Open Access
Subscription Access
Open Access
Subscription Access
A Comprehensive Review on Globally Present Cardiotoxic Plants
Subscribe/Renew Journal
In this review, an attempt was made to compile and include published data of cardiotoxic plants from all over the world. The plants have been listed with their scientificand common names, a family from which they belong, their parts that specifically contain toxic active principles causing cardiotoxicity. Moreover, the review also has specific symptoms, which can provide great help in understanding the patient’s condition and help in providing medicinal aid and treatment. This review is the first of its kind involving the details of the cardiotoxic plants worldwide. A short description of how the toxins affect the heart and possible treatments for dealing with the symptoms have also been presented here.
Keywords
Cardiotoxicity, Plant Family, Toxic Parts, Symptoms
User
Subscription
Login to verify subscription
Font Size
Information
- Ndhlala AR, Ncube B, Okem A, Mulaudzi RB, Staden JV. Toxicology of some important medicinal plants in southern Africa. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013; 62(1): 609–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.09.027. PMid:24075916
- Serrano R. Toxic plants: Knowledge, Medicinal uses and potential human health risks. Environ Ecol Res. 2018; 6(5):487–92. https://doi.org/10.13189/ eer.2018.060509
- Hall JE, Guyton AC. Hall textbook of medical physiology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier Saunders; 2006.
- Parameswaran S, Kumar S, Verma RS, Sharma RK. Cardiomyocyte culture: An update on the in vitro cardiovascular model and future challenges. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2013; 91(12):985–98. https://doi. org/10.1139/cjpp-2013-0161. PMid:24289068
- Barrett K, Barman S, Boitano S, Brooks H. Ganong’s review of medical physiology. New York: McGrawHill; 2010.
- Akinmoladun AC, Olaleye MT, Farombi EO. Cardiotoxicity and cardioprotective effects of African Medicinal plants. In: Kuete V. Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants. Elsevier; 2014. https://doi. org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800018-2.00013-3
- Senthilkumaran S, Meenakshisundaram R, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P. Plant toxins and the heart. In: Ramachandran M. Heart and Toxins. Academic Press; 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978- 0-12-416595-3.00005-0
- Lin CC, Yang CC, Phua DH, Deng JF, Lu LH. An outbreak of foxglove leaf poisoning. J Chinese Med Assoc. 2010; 73(2):97–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S1726-4901(10)70009-5
- Page E. The actions of cardiac glycosides on heart muscle cells. Circulation. 1964; 30(2):237–51. https:// doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.30.2.237. PMid:14205552
- Wilson CR, Sauer J, Hooser SB. Taxines: A review of the mechanism and toxicity of yew (Taxus spp.) alkaloids. Toxicon. 2001; 39(2–3):175–85. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00146-X
- Caksen H, Odaba SD, Akbayram S, Cesur Y, Arslan S, Uner A, Oner AF. Deadly nightshade (Atropa Belladonna) intoxication: An analysis of 49 children. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2003; 22(12):665–68. https://doi. org/10.1191/0960327103ht404oa. PMid:14992329
- Tai YT, But RR, Young K, Lau CR. Cardiotoxicity after accidental herb-induced aconite poisoning. Lancet. 1992; 340(8830):1254–56. https://doi. org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)92951-B
- Lai CK, Poon WT, Chan YW. Hidden aconite poisoning: Identification of yunaconitine and related Aconitum alkaloids in urine by liquid chromatography-tandemmass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol. 2006; 30(7):426–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/30.7.426. PMid:16959134
- Zoltani CK. Cardiovascular toxicity. In: Gupta RC. Veterinary Toxicology. Academic Press; 2018. https:// doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811410-0.00014-3
- Dwivedi S, Aggarwal A, Sharma V. Cardiotoxicity from ‘safe’ herbomineral formulations. Trop Doct. 2011; 41(2):113–15. https://doi.org/10.1258/td.2010.100304. PMid:21262956
