Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology)

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

A Review on the Occurrence, Exposure, And Health Impacts of Bisphenol a


Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar – 143005, Punjab, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the emerging contaminants associated with deleterious health effects on both public and wildlife and is extensively incorporated into different industrial products. BPA is ubiquitously and frequently detected in the environment and has become a serious health issue due to its presence in food organisms and drinking water. The distribution of BPA has recently become an important issue worldwide, but investigations on the toxicity of BPA remain limited. A review of the literature reveals that BPA has a widespread presence in environmental media, such as indoor dust, surface water, sediments, and sewage sludge. In the present review, an overview of the research studies dealing with the occurrence, fate, exposure, and toxicity of BPA is discussed. Recent studies have raised worry over the potentially harmful implications of BPA exposure in humans and wildlife. However, further investigation on the potential risks of BPA to humans and its mechanisms of toxicity should be conducted to better understand and control the risks of such novel chemicals.

Keywords

Bisphenol A, Contaminants, Industrial products, Toxicity, Sewage Sludge
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • Vandenberg LN, Hauser R, Marcus M, Olea N, Welshons WV. Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). ReprodToxicol. 2007; 24(2):139–77. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.07.010. PMid:17825522

  • Ying GG, Kookana RS, Kumar A, Mortimer M. Occurrence and implications of estrogens and xenoestrogens in sewage effluents and receiving waters from South East Queensland. Sci Total Environ. 2009; 407(18):5147–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scitotenv.2009.06.002. PMid:19559464

  • Barrios-Estrada C, Rostro-Alanis M de J, Parra AL, Belleville MP, Sanchez-Marcano J, Iqbal HMN, ParraSaldívar R. Potentialities of active membranes with immobilized laccase for bisphenol A degradation. Int J BiolMacromol. 2018; 108:837–44. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.177. PMid:29101049

  • Bilal M, Iqbal HMN. An insight into toxicity and human-health-related adverse consequences of cosmeceuticals - A review. Sci Total Environ. 2019; 670:555–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scitotenv.2019.03.261. PMid:30909033

  • Collica S, Pederzoli F, Bivalacqua T. The epidemiology and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction and the role of environment-current updates. Bioenvironmental Issues Affecting Men’s Reproductive and Sexual Health; 2018. p. 439–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-12-801299-4.00027-X

  • Bowes DA, Halden RU. Breast cancer and dietary intake of endocrine disruptors: A review of recent literature. CurrPathobiol Rep. 2019;7(3):41–6. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s40139-019-00199-1

  • Darbre PD. Chemical components of plastics as endocrine disruptors: Overview and commentary. Birth Defects Res. 2020; 112(17):1300–7. https://doi. org/10.1002/bdr2.1778. PMid:32720473

  • Jalal N, Surendranath AR, Pathak JL, Yu S, Chung CY. Bisphenol A (BPA) the mighty and the mutagenic. Toxicol Rep. 2018; 5:76–84. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.12.013. PMid:29854579 PM Cid:PMC5977157

  • Dodson RE, Nishioka M, Standley LJ, Perovich LJ, Brody JG, Rudel RA. Endocrine disruptors and asthma-associated chemicals in consumer products. Environ Health Perspect. 2012; 120(7):935–43. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104052. PMid:22398195 PMCid:PMC3404651

  • Hormann AM, vom Saal FS, Nagel SC, Stahlhut RW, Moyer CL, Ellersieck MR, et al. Holding thermal receipt paper and eating food after using hand sanitizer results in high serum bioactive and urine total levels of bisphenol A (BPA). PLoS ONE. 2014;9(10). https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110509. PMid:25337790 PMCid:PMC4206219

  • Zhou Y, Chen M, Zhao F, Mu D, Zhang Z, Hu J. Ubiquitous occurrence of chlorinated byproductsof bisphenol A and nonylphenol in bleached food contacting papers and their implications for human exposure. Environ Sci Technol. 2015; 49(12):7218– 26. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00831. PMid:26 000779

  • Andra SS, Charisiadis P, Arora M, van VlietOstaptchouk JV, Makris KC. Biomonitoring of human exposures to chlorinated derivatives and structural analogs of bisphenol A. Environ Int. 2015; 85:352– 79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.011. PMid:26521216 PMCid:PMC6415542

  • Michałowicz J. Bisphenol A - Sources, toxicity and biotransformation. Environ ToxicolPharmacol. 2014; 37(2):738–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2014.02.0 03. PMid:24632011

  • Vandenberg LN, Maffini MV, Sonnenschein C, Rubin BS, Soto AM. Bisphenol-A and the great divide: A review of controversies in the field of endocrine disruption. Endocr Rev. 2009; 30(1):75–95. https://doi. org/10.1210/er.2008-0021. PMid:19074586 PMCid:P MC2647705

  • Hart RJ. The impact of prenatal exposure to bisphenol A on male reproductive function. Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:320. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00320. PMid:32547491.PMCid:PMC7272684.

  • Nishikawa JI, Saito K, Goto J, Dakeyama F, Matsuo M, Nishihara T. New screening methods for chemicals with hormonal activities using interaction of nuclear hormone receptor with coactivator. ToxicolApplPharmacol. 1999; 154(1):76–83. https:// doi.org/10.1006/taap.1998.8557. PMid:9882594

  • Hu JY, Aizawa T, Ookubo S. Products of aqueous chlorination of bisphenol A and their estrogenic activity. Environ Sci Technol. 2002; 36(9):1980–7. https://doi.org/10.1021/es011177b. PMid:12026981

  • Rivas A, Lacroix M, Olea-Serrano F, Laos I, Leclercq G, Olea N. Estrogenic effect of a series of bisphenol analogues on gene and protein expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem. 2002; 82(1):45– 53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-0760(02)00146-2

  • Takemura H, Ma J, Sayama K, Terao Y, Zhu BT, Shimoi K. In vitro and in vivo estrogenic activity of chlorinated derivatives of bisphenol A. Toxicology. 2005; 207(2):215–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tox.2004.09.015. PMid:15596252

  • Kang JH, Katayama Y. Biodegradation or metabolism of bisphenol A in the environment. Environmental Biodegradation Research Focus. New York: Nova Science Publisher, Inc.; 2008. 49–76.

  • Rykowska I, Wasiak W. Properties, threats, and methods of analysis of bisphenol A and its derivatives. Acta chromatogr. 2006;16:7.

