Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology)

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Acute and 90 Days Repeated Dose Toxicity Of Rasa Parpati (an Ayurvedic Mercurial Formulation) In Charles Foster Albino Rats


Affiliations
1 Ayush Wing, Guna – 473001, Madhya Pradesh, India
2 Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, ITRA, Jamnagar – 361008, Gujarat,, India
3 Pharmacology Laboratory, ITRA, Jamnagar – 361008, Gujarat,, India
4 4Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi – 110076,, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Rasa parpati is a unique Ayurvedic mercurial formulation extensively prescribed by Ayurvedic physicians to treat different ailments. Considering toxicity concerns of traditional formulations for containing heavy metals like Mercury, Arsenic, Lead etc.; it becomes, imperative to evaluate safety aspects of such formulations. In Ayurveda, metals and minerals are advocated to be processed through the specified guidelines before their therapeutic application. An attempt has been made to evaluate the impact of Shodhana on safety aspects of Rasa parpati through acute and 90 days repeated dose toxicity of Rasa parpati that was prepared by two different samples of raw materials. One by using Hingulottha parada and Shuddha gandhaka (HRP) while, another with Ashuddha parada and Ashuddha gandhaka (ARP). Oral acute toxicity of test drugs was carried out at limit dose of 2000 mg/kg orally along with adjuvant in Charles foster female rats. In 90 days repeated dose toxicity, both ARP and HRP were orally administered at therapeutically equivalent dose (22.5 mg/kg), TEDx5 (112.5 mg/kg), TEDx10 (225 mg/kg) levels along with adjuvant for 90 days. Two recovery groups were also studied in the experiment. Acute toxicity revealed that, both the test drugs did not produce any signs and symptoms of toxicity and mortality up to oral dose of 2000 mg/kg in rats. Administration of HRP for 90 days revealed that, the drug at higher dose has potential to produce liver and kidney toxicity however, can be relatively safe at therapeutic dose level. ARP has potential for liver, kidney and GI tract toxicity with deposition in other organs. The recovery study suggests that, after discontinuation of HRP the observed changes are reversible in nature while, in ARP some of the observed changes are irreversible in nature. From present study, it is concluded that HRP was found to be safer than ARP at different dose levels in rats suggesting safe use at therapeutic dose level. It proves that classical procedures like Shodhana are mandatorily to be followed in the pharmaceutical processing of these formulations.

Keywords

Ayurveda, Mercury, Parada, Rasa parpati, Safety, Toxicity.
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • Mehta V, Midha V, Mahajan R, Narang V, Wander P, Sood R, Sood A. Lead intoxication due to Ayurvedic medications as a cause of abdominal pain in adults. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2017; 55:97–101. PMid: 27957879. https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2016.1259474

  • Saper RB, Russell S, Phillips, Sehgal A, Khouri N, Davis RB, et al. Lead, Mercury and Arsenic in US and Indian manufactured Ayurvedic medicines sold via the internet. JAMA. 2008; 300:915–23. PMid: 18728265 PMCid: PMC2755247. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300. 8.915

  • Mikulski MA, Wichman MD, Simmons DL, Pham AN, Clottey V, Fuortes LJ. Toxic metals in Ayurvedic preparations from a public health lead poisoning cluster investigation. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2017; 23:187– 92. PMid: 29528276 PMCid: PMC6060866. https://doi. org/10.1080/10773525.2018.1447880

  • Sathe K, Ali U, Ohri A. Acute renal failure secondary to ingestion of Ayurvedic medicine containing mercury. Indian J Nephrol. 2013; 23:301–3. PMid: 23960350 PMCid: PMC3741978. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971- 4065.114485

  • Mishra GS. Ayurveda Prakasha. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 2007.

  • Sharma S. Rasatarangini. New Delhi: Motilal Banarasi das; 2009.

  • Kulkarni DA. Rasaratnasamucchaya. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Bharati Academy; 2011.

  • Paget GE, Branes JM. Toxicity tests. Laurence DR, Bocharach AL, Eds. Evaluation of drug activities: Pharmacometrics. New York: Academic Press; 1964. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4832-2845-7.50012-8

  • OECD. OECD Guidelines for the testing of chemicals: Acute oral toxicity-up-and-down-procedure. OECD Publishing: 2001.

  • OECD. OECD Guidelines for the testing of chemicals: Repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity study in rodents. OECD Publishing: 1998.