- Pfister JA, Stegelmeier BL, Cheney CD, Gardner DR. Effect of previous locoweed (Astragalus and Oxytropis species) intoxication on conditioned taste aversions in horses and sheep. J Anim Sci. 2007; 85(7):1836–41. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0046. PMid:17431041
- Koca I, Koca AF. Poisoning by mad honey: A brief review. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007; 45(8): 1315–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.04.006. PMid:17540490
- Bhalla A, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P, Fung J, Cordero-Schmidt G, Soghoian S, Sikka VK, Dhindsa HS, Singh S. Native medicines and cardiovascular toxicity. In: Ramachandran M. The heart and toxins. Academic Press; 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978- 0-12-416595-3.00006-2
- Vetter J. Plant cyanogenic glycosides. Toxicon. 2000; 38(1):11–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041- 0101(99)00128-2
- Holstege CP, Forrester JD, Borek HA, Lawrence DT. A case of cyanide poisoning and the use of arterial blood gas analysis to direct therapy. Hosp Pract. 2010; 38(4):69–74. https://doi.org/10.3810/hp.2010.11.342. PMid:21068529
- Mookadam F, Smith T, Jiamsripong P, Moustafa SE, Monico CG, Lieske JC, Milliner DS. Cardiac abnormalities in primary hyperoxaluria. Circ J. 2010; 74(11):2403–09. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-10- 0107. PMid:20921818 PMCid:PMC5929473
- Coltart DJ, Hudson REB.Primary oxalosis of the heart: A cause of heart block. Br Heart J. 1971; 33(2):315–19. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.33.2.315. PMid:5572669 PMCid:PMC487183
- Burg RV. Toxicology Update. J App Tox. 1994; 14(3):233–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.2550140315. PMid:8083486
- Goel G, Harinder PSM, Francis G, Becker K. Phorbol esters: Structure, biological activity, and toxicity in animals. Int J Toxicol. 2007; 26(4):279–88. https://doi. org/10.1080/10915810701464641. PMid:17661218
- Fujiki H, Suttajit M, Rawangkan A, Iida K, Limtrakul P, Umsumarng S, Suganuma M. Phorbol esters in seed oil of Jatropha curcas L. (saboodam in Thai) and their association with cancer prevention: From the initial investigation to the present topics. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2017; 143(8):1359–69. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00432-017-2341-6. PMid:28124725 PMCid:PMC5504133
- Goldstein IJ, Hughes RC, Monsigny M, Osawa T, Sharon N. What should be called a lectin? Nature. 1980; 285:66. https://doi.org/10.1038/285066b0
- Berger K, Guss D. Mycotoxins revisited: Part 1. J Emerg Med. 2005; 28(1):53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jemermed.2004.08.013. PMid:15657006
- Unverir P, Soner BC, Dedeoglu E, Karcioglu O, Boztok K, Tuncok Y. Renal and hepatic injury with elevated cardiac enzymes in Amanita phalloides poisoning: A case report. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2007; 26(9): 757– 61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327107083972. PMid:17984148
- Tadjibaeva G, Sabirov R, Tomita T. Flammutoxin, a cytolysin from the edible mushroom Flammulina velutipes, forms two different types of voltage-gated channels in lipid bilayer membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000; 1467(2):431–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0005-2736(00)00240-6
- Lin JY, Lin YJ, Chen CC, Wu HL, Shi GY, Jeng TW. Cardiotoxic protein from edible mushrooms. Nature. 1974; 252:235–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/252235a0. PMid:4472852
- Weng YP, Lin YP, Hsu CI, Lin JY. Functional domains of a pore-forming cardiotoxic protein, Volvatoxin A2. J Biol Chem. 2004; 279(8):6805–14. https://doi. org/10.1074/jbc.M308675200. PMid:14645370
- Rajapakse S. Management of yellow oleander poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2009; 47(3):206– 12. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650902824001. PMid:19306191
- Adelowotan O, Aibinu I, Adenipekun E, Odugbemi T. The in-vitro antimicrobial activity of Abrus precatorius (L) fabaceae extract on some clinical pathogens. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2008; 15(1):32–7.