  • Zhu Z, Zuo Y. Bisphenol A and other alkylphenols in the environment — occurrence, fate, health effects and analytical techniques. Adv Environ Res. 2013; 2(3):179–202. https://doi.org/10.12989/ aer.2013.2.3.179

  • Muhamad MS, Salim MR, Lau WJ, Yusop Z. A review on bisphenol A occurrences, health effects and treatment process via membrane technology for drinking water. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2016; 23(12):11549–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356- 016-6357-2. PMid:26939684

  • Liu Z hua, Kanjo Y, Mizutani S. Removal mechanisms for Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) in wastewater treatment — physical means, biodegradation, and chemical advanced oxidation: A review. Sci Total Environ. 2009; 407(2):731–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.08.039. PMid:18992918

  • Tsai WT. Human health risk on environmental exposure to bisphenol A: A Review. J Environl Sci Health, C. 2006; 24(2):225–55. https://doi. org/10.1080/10590500600936482. PMid:17114111

  • Fu P, Kawamura K. Ubiquity of bisphenol A in the atmosphere. Environ Pollut. 2010; 158(10):3138– 43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.06.040. PMid:20678833

  • Huang YQ, Wong CKC, Zheng JS, Bouwman H, Barra R, Wahlström B, et al. Bisphenol A (BPA) in China: A review of sources, environmental levels, and potential human health impacts. Environ Int. 2012; 42(1):91–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.04.010. PMid: 21596439

  • Ritchie EE, Princz JI, Robidoux PY, Scroggins RP. Ecotoxicity of xanthene dyes and a non-chlorinated bisphenol in soil. Chemosphere. 2013; 90(7):2129–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.096. PMid:23211322

  • Corrales J, Kristofco LA, Steele WB, Yates BS, Breed CS, Williams ESS, et al. Global assessment of bisphenol A in the environment: Review and analysis of its occurrence and bioaccumulation. Dose-Response. 2015;13(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1559325815598308. PMid:26674671. PMCid:PMC4674187

  • Staples CA, Dorn PB, Klecka GM, O’Block ST, Harris LR. A review of the environmental fate, effects, and exposures of bisphenol A. Chemosphere. 1998; 36(10):2149–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045- 6535(97)10133-3

  • Cousins IT, Staples CA, Klečka GM, Mackay D. A multimedia assessment of the environmental fate of bisphenol A. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 2002; 8(5):1107– 35. https://doi.org/10.1080/1080-700291905846

  • Klečka GM, Staples CA, Clark KE, Van Der Hoeven N, Thomas DE, Hentges SG. Exposure analysis of bisphenol A in surface water systems in North America and Europe. Environ Sci Technol. 2009; 43(16):6145–50. https://doi.org/10.1021/es900598e. PMid:19746705

  • Flint S, Markle T, Thompson S, Wallace E. Bisphenol A exposure, effects, and policy: A wildlife perspective. J Environ Manage. 2012; 104:19–34. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.03.021. PMid:22481365

  • Teuten EL, Saquing JM, Knappe DRU, Barlaz MA, Jonsson S, Björn A, et al. Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife. Philoso Trans R Soc B, Bio Sci. 2009;364(1526):2027–45. https://doi.org/10.1098/ rstb.2008.0284. PMid:19528054.PMCid:PMC2873017

  • Im J, Löffler FE. Fate of bisphenol A in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments. Environ Sci Tech. 2016; 50(16):8403–16. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs. est.6b00877. PMid:27401879

  • Fürhacker M, Scharf S, Weber H. Bisphenol A: Emissions from point sources. Chemosphere. 2000; 41(5):751–6.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045- 6535(99)00466-X

  • Dorn PB, Chou CS, Gentempo JJ. Degradation of bisphenol A in natural waters. Chemosphere. 1987; 16(7):1501–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045- 6535(87)90090-7

  • Fromme H, Küchler T, Otto T, Pilz K, Müller J, Wenzel A. Occurrence of phthalates and bisphenol A and F in the environment. Water Res. 2002; 36(6):1429–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00367-0

  • Leusch FDL, Chapman HF, van den Heuvel MR, Tan BLL, Gooneratne SR, Tremblay LA. Bioassay-derived androgenic and estrogenic activity in municipal sewage in Australia and New Zealand. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2006; 65(3):403–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ecoenv.2005.07.020. PMid:16169080

  • Musolff A, Leschik S, Reinstorf F, Strauch G, Schirmer M. Micropollutant loads in the urban water cycle. Environ Sci Technol. 2010; 44(13):4877–83. https:// doi.org/10.1021/es903823a. PMid:20509608

  • Xu EGB, Liu S, Ying GG, Zheng GJS, Lee JHW, Leung KMY. The occurrence and ecological risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage effluents from three different sewage treatment plants, and in natural seawater from a marine reserve of Hong Kong. Mar Pollut Bull. 2014; 85(2):352–62. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.02.029. PMid:24650541

  • Xu W, Yan W, Huang W, Miao L, Zhong L. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the Pearl River Delta and coastal environment: sources, transfer, and implications. Environ Geochem Health. 2014; 36(6):1095–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-014- 9618-3. PMid:24817613

  • Yamamoto T, Yasuhara A, Shiraishi H, Nakasugi O. Bisphenol A in hazardous waste landfill leachates. Chemosphere. 2001; 42(4):415–8. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00079-5

  • Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Thurman EM, Zaugg SD, Barber LB, et al. Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999−2000: A National Reconnaissance. Environ Sci Technol. 2002; 36(6):1202–11. https://doi. org/10.1021/es011055j. PMid:11944670

  • Kang JH, Kondo F, Katayama Y. Human exposure to bisphenol A. Toxicology. 2006; 26:79–89. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.tox.2006.06.009. PMid:16860916

  • Careghini A, Mastorgio AF, Saponaro S, Sezenna E. Bisphenol A, nonylphenols, benzophenones, and benzotriazoles in soils, groundwater, surface water, sediments, and food: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2015; 22(8):5711–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356- 014-3974-5. PMid:25548011.PMCid:PMC4381092

  • Makinwa T, Uadia P. A survey of the level of bisphenol A (BPA) in effluents, soil leachates, food samples, drinking water and consumer products in southwestern Nigeria. World Environ. 2015; 5(4):135– 9.

