss G. CGA 215-944-a novel agent to control aphids and whiteflies. Proceedings/Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Diseases. 1992; 1:1992a.

  • Flückiger CR, Senn R, Buholzer H. CGA 215-944-opportunities for use in vegetables. Proceedings/Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Diseases. 1992b: 1187–92.

  • Ruder FJ, Guyer W, Benson JA, Kayser H. The thiourea insecticide/acaricide diafenthiuron has a novel mode of action: Inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by its carbodiimide product. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 1991; 41(2):207–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/00483575(91)90075-W

  • Ruder F, Kayser H. The thiourea insecticide diafenthiuron inhibits mitochondrial ATPase in vitro and invivo by its carbodiimide product. Biochem Soc Trans.1994; 22(1):241–4. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0220241. PMid:8206242

  • Janssen D. Lime-Sulfur: A fungicide used to control a variety of diseases [Internet]. University of Nebraska-630Lincoln Extension in Lancaster County. Available from 631 http://lancaster.unl.edu/hort/articles/2002/lime-sulfur.shtml

  • Holb IJ, Schnabel G. A detached fruit study on the postinoculat ion activity of lime sulfur against 617 brown rot of peach (Monilinia fructicola). Australasian Plant Pathology.2008; 37:454. https://doi.org/10.1071/AP08041

  • Nelson WC, Lykins MH, Mackey J, Newill VA, Finklea JF, Hammer DI. Mortality among orchard workers exposed to lead arsenate spray: A cohort study. Journal of Chronic Diseases. 1973; 26:105–18. https://doi. org/10.1016/00219681(73)90009-X

  • Peryea FJ. Historical use of lead arsenate insecticides, resulting soil contamination and implications for soil remediation. Proceedings, 16th World Congress of Soil Science, 1998 Aug 20–26, Montpelllier, France; 1998. p. 7.

  • Cullen WR. Is Arsenic an Aphrodisiac? The Sociochemistry of an Element. Cambridge, U.K: Royal Society of Chemistry; 2008.

  • Sparks TC. Endocrine-based insecticides. In: Safer insecticides: Development and use, Hodgson E, Kuhr RJ, editors, Marcel Dekker, New York; 1990.

  • Sparks TC, Thompson GD, Kirst HA, Hertlein MB, Mynderse JS, Turner JR, Worden TV. Fermentation-derived insect control agents - the spinosyns. In: Biopesticides: Use and Delivery, Hall F, Menn JJ, editors, Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey; 1999.

  • Miller TA, Chambers AE. Actions of GABA agonists and antagonists on invertebrate nerves and muscles. In: Sites of Action for Neurotoxic Pesticides, Hollingworth RM, Green MB, editors, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1987. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1987-0356.ch001

  • Turner MJ, Schaeffer JM. Mode of action of Ivermectin.In: Ivermectin and Abamectin, Campbell WC, editor, Springer-Verlag, New York; 1989. https://doi. org/10.1007/9781-4612-3626-9_5. PMid:2714981

  • Fisher MH. Recent progress in avermectin research. In: Pest Control with Enhanced Environmental Safety, Duke SO, Menn JJ, Plimmer JR, American Chemical Society, Washington DC; 1993. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-19930524.ch012

  • Das SK, 2013. Mode of action of pesticides and the novel trends - A critical review. International Journal of Agricultural and Soil Science. 2013; 3(11).

  • Crouse GD, Sparks TC. 1998. Naturally derived materials as products and leads for insect control: The spinosyns.Reviews in Toxicology. 1998: 2;133–46. 75.

  • Sparks TC. Endocrine-based insecticides. In: Safer insecticides: Development and use. Hodgson E, Kuhr RJ, Marcel Dekker, editors, New York; 1990.

  • Sparks TC, Thompson GD, Kirst HA, Hertlein MB, Mynderse JS, Turner JR, Worden TV. Fermentation-derived insect control agents - the spinosyns. In: Biopesticides: Use and delivery, Hall F, Menn JJ,editors, Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey; 1999.

  • Watson GB. Action of insecticidal spinosyns on γ-aminobutyric acid responses from small-diameter cockroach neurons. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 2001; 71:20–8. https://doi.org/10.1006/pest.2001.2559 78. Weinzierl R, Henn T, Koehler PG. Microbial Insecticides, University of Florida publication ENY-275; 1997.

  • Mordue AJ, Nisbet AJ. Azadirachtin from neem tree Azadirachta indica: Its action against insects. Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil. 2004; 29(4):615–32. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0301-80592000000400001

  • Heller JJ, Mattioda H, Klein E, Sagenmuller A. Field evaluation of RH 5992 on lepidopterous pests in Europe. In: Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases - 1992. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, UK; 1992.

  • Yanagi M, Watanabe T, Masui A, Yokoi S, Tsukamoto Y, Ichinose R. ANS-118: A novel insecticide. In: The BCPC Conference: Pests & Diseases 2000, British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK; 2000.

  • Van de Wouw AP, Batterham P, Daborn PJ. The insect growth regulator insecticide cyromazine causes earlier emergence in Drosophila melanogaster. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology. 2006; 63(3):101–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/arch.20146 PMid:17048245

  • Suzuki J, Ishida T, Shibuya I, Toda K. Development of a new acaricide, etoxazole. Journal of Pesticide Science. 2001; 26:215–23. https://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.26.215

  • Dolzhenko VI, Dolzhenko TV Insecticides based on insect chitin synthesis. Russian Agricultural Sciences. 2016; 43(3):238–43. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068367417030065


Abstract Views: 321

PDF Views: 1




  • Differential Specification of Various Insecticides and their Environmental Degradation

Abstract Views: 321  |  PDF Views: 1

Authors

Lovleen
School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara –144401, Punjab, India

Abstract


Insecticides are tremendously applied to regulate insect pest population world widely. Various chemical categories of insecticide possess different mode of action and differential chemical interaction with various cellular biomolecules which ultimately results, in induction of species specific, sequential biochemical processes, within exposed organisms. The concerned biochemical processes occur through differential expression of various genetic elements which are eventually responsible for specificity of insecticides. Various insecticides affect cellular enzymes, ion channels, specific receptors, electron transport chain etc. which ultimately results in disruption of normal functionality of; nervous system, mitochondrial activity, exoskeleton integrity, midgut nutrient absorption ability, lipid bio-synthesis process, normal developmental pattern and mating behavior of insect pests. The purpose of this review is to provide comprehensive insight of different classes of insecticides, mode of action of concerned chemical categories, specific toxicity to target as well as non-target organisms and further, enzymatically degradation of concerned xenobiotics in living organisms and chemical degradation in environment.

Keywords


Degradation of Insecticides, Differential Specificity, Insecticides, Mode of Action.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.18311/ti%2F2019%2Fv26i2%2F24193