- Zore GB, Awad V, Thakre AD, Halde UK, Meshram NS, Surwase BS, Karuppayil SM. Activity directedfractionation and isolation of four antibacterial compounds from Abrus precatorius L., roots. Nat Prod Res. 2007; 21(9):933–40. https://doi. org/10.1080/14786410701474928. PMid:17763102
- Pandita D, Pandita A, Pandita S. The Phytochemistry, Toxicology and warning signs of the poisonous flora of Jammu and Kashmir, India. International Journal of Indigenous Medicinal Plants. 2014; 47(2):1621–39.
- Dalefield R. Poisonous plants. In: Dalefield R. Veterinary Toxicology for Australia and New Zealand. Elsevier; 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12- 420227-6.00023-2
- Bijl PVD. Cardiotoxicity of plants in South Africa. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2012; 23(9):476–7.
- Dhesi P, Ng R, Shehata MM, Shah PK. Ventricular tachycardia after ingestion of ayurveda herbal antidiarrheal medication containing Aconitum. Arch Intern Med. 2010; 170(3):303–5. https://doi. org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.518. PMid:20142579
- Chan TYK. Aconite poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2009; 47(4):279–85. https://doi. org/10.1080/15563650902904407. PMid:19514874
- Versiani MA, Ahmeda SK, Ikrama A, Ali ST, Yasmeena K, Faizib S. Chemical constituents and biological activities of Adenium obesum (FORSK.) ROEM. et SCHULT. Chem Biodivers. 2014; 11(2):171–80. https:// doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201200254. PMid:24591309
- Aslani MR, Movassaghi AR, Mohri M, Abbasian A, Zarehpour M. Clinical and pathological aspects of experimental oleander (Nerium oleander) toxicosis in sheep. Vet Res Commun. 2004; 28(7):609–16. https:// doi.org/10.1023/B:VERC.0000042870.30142.56. PMid:15563108
- Anadón A, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Ares I, Martínez MA. Poisonous plants of the Europe. In: Gupta RC. Veterinary Toxicology. Academic Press; 2018. https:// doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811410-0.00062-3
- Petricevich VL, Abarca-Vargas R. Allamanda cathartica: A review of the phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and biotechnology. Molecules. 2019; 24(7):1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ molecules24071238. PMid:30934947 PMCid:PMC648 0200
- Ghosh C, Hazra L, Nag SK, Sil S, Dutta A, Biswas S, Biswas M, Ghosh P, Chatterjee S. Allamanda cathartica Linn. Apocynaceae: A mini review. International Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2019; 7(4):29–33.
- Deng JF, Ger J, Tsai WJ, Kao WF, Yang CC. Acute toxicities of betel nut: Rare but probably overlooked events. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2001; 39(4):355–60. https://doi.org/10.1081/CLT-100105155. PMid:11527 229
- Chu NS. Effects of betel chewing on the central and autonomic nervous systems. J Biomed Sci. 2001; 8(3):106–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02256596. PM id:11385294
- Sikdar A, Mondal AK, Rajan K, Tripathi N. Survey of common poisonous plants of Birbhum, Burdwan, and Nadia Districts of West Bengal, India. International Journal of Plant Research. 2015; 5(5):103–6.
- Bakhlet AO, Adam SAI. Therapeutic utility, constituents and toxicity of some medicinal plants: A review. Vet Human Toxicol. 1995; 37(3):255–8.
- Brink AJ, Lewis CM, Weber HW. Myocardiopathy in Argemone mexicana Poisoning. S Afr Med J. 1965; 39:108–14.