  • Zielińska M, Bułkowska K, Cydzik-Kwiatkowska A, Bernat K, Wojnowska-Baryła I. Removal of bisphenol A (BPA) from biologically treated wastewater by microfiltration and nanofiltration. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2016; 13(9):2239–48. https://doi. org/10.1007/s13762-016-1056-6

  • Sharma J, Mishra IM, Kumar V. Degradation and mineralization of bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous solution using advanced oxidation processes: UV/ H2O2 and UV/S2O82- oxidation systems. J Environ Manage. 2015; 156:266–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jenvman.2015.03.048. PMid:25889275

  • Zhang A, Li Y. Removal of phenolic endocrine disrupting compounds from waste activated sludge using UV, H2O2, and UV/H2O2 oxidation processes: Effects of reaction conditions and sludge matrix. Sci Total Environ. 2014; 493:307–23. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.149. PMid:24951888

  • Yüksel S, Kabay N, Yüksel M. Removal of bisphenol A (BPA) from water by various Nano Filtration (NF) and Reverse Osmosis (RO) membranes. J Hazard Mater. 2013; 263:307–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jhazmat.2013.05.020. PMid:23731784

  • Chen J, Huang X, Lee D. Bisphenol A removal by a membrane bioreactor. Process Biochem. 2008; 43(4):451–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. procbio.2008.01.001

  • Yang S, Hai FI, Nghiem LD, Nguyen LN, Roddick F, Price WE. Removal of bisphenol A and diclofenac by a novel fungal membrane bioreactor operated under non-sterile conditions. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation. 2013; 85:483–90. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.03.012

  • Umar M, Roddick F, Fan L, Aziz HA. Application of ozone for the removal of bisphenol A from water and wastewater — A review. Chemosphere. 2013; 90(8):2197–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chemosphere.2012.09.090. PMid:23153776

  • Dehghani MH, Ghadermazi M, Bhatnagar A, Sadighara P, Jahed-Khaniki G, Heibati B, et al. Adsorptive removal of endocrine disrupting bisphenol A from aqueous solution using chitosan. J Environ Chem Eng. 2016; 4(3):2647–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jece.2016.05.011

  • Almeida S, Raposo A, Almeida-González M, Carrascosa C. Bisphenol A: Food Exposure and Impact on Human Health. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2018; 17(6):1503–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541- 4337.12388. PMid:33350146

  • Martínez MA, Rovira J, Prasad SR, Nadal M, Schuhmacher M, Kumar V. Comparing dietary and non-dietary source contribution of BPA and DEHP to prenatal exposure: A Catalonia (Spain) case study. Environ Res. 2018; 166:25–34. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.008. PMid:29859370

  • Chen WY, Shen YP, Chen SC. Assessing bisphenol A (BPA) exposure risk from long-term dietary intakes in Taiwan. Sci Total Environ. 2016; 543:140– 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.029. PMid:26580736

  • Rudel RA, Gray JM, Engel CL, Rawsthorne TW, Dodson RE, Ackerman JM, Rizzo J, Nudelman JL, Brody JG. Food packaging and bisphenol A and bis(2-ethyhexyl) phthalate exposure: Findings from a dietary intervention. Environ Health Perspect. 2011; 119(7):914–20. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003170. PMid:21450549.PMCid:PMC3223004

  • Geens T, Aerts D, Berthot C, Bourguignon JP, Goeyens L, Lecomte P, et al. A review of dietary and nondietary exposure to bisphenol-A. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012; 50(10):3725–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. fct.2012.07.059. PMid:22889897

  • Porras SP, Heinälä M, Santonen T. Bisphenol A exposure via thermal paper receipts. Toxicol Lett. 2014; 230(3):413–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. toxlet.2014.08.020. PMid:25175590

  • Goldinger DM, Demierre AL, Zoller O, Rupp H, Reinhard H, Magnin R, et al. Endocrine activity of alternatives to BPA found in thermal paper in Switzerland. RegulToxicolPharmacol. 2015; 71(3):453–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. yrtph.2015.01.002. PMid:25579646

  • Gao Y, Zhang Y, Gao J, Zhang H, Zheng L, Chen J. Determination of bisphenol A from toys and food contact materials by derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chin J Chromatogr. 2013; 30(10):1017–20. https://doi. org/10.3724/SP.J.1123.2012.08015. PMid:23383489

  • Vandenberg LN, Chahoud I, Heindel JJ, Padmanabhan V, Paumgartten FJR, Schoenfelder G. Urinary, circulating, and tissue biomonitoring studies indicate widespread exposure to bisphenol A. Environ Health Perspect. 2010; 118(8):1055–70. https://doi. org/10.1289/ehp.0901716. PMid:20338858 PMCid:P MC2920080

  • Völkel W, Colnot T, Csanády GA, Filser JG, Dekant W. Metabolism and kinetics of bisphenol A in humans at low doses following oral administration. Chem Res Toxicol. 2002; 15(10):1281–7. https://doi.org/10.1021/ tx025548t. PMid:12387626

  • Geens T, Neels H, Covaci A. Distribution of bisphenol-A, triclosan and n-nonylphenol in human adipose tissue, liver and brain. Chemosphere. 2012; 87(7):796–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chemosphere.2012.01.002. PMid:22277880

  • Matthews JB, Twomey K, Zacharewski TR. In vitro and in vivo interactions of bisphenol A and its metabolite, Bisphenol A glucuronide, with Estrogenreceptors α and β. Chem Res Toxicol. 2001; 14(2):149–57. https:// doi.org/10.1021/tx0001833. PMid:11258963

  • Braun JM, Kalkbrenner AE, Calafat AM, Yolton K, Ye X, Dietrich KN, Lanphear BP. Impact of earlylife bisphenol A exposure on behavior and executive function in children. Pediatrics. 2011; 128(5):873–82. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-1335. PMid:22025 598.PMCid:PMC3208956

  • Calafat AM, Kuklenyik Z, Reidy JA, Caudill SP, Ekong J, Needham LL. Urinary concentrations of bisphenol A and 4-Nonylphenol in a human reference population. Environ Health Perspect. 2005; 113(4):391–5. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7534. PMid:15811827. PMCid:PMC1278476

  • Calafat AM, Ye X, Wong LY, Reidy JA, Needham LL. Exposure of the U.S. population to bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-octylphenol: 2003-2004. Environ Health Perspect. 2008; 116(1):39–44. https://doi.org/10.1289/ ehp.10753. PMid:18197297.PMCid:PMC2199288