- Bothaa CJ, Penrithb ML. Poisonous plants of veterinary and human importance in southern Africa J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 119(3):549–58. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.022. PMid:18706990
- Groeneveld HW, Van der Made LA. Cardenolide and triterpene synthesis in the laticifers of Asclepias curassavica L. Acta Bot Neerl. 1982; 31(1/2):5–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1982.tb01589.x
- Lee YJ, Han SB, Hyon JY. Corneal endothelial dysfunction caused by Asclepias curassavica in a young farmer. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2019; 16:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2019.100564. PMid:31692682 PMCid:PMC6806376
- Al-Snafi AE. Chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Asclepias Curassavica - A review. Asian J Pharm Res. 2015; 5(2):83–7.
- Pfister JA, Stegelmeier BL, Cheney CD, Gardner DR. Effect of previous locoweed (Astragalus and Oxytropis species) intoxication on conditioned taste aversions in horses and sheep. J Anim Sci. 2007; 85(7):1836–41. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0046. PMid:17431041
- Rios JL, Waterman PG. A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of Astragalus. Phytother Res. 1997; 11(6):411–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099- 1573(199709)11:6<411::AID-PTR132>3.0.CO;2-6
- Li X, Qu L, Dong Y, Han L, Liu E, Fang S, Zhang Y, Wang T. A review of recent research progress on the Astragalus Genus. Molecules. 2014; 19(11):18850–80. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191118850.PMid:25 407722 PMCid:PMC6270929
- Singh MK, Bharati KA, Kumar R. Folk medicinal plants of Sikkim Himalayas and their pharmacological use. Int J Econ Plants. 2015; 2(2):035–045.
- Bene K, Kra AKM, Konan KF, Zirihi GN. Bersama abyssinica Fresen. (Melianthaceae): Antifungal activity on Aflatoxin B1-producing mold. Br J Pharm Res. 2017; 15(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJPR/2017/31695
- Masondo NA, Ndhlala AR, Aremu AO, Staden JV, Finnie JF. A comparison of the pharmacological properties of garden cultivated and muthi market-sold Bowiea volubilis. S Afr J Bot. 2013; 86():135–8. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.02.169
- Bose TK, Basu RK, Biswas B, De JN, Majumdar BC, Datta S. Cardiovascular effects of yellow oleander ingestion. J Indian Med Assoc. 1999; 97(10):407–10.
- Aslani MR. Cardiotoxicity of plants in Iran: A review. Iran J Veterinary Sci Technol. 2018; 10(1):1–11.
- Eddleston M, Ariaratnam CA, Sjostrom L, Jayalath S, Rajakanthan K, Rajapakse S, et al. Acute yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) poisoning: cardiac arrhythmias, electrolyte disturbances, and serum cardiac glycoside concentrations on presentation to hospital. Heart. 2000; 83(3):301–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/heart.83.3.301. PMid:10677410 PMCid:PMC1729329
- Kalix P. Catha edulis, a plant that has amphetamine effects. Pharm World Sci. 1996; 18(2):69–73. https:// doi.org/10.1007/BF00579708. PMid:8739260
- Eddleston M, Haggalla S. Fatal injury in eastern Sri Lanka, with special reference to cardenolide self-poisoning with Cerbera manghas fruits. Clin Toxicol. 2008; 46(8):745–8. https://doi. org/10.1080/15563650701668617. PMid:18803087
- Cheenpracha S, Karalai C, Rat-A-Pa Y, Ponglimanont C, Chantrapromma K. New cytotoxic cardenolide glycoside from the seeds of Cerbera manghas. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2004; 52(8):1023–5. https://doi. org/10.1248/cpb.52.1023. PMid:15305009
- Eddleston M, Persson H. Acute plant poisoning and antitoxin antibodies. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2003; 41(3):309–15. https://doi.org/10.1081/CLT120021116. PMid:12807314 PMCid:PMC1950598
- Chan EWC, Wong SK, Chan HT, Baba S, Kezuka M. Cerbera are coastal trees with promising anticancer properties but lethal toxicity: A short review. J Chin Pharm Sci. 2016; 25(3):161–9. https://doi.org/10.5246/ jcps.2016.03.019
- Selladurai P, Thadsanamoorthy S, Ariaranee G. Epidemic Self-Poisoning with Seeds of Cerbera manghas in Eastern Sri Lanka: An Analysis of Admissions and Outcome. J Clin Toxicol. 2016; 6(2):1- 4. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0495.1000287
- Iyer GV, Narendranath M. A preliminary report on the neurological manifestations of Cerbera odollam poisoning. J Med Res. 1975; 63(2):312–14.