  • Schönfelder G, Wittfoht W, Hopp H, Talsness CE, Paul M, Chahoud I. Parent bisphenol A accumulation in the human maternal-fetal-placental unit. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110(11). https:// doi.org/10.1289/ehp.110-1241091. PMid:12417499. PMCid:PMC1241091

  • Kuruto-Niwa R, Tateoka Y, Usuki Y, Nozawa R. Measurement of bisphenol A concentrations in human colostrum. Chemosphere. 2007; 66(6):1160–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.073. PMid:16904728

  • Ikezuki Y, Tsutsumi O, Takai Y, Kamei Y, Taketani Y. Determination of bisphenol A concentrations in human biological fluids reveals significant early prenatal exposure. Hum Reprod. 2002;17(11):2839-41. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/17.11.2839. PMid:12 407035

  • Nahar MS, Liao C, Kannan K, Dolinoy DC. Fetalliver bisphenol A concentrations and biotransformation gene expression reveal variable exposure and altered capacity for metabolism in humans. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2013; 27(2):116–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jbt.21459. PMid:23208979. PMCid:PMC3578057

  • Stahlhut RW, Welshons W V., Swan SH. Bisphenol A data in NHANES suggest longer than expected halflife, substantial nonfood exposure, or both. Environ Health Perspect. 2009; 117(5):784–9. https://doi. org/10.1289/ehp.0800376. PMid:19479022. PMCid:P MC2685842

  • Ma Y, Liu H, Wu J, Yuan L, Wang Y, Du X, Wang R, Marwa PW, Petlulu P, Chen X, Zhang H. The adverse health effects of bisphenol A and related toxicity mechanisms. Environ Res. 2019;176. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108575. PMid:31299621

  • Kim MJ, Park YJ. Bisphenols and thyroid hormone. Endocrinol Metab. 2019;34(4):340–8. https://doi. org/10.3803/EnM.2019.34.4.340. PMid:31884733. PMCid:PMC6935774

  • Viñas R, Jeng Y-J, Watson CS. Non-genomic effects of xenoestrogen mixtures. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012; 9(8):2694–714. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph9082694. PMid:23066391.PMCid:PMC3447581

  • Richter CA, Birnbaum LS, Farabollini F, Newbold RR, Rubin BS, Talsness CE, et al. In vivo effects of bisphenol A in laboratory rodent studies. ReprodToxicol. 2007; 24(2):199–224. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.06.004. PMid:17683900. PMCid:PMC2151845

  • Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, Long M, Hofmeister M V, Vinggaard AM. Endocrine-disrupting potential of Bisphenol A, Bisphenol A dimethacrylate, 4-n-nonylphenol, and 4-n-octylphenol in vitro: New data and a brief review. Environ Health Perspectt. 2007; 115:69–76. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9368. PMid:18174953.PMCid:PMC2174402

  • Sohoni P, Sumpter J. Several environmental oestrogens are also anti-androgens. J Endocrinol. 1998; 158(3):327–39. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1580327. PMid:9846162

  • Wetherill YB, Akingbemi BT, Kanno J, McLachlan JA, Nadal A, Sonnenschein C, Watson CS, Zoeller RT, Belcher SM. In vitro molecular mechanisms of bisphenol A action. ReprodToxicol. 2007; 24(2):178– 98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.05.010. PMid:17628395

  • Moriyama K, Tagami T, Akamizu T, Usui T, Saijo M, Kanamoto N, et al. Thyroid hormone action is disrupted by bisphenol A as an antagonist. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002; 87(11):5185–90. https://doi. org/10.1210/jc.2002-020209. PMid:12414890

  • Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key actors in thyroid homeostasis. J Thyroid Res. 2012; 2012:1–29. https:// doi.org/10.1155/2012/351864. PMid:23365787. PMCid:PMC3544290

  • Meeker JD, Calafat AM, Hauser R. Urinary bisphenol A concentrations in relation to serum thyroid and reproductive hormone levels in men from an infertility clinic. Environ Sci Technol. 2010; 44(4):1458–63. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9028292. PMid:20030380. PMCid:PMC2823133

  • Meeker JD, Ferguson KK. Relationship between urinary phthalate and bisphenol A concentrations and serum thyroid measures in U.S. adults and adolescents from the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2007-2008. Environ Health Perspect. 2011; 119(10):1396–402. https:// doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103582. PMid:21749963. PMCid:PMC3230451

  • Wang F, Hua J, Chen M, Xia Y, Zhang Q, Zhao R, et al. High urinary bisphenol A concentrations in workers and possible laboratory abnormalities. Occup Environ Med. 2012; 69(9):679–84. https://doi.org/10.1136/ oemed-2011-100529. PMid:22562051

  • Ehrlich S, Williams PL, Missmer SA, Flaws JA, Ye X, Calafat AM, et al. Urinary bisphenol A concentrations and early reproductive health outcomes among women undergoing IVF. Hum Reprod. 2012; 27(12):3583–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/ des328. PMid:23014629.PMCid:PMC3501244

  • Mínguez-Alarcón L, Gaskins AJ, Chiu YH, Williams PL, Ehrlich S, Chavarro JE, et al. Urinary bisphenol A concentrations and association with in vitro fertilization outcomes among women from a fertility clinic. Hum Reprod. 2015; 30(9):2120–8. https:// doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dev183. PMid:26209788. PMCid:PMC4542722

  • Vahedi M, Saeedi A, Poorbaghi SL, Sepehrimanesh M, Fattahi M. Metabolic and endocrine effects of bisphenol A exposure in market seller women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Environ Sci Pollut Res.2016; 23(23):23546–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11356-016-7573-5. PMid:27614642

  • Akın L, Kendirci M, Narin F, Kurtoglu S, Saraymen R, Kondolot M, et al. The endocrine disruptor bisphenol A may play a role in the aetiopathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescent girls. Acta Paediatr. 2015; 104(4):e171–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/ apa.12885. PMid:25469562

  • Shen Y, Zheng Y, Jiang J, Liu Y, Luo X, Shen Z, et al. Higher urinary bisphenol A concentration is associated with unexplained recurrent miscarriage risk: Evidence from a case-control study in Eastern China. PLOS ONE. 2015;10(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0127886. PMid:26011304.PMCid:PMC4444137

  • Cantonwine D, Meeker JD, Hu H, Sánchez BN, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Mercado-García A, et al. Bisphenol A exposure in Mexico City and risk of prematurity: A pilot nested case control study. Environ Health. 2010; 9(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476- 069X-9-62. PMid:20955576. PMCid:PMC2965706

  • Behnia F, Peltier M, Getahun D, Watson C, Saade G, Menon R. High bisphenol A (BPA) concentration in the maternal, but not fetal, compartment increases the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery. J Matern-Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016; 29(22):3583–9. https://doi.org/1 0.3109/14767058.2016.1139570. PMid:26911979

  • Wang IJ, Chen CY, Bornehag CG. Bisphenol A exposure may increase the risk of development of atopic disorders in children. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2016; 219(3):311–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijheh.2015.12.001. PMid:26765087

  • Zhang M, Dai X, Lu Y, Miao Y, Zhou C, Cui Z, et al. Melatonin protects oocyte quality from bisphenol A-induced deterioration in the mouse. J Pineal Res. 2017;62(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12396. PMid:28178360

  • Berger A, Ziv-Gal A, Cudiamat J, Wang W, Zhou C, Flaws JA. The effects of in utero bisphenol A exposure on the ovaries in multiple generations of mice. ReprodToxicol. 2016; 60:39–52. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.12.004. PMid:26746108. PMCid:PMC4866900

  • Cho YJ, Bin PS, Park JW, Oh SR, Han M. Bisphenol A modulates inflammation and proliferation pathway in human endometrial stromal cells by inducing oxidative stress. ReprodToxicol. 2018;81:41–9. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.06.016. PMid:29964091

  • Huang Q, Liu Y, Chen Y, Fang C, Chi Y, Zhu H, et al. New insights into the metabolism and toxicity of bisphenol A on marine fish under long-term exposure. Environ Pollut. 2018; 242:914–21. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.048. PMid:30373036

  • Wang Q, Yang H, Yang M, Yu Y, Yan M, Zhou L, et al. Toxic effects of bisphenol A on goldfish gonad development and the possible pathway of BPA disturbance in female and male fish reproduction. Chemosphere. 2019;221:235–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.033. PMid:30640006

  • Cariati F, Carbone L, Conforti A, Bagnulo F, Peluso SR, Carotenuto C, et al. Bisphenol A-Induced epigenetic changes and its effects on the male reproductive system. Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:1–13. https:// doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00453. PMid:32849263. PMCid:PMC7406566

  • Li DK, Zhou Z, Miao M, He Y, Wang J, Ferber J, et al. Urine bisphenol-A (BPA) level in relation to semen quality. FertilSteril. 2011; 95(2):625–30. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.09.026. PMid:21035116

  • Wisniewski P, Romano RM, Kizys MML, Oliveira KC, Kasamatsu T, Giannocco G, et al. Adult exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) in Wistar rats reduces sperm quality with disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitarytesticular axis. Toxicology. 2015; 329:1–9. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.tox.2015.01.002. PMid:25575453

  • Vitku J, Sosvorova L, Chlupacova T, Hampl R, Hill M, Sobotka V, et al. Differences in bisphenol A and estrogen levels in the plasma and seminal plasma of men with different degrees of infertility. Physiol Res. 2015; 64:303–11. https://doi.org/10.33549/ physiolres.933090. PMid:26680493

  • Peretz J, Vrooman L, Ricke WA, Hunt PA, Ehrlich S, Hauser R, et al. Bisphenol A and reproductive health: Update of experimental and human evidence, 2007- 2013. Environ Health Perspect. 2014; 122(8):775–86. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307728. PMid:24896072. PMCid:PMC4123031

  • Prins GS, Patisaul HB, Belcher SM, Vandenberg LN. CLARITY‐BPA academic laboratory studies identify consistent low‐dose Bisphenol A effects on multiple organ systems. Basic Clin PharmacolToxicol. 2019; 125(S3):14–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.13125. PMid:30207065. PMCid:PMC6414289

  • Castellini C, Totaro M, Parisi A, D’Andrea S, Lucente L, Cordeschi G, et al. Bisphenol A and male fertility: Myths and realities. Front Endocrinol. 2020; 11:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00353. PMid:32595601.PMCid:PMC7304337

  • Liu Y, Wu Y, Qin G, Chen Y, Wang X, Lin Q. Bioaccumulation and reproductive toxicity ofbisphenol A in male-pregnant seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) at environmentally relevant concentrations. Sci Total Environ. 2021;753(164). https://doi. org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141805. Mid:32911163

  • Forner-Piquer I, Fakriadis I, Mylonas CC, Piscitelli F, Di Marzo V, Maradonna F, et al. Effects of dietary bisphenol A on the reproductive function of Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Testes. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(20):5003. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijms20205003. PMid:31658598. PMCid:PMC6835794

  • Negintaji A, Safahieh A, Zolgharnein H, Matroodi S. Short-term induction of vitellogenesis in the immature male yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) exposed to bisphenol A and 17β-estradiol. Toxicol Ind Health. 2018; 34(2):119–27. https://doi. org/10.1177/0748233717748099. PMid:29415642

  • Kose O, Rachidi W, Beal D, Erkekoglu P, Fayyad‐ Kazan H, KocerGumusel B. The effects of different bisphenol derivatives on oxidative stress, DNA damage and DNA repair in RWPE‐1 cells: A comparative study. J ApplToxicol. 2020; 40(5):643–54. https://doi. org/10.1002/jat.3934. PMid:31875995

  • De Flora S, Micale RT, La Maestra S, Izzotti A, D’Agostini F, Camoirano A, et al. Upregulation of Clusterin in prostate and DNA damage in spermatozoa from bisphenol A-treated rats and formation of DNA adducts in cultured human prostatic cells. Toxicol Sci. 2011; 122(1):45–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/ kfr096. PMid:21536718

  • Chen Y, Wang Y, Ding G, Tian Y, Zhou Z, Wang X, et al. Association between bisphenol A exposure and Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty (ICPP) among school-aged girls in Shanghai, China. Environ Int. 2018; 115:410–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. envint.2018.02.041. PMid:29650233

  • Berger K, Eskenazi B, Balmes J, Kogut K, Holland N, Calafat AM, et al. Prenatal high molecular weight phthalates and bisphenol A, and childhood respiratory and allergic outcomes. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2019; 30(1):36–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12992. PMid:30338578. PMCid:PMC6436539

  • Chen X, Bao HH, Wu WK, Yan SQ, Sheng J, Xu YY, et al. Exposure to bisphenol A during maternal pregnancy and the emotional and behavioral impact on their preschool children. Zhonghualiuxingbingxue za zhi. 2018;39(2):188–93.