- Gaillard Y, Krishnamoorthy A, Bevalot F. Cerbera odollam: A ‘suicide tree’ and cause of death in the state of Kerala, India. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 95(2– 3):123–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.08.004. PMid:15507323
- Guruswami MN, Ganapathy MN, Thampai CK. A preliminary study of the pharmacological actions and toxicity of “Cerbera odollam”. Indian J Med Sci. 1970; 24(2):82–7.
- Nelson LS, Shih RD, Balick MJ. Handbook of poisonous and injurious plants. New York: Springer; 2007.
- Panter KE, Welch KD, Gardner DR, Lee ST, Green BT, Pfister JA, Cook D, Davis TZ. Poisonous plants of the United States. In: Gupta RC. Veterinary Toxicology. Academic Press; 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978- 0-12-811410-0.00061-1
- Panter KE, Keeler RF, Baker DC. Toxicoses in Livestock from the Hemlocks (Conium and Cicuta Spp.). J Anim Sci. 1988; 66(9):2407–13. https://doi.org/10.2527/ jas1988.6692407x. PMid:3049497
- Eyal S. The fever tree: From malaria to neurological diseases. Toxins. 2018; 10(12):1–12. https://doi. org/10.3390/toxins10120491. PMid:30477182 PMCid: PMC6316520
- Chrispal A. Cleistanthus collinus poisoning. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2012; 5(2):160-166. https://doi. org/10.4103/0974-2700.96486 PMid:22787347
- Benjamin SP, Fernando ME, Jayanth JJ, Preetha B. Cleistanthus collinus poisoning. J Assoc Physicians India. 2006; 54(9):742-744.
- Nagraj S. Cardiac toxicity of Oduvanthalai (Cleistanthus collinus) common leaves poisoning in Tamil Nadu (Report of 25 cases). Antiseptic. 1987; 84:33-5.
- Larrea MISA, Larrea MDSA, Fernandez CR. Plants, Poisonous (Animals). In: Wexler P. Encyclopedia of Toxicology. Academic Press 2014.
- Lin S, Qin D, Zhang Y, Zheng Q, Yang L, Cheng D, Huang S, Chen J, Zhang Z. Toxicity and Sublethal Effects of Autumn Crocus (Colchicumautumnale) Bulb Powder on Red Imported Fire Ants (Solenopsis invicta). Toxins. 2020; 12(11):1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ toxins12110731 PMid:33233472 PMCid:PMC7700203
- Brvar M, Ploj T, Kozelj G, Mozina M, Noc M, Bunc M. Case report: fatal poisoning with Colchicumautumnale. Crit Care. 2004; 8:R56-R59. https://doi.org/10.1186/ cc2427 PMid:14975056 PMCid:PMC420069
- Keelar RF, Balls LD. Teratogenic Effects in Cattle of Conium maculatum and Conium Alkaloids and Analogs. Clin Toxicol. 1978; 12(1):49-64. https://doi. org/10.3109/15563657809149583 PMid:630821
- Al-Barwani FM, Eltayeb EA. Antifungal compounds from induced Conium maculatum L. plants. Biochem Sys Ecol. 2004; 32(12):1097-1108. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.bse.2004.02.011
- López TA, Cid MS, Bianchini ML. Biochemistry of hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) alkaloids and their acute and chronic toxicity in livestock. A review. Toxicon. 1999; 37(6): 841-865. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0041-0101(98)00204-9
- Frank BS, Michelson WB, Panter KE, Gardner DR. Ingestion of Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum). West J Med. 1995; 163(6):573-574.