  • Perera F, Nolte ELR, Wang Y, Margolis AE, Calafat AM, Wang S, et al. Bisphenol A exposure and symptoms of anxiety and depression among inner city children at 10-12 years of age. Environ Res. 2016; 151:195– 202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.07.028. PMid:27497082. PMCid:PMC5071142

  • Nor ZM, Yusof SN, Ghazi HF, Isa ZM. Does Bisphenol A contribute to autism spectrum disorder? Curr Top Toxicol. 2014;10.

  • Zhang QF, Bao HH, Wu WK, Yan SQ, Sheng J, Xu YY, Gu CL, Huang K, Zhu P, Cao H, Su PY. Association between early pregnancy bisphenol A exposure and sleep problems among preschool children. Zhonghuayu fang yixue za zhi [Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine]. 2018; 52(10):1018–22.

  • Jensen TK, Mustieles V, Bleses D, Frederiksen H, Trecca F, Schoeters G, et al. Prenatal bisphenol A exposure is associated with language development but not with ADHD-related behavior in toddlers from the Odense Child Cohort. Environ Res. 2019; 170:398– 405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.055. PMid:30623887

  • Gascon M, Casas M, Morales E, Valvi D, BallesterosGómez A, Luque N, et al. Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A and phthalates and childhood respiratory tract infections and allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015; 135(2):370–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jaci.2014.09.030. PMid:25445825

  • Rahbar M, Swingle H, Christian M, Hessabi M, Lee M, Pitcher M, et al. Environmental exposure to dioxins, dibenzofurans, bisphenol A, and phthalates in children with and without autism spectrum disorder living near the Gulf of Mexico. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(11):1425. https://doi. org/10.3390/ijerph14111425. PMid:29160842. PMCid:PMC5708064

  • Zhang KS, Chen HQ, Chen YS, Qiu KF, Bin ZX, Li GC, et al. Bisphenol A stimulates human lung cancer cell migration via upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases by GPER/EGFR/ERK1/2 signal pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 2014; 68(8):1037– 43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2014.09.003. PMid:25312822

  • Tse LA, Lee PMY, Ho WM, Lam AT, Lee MK, Ng SS, et al. Bisphenol A and other environmental risk factors for prostate cancer in Hong Kong. Environ Int. 2017; 107:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.012. PMid:28644961

  • Leung YK, Govindarajah V, Cheong A, Veevers J, Song D, Gear R, et al. Gestational high-fat diet and bisphenol A exposure heightens mammary cancer risk. Endocr-Relat Cancer. 2017;24(7):365–78. https://doi. org/10.1530/ERC-17-0006. PMid:28487351. PMCid: PMC5488396

  • Cuomo D, Porreca I, Cobellis G, Tarallo R, Nassa G, Falco G, et al. Carcinogenic risk and Bisphenol A exposure: A focus on molecular aspects in endoderm derived glands. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017; 457:20–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.027. PMid:281 11205

  • Del Pup L, Mantovani A, Luce A, Cavaliere C, Facchini G, Di Francia R, et al. Endocrine disruptors and female cancer: Informing the patients (Review). Oncol Rep. 2015; 34(1):302–10. https://doi.org/10.3892/ or.2015.3997. PMid:25998096

  • Jo A, Kim H, Chung H, Chang N. Associations between Dietary Intake and Urinary Bisphenol A and phthalates levels in Korean Women of reproductive age. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(7):680. https:// doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070680. PMid:27399734. PMCid:PMC4962221

  • Yazdani M, Andresen AMS, Gjøen T. Short-term effect of bisphenol-A on oxidative stress responses in atlantic salmon kidney cell line: A transcriptional study. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2016; 26(4):295–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2016.1177864. PMid:27117342

  • Elshaer FM, Khalaf-Allah HMM, Bakry S. Histopathological alterations in gills of some poecilid fishes after exposure to bisphenol A. World J Fish Marine Sci. 2013; 5(6):693–700.

  • Alonso-Magdalena P, García-Arévalo M, Quesada I, Nadal Á. Bisphenol-A Treatment during pregnancy in mice: A new window of susceptibility for the development of diabetes in mothers later in life. Endocrinology. 2015;156(5):1659–70. https://doi. org/10.1210/en.2014-1952. PMid:25830705

  • Jiao L, Wang L, Qiu Z, Wang Q, Zhou Q, Huang X. Effects of bisphenol A on chlorophyll synthesis in soybean seedlings. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2015; 22(8):5877—86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014- 3764-0. PMid:25352395

  • Donohue KM, Miller RL, Perzanowski MS, Just AC, Hoepner LA, Arunajadai S, et al. Prenatal and postnatal bisphenol A exposure and asthma development among inner-city children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013; 131(3):736–42. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.12.1573. PMid:23452902. PMCid:PMC3643970

  • Zhou A, Chang H, Huo W, Zhang B, Hu J, Xia W, et al. Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A and risk of allergic diseases in early life. Pediatr Res. 2017; 81(6):851–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2017.20. PMid:28141789

  • Rees Clayton EM, Todd M, Dowd JB, Aiello AE. The impact of bisphenol A and triclosan on immune parameters in the U.S. population, NHANES 2003- 2006. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119(3):390-6. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002883. PMid:21062687. PMCid:PMC3060004

  • Yang M, Qiu W, Chen B, Chen J, Liu S, Wu M, et al. The in vitro immune modulatory effect of bisphenol A on fish macrophages via estrogen receptor α and Nuclear Factor-κBsignaling. Environ Sci Technol. 2015 ;49(3):1888–95. https://doi.org/10.1021/es505163v. P Mid:25565130

  • Qiu W, Yang M, Liu S, Lei P, Hu L, Chen B, et al. Toxic effects of bisphenol S showing immunomodulation in fish macrophages. Environ Sci Technol. 2018; 52(2):831–8. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04226. PMid:29261303

  • Qiu W, Yang M, Liu J, Xu H, Luo S, Wong M, et al. Bisphenol S-induced chronic inflammatory stress in liver via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Γ using fish in vivo and in vitro models. Environ Pollut. 2019; 246:963–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. envpol.2018.11.039. PMid:31159146

  • Tian X, Takamoto M, Sugane K. Bisphenol A promotes IL-4 production by Th2 cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2003; 132(3):240–7. https://doi. org/10.1159/000074305. PMid:14646385

  • Guo H, Liu T, Uemura Y, Jiao S, Wang D, et al. Bisphenol A in combination with TNF-α selectively induces Th2 cell-promoting dendritic cells in vitro with an estrogen-like activity. Cell Mol Immunol. 2010; 7(3):227–34. https://doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2010.14. PMid:20383177 PMCid:PMC4002911

  • Fenichel P, Chevalier N, Brucker-Davis F. Bisphenol A: An endocrine and metabolic disruptor. Ann Endocrinol. 2013; 74(3):211–20. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ando.2013.04.002. PMid:23796010

  • Delfosse V, Grimaldi M, Cavaillès V, Balaguer P, Bourguet W. Structural and functional profiling of environmental ligands for estrogen receptors. Environ Health Perspect. 2014; 122(12):1306–13. https://doi. org/10.1289/ehp.1408453. PMid:25260197. PMCid: PMC4256047

  • Alonso-Magdalena P, Morimoto S, Ripoll C, Fuentes E, Nadal A. The estrogenic effect of bisphenol a disrupts pancreatic β-cell function in vivo and induces insulin resistance. Environ Health Perspect. 2006; 114(1):106–12. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8451. PMid:16393666.PMCid:PMC1332664

  • vom Saal FS, Akingbemi BT, Belcher SM, Birnbaum LS, Crain DA, Eriksen M, et al. Chapel Hill bisphenol A expert panel consensus statement: Integration of mechanisms, effects in animals and potential to impact human health at current levels of exposure. ReprodToxicol. 2007; 24(2):131–8. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.07.005. PMid:17768031. PMCid:PMC2967230

  • Alonso-Magdalena P, Ropero AB, Soriano S, Quesada I, Nadal A. Bisphenol-A: A new diabetogenic factor? Hormones. 2010; 9(2):118–26. https://doi. org/10.1007/BF03401277. PMid:20687395

  • Alonso-Magdalena P, Quesada I, Nadal A. Endocrine disruptors in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011; 7(6):346–53. https://doi. org/10.1038/nrendo.2011.56. PMid:21467970

  • Alonso-Magdalena P, Ropero AB, Carrera MP, Cederroth CR, Baquié M, Gauthier BR, et al. Pancreatic insulin content regulation by the estrogen receptor ERα. PLoS ONE. 2008;3(4). https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002069. PMid:18446233. PMCid:PMC2323613

  • Soriano S, Alonso-Magdalena P, García-Arévalo M, Novials A, Muhammed SJ, Salehi A, et al. Rapid insulinotropic action of low doses of bisphenol-A on mouse and human islets of langerhans: Role of estrogen receptor β. PLoSOne. 2012;7(2). https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031109. PMid:22347437. PMCid:PMC3275611

  • Hugo ER, Brandebourg TD, Woo JG, Loftus J, Alexander JW, Ben-Jonathan N. Bisphenol A at environmentally relevant doses inhibits adiponectin release from human adipose tissue explants and adipocytes. Environ Health Perspect. 2008; 116(12):1642–7. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11537. PMid:19079714.PMCid:PMC2599757

  • Andersson H, Brittebo E. Proangiogenic effects of environmentally relevant levels of bisphenol A in human primary endothelial cells. Arch Toxicol. 2012; 86(3):465–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-011- 0766-2. PMid:22045264

  • Marmugi A, Lasserre F, Beuzelin D, Ducheix S, Huc L, Polizzi A, et al. Adverse effects of long-term exposure to bisphenol A during adulthood leading to hyperglycaemia and hypercholesterolemia in mice. Toxicology. 2014; 325:133–43. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.tox.2014.08.006. PMid:25168180

  • Kochukov MY, Jeng Y-J, Watson CS. Alkylphenol Xenoestrogens with varying carbon chain lengths differentially and potently activate signaling and functional responses in GH3/B6/F10 somatomammotropes. Environ Health Perspect. 2009; 117(5):723–30. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0800182. PMid:19479013. PMCid:PMC2685833

  • Ho SM, Tang WY, De Frausto JB, Prins GS. Developmental exposure to estradiol and bisphenol A increases susceptibility to prostate carcinogenesis and epigenetically regulates phosphodiesterase type 4 variant 4. Cancer Res. 2006; 66(11):5624–32. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0516. PMid:16740699.PMCid:PMC2276876

  • Rahman MS, Kwon W-S, Karmakar PC, Yoon S-J, Ryu B-Y, Pang M-G. Gestational exposure to bisphenol A affects the function and proteome profile of F1 spermatozoa in adult mice. Environ Health Perspect. 2017; 125(2):238–45. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP378. PMid:27384531.PMCid:PMC5289913

  • Rahman MS, Kwon WS, Ryu DY, Khatun A, Karmakar PC, Ryu BY, et al. Functional and proteomic alterations of F1 capacitated spermatozoa of adult mice following gestational exposure to bisphenol A. J Proteome Res. 2018; 17(1):524–35. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs. jproteome.7b00668. PMid:29198108

  • Tennant RW, Margolin BH, Shelby MD, Zeiger E, Haseman JK, Spalding J, et al. Prediction of chemical carcinogenicity in rodents from in vitro genetc toxicity assays. Science. 1987; 236(4804):933–41. https://doi. org/10.1126/science.3554512. PMid:3554512

  • Schrader TJ, Langlois I, Soper K, Cherry W. Mutagenicity of bisphenol A (4,4’-isopropylidenediphenol) in vitro: effects of nitrosylation. TeratogCarcinog Mutagen. 2002; 22(6):425–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcm.10039. PM id:12395404

  • Tsutsui T, Tamura Y, Suzuki A, Hirose Y, Kobayashi M, Nishimura H, et al. Mammalian cell transformation and aneuploidy induced by five bisphenols. Int J Cancer. 2000; 86(2):151–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/ (SICI)1097-0215(20000415)86:2<151::AIDIJC1>3.0.CO;2-0

  • Takahashi S, Chi XJ, Yamaguchi Y, Suzuki H, Sugaya S, Kita K, et al. Mutagenicity of bisphenol A and its suppression by interferon-α in human RSa cells. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 2001; 490(2):199–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5718 (00)00161-3