- Welsh KJ, Huang RSP, Actor JK, Dasgupta A. Rapid detection of the active cardiac glycoside convallatoxin of lily of the valley using LOCI digoxin assay. Am J Clin Pathol. 2014; 142(3):307-312. https://doi.org/10.1309/ AJCPCOXF0O5XXTKD PMid:25125619
- Boido CC, Tasso B, Boido V, Sparatore F. Cytisine derivatives as ligands for neuronal nicotine receptors and with various pharmacological activities. Farmaco. 2003 58(3):265-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014- 827X(03)00017-X
- Riccardi A, Frumento F, Ghinatti M, Guiddo G, Lerza R. Spanish Broom flower ingestion: a very unusual poisoning. Eur J Emerg Med. 2006;13(5):317-318. https://doi.org/10.1097/00063110-200610000-00018 PMid:16969244
- DeFrates LJ, Hoehns JD, Sakornbut EL, Glascock DG, Tew AR. Antimuscarinic intoxication resulting from the ingestion of moonflower seeds. Ann Pharmacother. 2005; 39(1):173-176. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1D536 PMid:15572604
- Krenzelok EP. Aspects of Datura poisoning and treatment. Clin Toxicol. 2010; 48(2):104-110. https:// doi.org/10.3109/15563651003630672 PMid:20229618
- Green BT, Pfister JA, Cook D, Welch KD, Stegelmeier BL, Lee ST, Gardner DR, Knoppel EL, Panter KE. Serum elimination profiles of methyllycaconitine and deltaline in cattle following oral administration of larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi). Am J Vet Res. 2009;70(7):539-546. https://doi.org/10.2460/ ajvr.70.7.926 PMid:19566479
- Davies MK, Hollman A. Digitalis and Strophanthus cardiac glycosides. Heart. 1998; 80(1):4. https://doi. org/10.1136/hrt.80.1.4 PMid:9764048 PMCid:PMC 1728766
- Stolberg VB. The use of coca: prehistory, history, and ethnography. J. Ethn. Subst. Abuse. 2011; 10(2), 126- 146. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2011.573310 PMid:21678146
- Havakuk O, Rezkalla SH, Kloner RA. The Cardiovascular Effects of Cocaine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 70(1):101-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jacc.2017.05.014 PMid:28662796
- Angunawela RM, Fernando HA. Acute ascending polyneuropathy and dermatitis following poisoning by tubers of Gloriosa superba. Ceylon Med J. 1971; 16(4):233-235.
- Gooneratne BW. Massive generalized alopecia after poisoning by Gloriosa superba. Br Med J. 1966; 1:1023-1024. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5494.1023 PMid:5909848 PMCid:PMC1844473
- Panghal M, Arya V, Yadav S, Kumar S, Yadav JP. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants used by Saperas community of Khetawas, Jhajjar District, Haryana, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine. 2010; 6(4):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-6-4 PMid:20109179 PMCid:PMC2826346
- Mendis S. Colchicine cardiotoxicity following ingestion of Gloriosa superba tubers. Postgrad Med J. 1989; 65(768):752-755. https://doi.org/10.1136/ pgmj.65.768.752 PMid:2694138 PMCid:PMC2429836
- Aleem HM. Gloriosa superba poisoning. J Assoc Physicians India. 1992; 40(8):541-542.