  • Iso T, Watanabe T, Iwamoto T, Shimamoto A, Furuichi Y. DNA damage caused by bisphenol A and estradiolthrough estrogenic activity. Bio Pharm Bull. 2006; 29(2):206–10. https://doi.org/10.1248/ bpb.29.206. PMid:16462019

  • Tsutsui T, Tamura Y, Yagi E, Hasegawa K, Takahashi M, Maizumi N, et al. Bisphenol-A induces cellular transformation, aneuploidy and DNA adduct formation in cultured Syrian hamster embryo cells. Int J Cancer. 1998; 75(2):290–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/ (SICI)1097-0215(19980119)75:2<290::AIDIJC19>3.0.CO;2-H

  • Ochi T. Induction of multiple microtubule-organizing centers, multipolar spindles and multipolar division in cultured V79 cells exposed to diethylstilbestrol, estradiol-17β and bisphenol A. Mutat Res - Fund Mol M. 1999; 431(1):105–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0027-5107(99)00190-6

  • Can A, Semiz O, Cinar O. Bisphenol-A induces cell cycle delay and alters centrosome and spindle microtubular organization in oocytes during meiosis. Mol Hum Reprod. 2005; 11(6):389–96. https://doi. org/10.1093/molehr/gah179. PMid:15879462

  • Hunt PA, Koehler KE, Susiarjo M, Hodges CA, Ilagan A, Voigt RC, et al. Bisphenol A exposure causes meiotic aneuploidy in the female mouse. Curr Bio. 2003; 13(7):546–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960- 9822(03)00189-1

  • Baršiene J, Šyvokiene J, Bjornstad A. Induction of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in mussels exposed to bisphenol A, diallyl phthalate and tetrabromodiphenyl ether-47. AquatToxicol. 2006;78:S105–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.20 06.02.023. PMid:16616789

  • Bolognesi C, Perrone E, Roggieri P, Pampanin DM, Sciutto A. Assessment of micronuclei induction in peripheral erythrocytes of fish exposed to xenobiotics under controlled conditions. AquatToxicol. 2006;78:S93–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.200 6.02.015. PMid:16600396

  • Allard P, Colaiácovo MP. Bisphenol A impairs the double-strand break repair machinery in the germline and causes chromosome abnormalities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010; 107(47):20405–10. https:// doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010386107. PMid:21059909. PMCid:PMC2996676

  • Ito Y, Ito T, Karasawa S, Enomoto T, Nashimoto A, Hase Y, et al. Identification of DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit (DNA-PKcs) as a novel target of bisphenol A. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050481. PMid:23227178.PMCid:PMC3515620

  • Kim S, Mun G, Choi E, Kim M, Jeong JS, Kang KW, et al. Submicromolar bisphenol A induces proliferation and DNA damage in human hepatocyte cell lines in vitro and in juvenile rats in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018; 111:125–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. fct.2017.11.010. PMid:29128613

  • Herz C, Tran HTT, Schlotz N, Michels K, Lamy E. Low-dose levels of bisphenol A inhibit telomerase via ER/GPR30-ERK signalling, impair DNA integrity and reduce cell proliferation in primary PBMC. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15978- 2. PMid:29192164.PMCid:PMC5709422

  • Radwan M, Wielgomas B, Dziewirska E, Radwan P, Kałużny P, Klimowska A, et al. Urinary bisphenol A levels and male fertility. Am J Men’s Health. 2018; 12(6):2144–51. https://doi. org/10.1177/1557988318799163. PMid:30261816. PMCid:PMC6199454

  • Campen KA, Kucharczyk KM, Bogin B, Ehrlich JM, Combelles CMH. Spindle abnormalities and chromosome misalignment in bovine oocytes after exposure to low doses of bisphenol A or bisphenol S. Hum Reprod. 2018; 33(5):895–904. https://doi. org/10.1093/humrep/dey050. PMid:29538760. PMCid:PMC5925783

  • Buka I, Osornio-Vargas A, Walker R. Canada declares bisphenol A a “dangerous substance”: Questioning the safety of plastics. Paediatr Child Health. 2009; 14(1):11–3. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/14.1.11a. PMid:19436577. PMCid:PMC2666039

  • Usman A, Ahmad M. From BPA to its analogues: Is it a safe journey? Chemosphere. 2016; 158:131–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.070. PMid:27262103

  • Yonten V, Ince M, Tanyol M, Yildirim N. Adsorption of bisphenol A from aqueous solutions by Pleurotuseryngii immobilized on Amberlite XAD-4 using as a new adsorbent. Desalin Water Treat. 2016; 57(47):22362–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.20 15.1130659

  • Park HS, Koduru JR, Choo KH, Lee B. Activated carbons impregnated with iron oxide nanoparticles for enhanced removal of bisphenol A and natural organic matter. J Hazard Mater. 2015; 286:315–24. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.11.012. PMid:25594935

  • Qin FX, Jia SY, Liu Y, Li HY, Wu SH. Adsorptive removal of bisphenol A from aqueous solution using metal-organic frameworks. Desalin Water Treat. 2015; 54(1):93–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014. 883331


Abstract Views: 152

PDF Views: 0




  • A Review on the Occurrence, Exposure, And Health Impacts of Bisphenol a

Abstract Views: 152  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Prince Sharma
Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar – 143005, Punjab, India
Khushboo Sharma
Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar – 143005, Punjab, India
Geetika Sharma
Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar – 143005, Punjab, India
Pooja Chadha
Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar – 143005, Punjab, India

Abstract


Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the emerging contaminants associated with deleterious health effects on both public and wildlife and is extensively incorporated into different industrial products. BPA is ubiquitously and frequently detected in the environment and has become a serious health issue due to its presence in food organisms and drinking water. The distribution of BPA has recently become an important issue worldwide, but investigations on the toxicity of BPA remain limited. A review of the literature reveals that BPA has a widespread presence in environmental media, such as indoor dust, surface water, sediments, and sewage sludge. In the present review, an overview of the research studies dealing with the occurrence, fate, exposure, and toxicity of BPA is discussed. Recent studies have raised worry over the potentially harmful implications of BPA exposure in humans and wildlife. However, further investigation on the potential risks of BPA to humans and its mechanisms of toxicity should be conducted to better understand and control the risks of such novel chemicals.

Keywords


Bisphenol A, Contaminants, Industrial products, Toxicity, Sewage Sludge

References