- Khan AU, Gilani AH. Cardiovascular inhibitory effects of Hyoscyamus niger. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2008; 30(4):295-300. https://doi. org/10.1358/mf.2008.30.4.1186075 PMid:18773124
- Drummer OH. Autopsy Findings: Organic Toxins. In: Payne-James J, Byard RW. Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine. Elsevier 2016. https://doi. org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800034-2.00046-X
- Friedman M, Roitman JN, Kozukue N. Glycoalkaloid and calystegine contents of eight potato cultivars. J Agric Food Chem. 2003; 51(10):2964-2973. https:// doi.org/10.1021/jf021146f PMid:12720378
- Pomilioa AB, Falzonia EM, Vitaleb AA. Toxic Chemical Compounds of the Solanaceae. Nat Prod Commun. 2008; 3(4):593-628. https://doi. org/10.1177/1934578X0800300420
- García-Pérez P, Lozano-Milo E, Landin M, Gallego PP. From Ethnomedicine to Plant Biotechnology and Machine Learning: The Valorization of the MedicinalPlant Bryophyllum sp. Pharmaceuticals. 2020; 13:1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13120444 PMid:33291844 PMCid:PMC7762000
- Ito S, Nakazato Y, Ohga A. Further evidence for the involvement of Na+ channels in the release of adrenal catecholamine: the effect of scorpion venom and grayanotoxin I. Br J Pharmacol. 1981; 72(1):61-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1981.tb09105.x PMid:6261866 PMCid:PMC2071538
- Kelmanson JE, Jager AK, Staden JV. Zulu medicinal plants with antibacterial activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 69(3):241-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378- 8741(99)00147-6
- Sparg SG, Staden JV, Jager AK. Pharmacological and phytochemical screening of two Hyacinthaceae species: Scilla natalensis and Ledebouria ovatifolia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002; 80(1):95-101. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00007-7
- Taylor JLS, Elgorashi EE, Maes A, Van UG, De NK, Van JS, Verschaeve L. Investigating the safety of plants used in South African traditional medicine: testing for genotoxicity in the micronucleus and alkaline comet assays. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2003; 42(3):144-154. https://doi.org/10.1002/em.10184PMid:14556222
- Prozialeck WC, Jivan JK, Andurkar SV. Pharmacology of kratom: an emerging botanical agent with stimulant, analgesic and opioid-like effects. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2012; 112(12):792-799.
- Jun L, Heming W, Jianjun W, Jamil MFA, Tan ML, Adenan MI, Wong P, Shim W. Evaluation of the Cardiotoxicity of Mitragynine and Its Analogues using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem CellDerived Cardiomyocytes. Plos One. 2014; 9(12):1-18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115648 PMid:25535742 PMCid:PMC4275233
- Takayama H. Chemistry and pharmacology of analgesic indole alkaloids from the rubiaceous plant, Mitragyna speciosa. Chem Pharm Bull. 2004 52(8):916-928. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.52.916 PMid:15304982
- Farooqui S, Tyagi T. Nerium oleander: Its Application in Basic and Applied Science: A Review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018; 10(3):1-4. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v 10i3.22505
- Bandara V, Weinstein SA, White J, Eddleston M. A review of the natural history, toxinology, diagnosis and clinical management of Nerium oleander (common oleander) and Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) poisoning. Toxicon. 2010; 56(1):273-281. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.026 PMid:20438743
- Barbosa RR, Fontenele-Neto JD, Soto-Blanco B. Toxicity in goats caused by oleander (Nerium oleander). Res Vet Sci. 2008(2); 85: 279-281. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.10.004 PMid:18031775
- Langford S, Boor P. Oleander toxicity: an examination of human and animal toxic exposures. Toxicology. 1996; 109(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300- 483X(95)03296-R
- Oryan A, Maham M, Rezakhani A, Maleki M. Morphological Studies on Experimental Oleander Poisoning in Cattle. J Vet Med A. 1996; 43(1-10):625-634. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.1996.tb00496.x PMid:9011151
- Plančić M, Božin B, Kladar N, Rat M, Srđenović B. Phytochemical profile and biological activities of the genus Ornithogalum L. (Hyacinthaceae). Biol Serb. 2014; 36(1-2):3-17.
- Kanji S, MacLean RD. Cardiac glycoside toxicity: more than 200 years and counting. Crit Care Clin. 2012; 28(4):527-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ccc.2012.07.005 PMid:22998989
- Nelson LS, Lewin NA, Howland MA, Hoffman RS, Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE. Goldfrank’s Toxicologic Emergencies. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2011.
- Saleem M, Akhtar N, Riaz N, Ali MS, Jabbar A. Isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites from Plumeria obtusa. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2011; 13(12):1122-1127. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2 011.618452 PMid:22115036
- Nunes FCR, Batista JS, Soto-Blanco B. Pathological effects of Cryptostegia venusta toxicity in goats and rats. Res Vet Sci. 2011;90(3):474-476. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.07.005 PMid:20678785
- Alonso-Castro AJ, Domínguez F, Ruiz-Padilla AJ, Campos-Xolalpa N, Ramón Zapata-Morales J, Carranza-Alvarez C, Maldonado-Miranda JJ. Medicinal Plants from North and Central America and the Caribbean Considered Toxic for Humans: The Other Side of the Coin. Evid Based Compl Alt. 2017; 14:1-28. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9439868 PMid:29234446 PMCid:PMC5688365
- Chandran R, Nagrajan A, Bakare S. Evaluation of the Haematological Properties and effects of crude Rauwolfia vomitoria. International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology. 2014; 1:10-16.
- Akera T, Ku DD, Frank M, Brody TM, Iwasa J. Effects of Grayanotoxin I on cardiac Na+ K+ -adenosine triphosphatase activity, transmembrane potential and myocardial contractile force. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1976; 199(1):247-254.
- Gundamaraju R, Vemuri RC, Singla RK, Manikam R, Rao R, Sekaran SD. Strophanthus hispidus attenuates the Ischemia-Reperfusion induced myocardial Infarction and reduces mean arterial pressure in renal artery occlusion. Phcog Mag. 2014; 10(39):557-562. https:// doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.139782 PMid:25298674 PMCid:PMC4189272
- Shi QW, Sauriol F, Mamer O, Lolita OZ. New Taxanes from the Needles of Taxus canadensis. J Nat Prod. 2003; 66(4):470-476. https://doi.org/10.1021/np020361n PMid:12713395
- Zhang J, Sauriol F, Mamer O, Lolita OZ. Taxoids from the needles of the Canadian yew. Phytochem. 2000; 54(2):221-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031- 9422(00)00079-0
- Jones R, Jones J, Causer J, Ewins D, Goenka N, Joseph F. Yew tree poisoning: a near-fatal lesson from history. Clin Med. 2011; 11(2):173-175. https://doi. org/10.7861/clinmedicine.11-2-173 PMid:21526705 PMCid:PMC5922745
- Ogden L. Taxus (yews)--a highly toxic plant. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1988; 30(6):563-564.
- Peterson MC, Rasmussen GJ. Intoxication with foothill camas (Zigadenus paniculatus). J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2003; 41(1):63-65. https://doi.org/10.1081/ CLT-120018272 PMid:12645969
- Majak W, McDiarmid RE, Cristofoli W, Sun F, Benn M. Content of zygacine in Zygadenus venenosus at different stages of growth. Phytochem. 1992; 31(10):3417-3418. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83697-W
- Gilotta I, Brvar M. Accidental poisoning with Veratrum album mistaken for wild garlic (Allium ursinum). Clin Toxicol. 2010; 48(9):949-952. https://doi.org/10.3109/ 15563650.2010.533675 PMid:21171854
- Marinov A, Koev P, Mirchev N. Electrocardiographic studies of patients with acute hellebore (Veratrum album) poisoning. Vutr Boles. 1987; 26(6):36-39.
- Jaffe AM, Gephardt D, Courtemanche L. Poisoning due to ingestion of Veratrum viride (false hellebore). J Emerg Med. 1990; 8(2):161-167. https://doi. org/10.1016/0736-4679(90)90226-L
- Schep LJ, Schmierer DM, Fountain JS. Veratrum poisoning. Toxicol Rev. 2006; 25(2):73-78. https://doi. org/10.2165/00139709-200625020-00001 PMid:16958 554
Abstract Views: 211
PDF Views: 0