  • Talke H, Schubert GE. Enzymatic urea determination in the blood and serum in the Warburg optical test. Klin Wochenschr. 1965; 43:174–5. PMid: 14258517. https:// doi.org/10.1007/BF01484513

  • Slot C. Plasma creatinine determination. A new and specific Jaffe reaction method. Sc and J Clin Lab Invest. 1965; 17:381–7. PMid: 5838275. https:// doi.org/10.3109/00365516509077065

  • Tietz NW, Editor. Text book of clinical chemistry. Philadelphia: WB Saunders and Company; 1986. 14. Doumas BT, Arends RL, Pinto PC. Standard methods of clinical chemistry. Vol VII. Chicago: Academic Press; 1972.

  • Wilkinson JH, Boutwell JH, Winsten S. Evaluation of a new system for the kinetic measurement of serum alkaline phosphatase. Clin Chem. 1969; 15:487–95. PMid: 5786804. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/15.6.487

  • Tietz NW, Editor. Clinical guide to laboratory tests. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders and Company; 1995.

  • Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Eds. Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders and Company; 1999.

  • Pearlman FC, Lee RT. Detection and measurement of total bilirubin in serum, with use of surfactants as solubilizing agents. Clin Chem. 1974; 20:447–53. https:// doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/20.4.447

  • Kabasakalian P, Kalliney S, Westcott A. Determination of uric acid in serum, with use of uricase and a tribromophenol-aminoantipyrine chromogen. Clin Chem. 1973; 19:522–4. PMid: 4703662. https://doi. org/10.1093/clinchem/19.5.522

  • Moorehead WR, Biggs HG. 2-Amino-2-methyl- 1-propanol as the alkalizing agent in an improved continuous-flow cresolphthalein complex one procedure for calcium in serum. Clin Chem. 1974; 20:1458–60. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/20.11.1458

  • Roeschlau P, Bernt E, Gruber WA. Enzymatic determination of total cholesterol in serum. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1974; 12:226.

  • Dominiczak M, McNamara J, Nauk M, Wiebe D, Warnick G. Handbook of lipoprotein testing. Measurement of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Rifai N, Warnick GR, Dominiczak MH, Eds. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: AACC Press; 2000.

  • Fossati P, Prencipe L. Serum triglycerides determined colorimetrically with an enzyme that produces hydrogen peroxide. Clin Chem. 1982; 28:2077–80. PMid: 6812986. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/28.10.2077

  • Anonymous. Class 6-toxic and infectious substances. UN recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods-model regulations. Part-2. 12th revised ed. Ch. 2.6. Geneva: United Nations Publications; 2001.

  • Dart RC, Sulliva JB. Medical toxicology. Mercury. Dart RC, Ed. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2004.


Abstract Views: 129

PDF Views: 0




  • Acute and 90 Days Repeated Dose Toxicity Of Rasa Parpati (an Ayurvedic Mercurial Formulation) In Charles Foster Albino Rats

Abstract Views: 129  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Ankesh Agrawal
Ayush Wing, Guna – 473001, Madhya Pradesh, India
Swapnil Chaudhari
Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, ITRA, Jamnagar – 361008, Gujarat,, India
Mukesh Nariya
Pharmacology Laboratory, ITRA, Jamnagar – 361008, Gujarat,, India
R. Galib
4Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi – 110076,, India
Pradeep Kumar Prajapati
4Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi – 110076,, India

Abstract


Rasa parpati is a unique Ayurvedic mercurial formulation extensively prescribed by Ayurvedic physicians to treat different ailments. Considering toxicity concerns of traditional formulations for containing heavy metals like Mercury, Arsenic, Lead etc.; it becomes, imperative to evaluate safety aspects of such formulations. In Ayurveda, metals and minerals are advocated to be processed through the specified guidelines before their therapeutic application. An attempt has been made to evaluate the impact of Shodhana on safety aspects of Rasa parpati through acute and 90 days repeated dose toxicity of Rasa parpati that was prepared by two different samples of raw materials. One by using Hingulottha parada and Shuddha gandhaka (HRP) while, another with Ashuddha parada and Ashuddha gandhaka (ARP). Oral acute toxicity of test drugs was carried out at limit dose of 2000 mg/kg orally along with adjuvant in Charles foster female rats. In 90 days repeated dose toxicity, both ARP and HRP were orally administered at therapeutically equivalent dose (22.5 mg/kg), TEDx5 (112.5 mg/kg), TEDx10 (225 mg/kg) levels along with adjuvant for 90 days. Two recovery groups were also studied in the experiment. Acute toxicity revealed that, both the test drugs did not produce any signs and symptoms of toxicity and mortality up to oral dose of 2000 mg/kg in rats. Administration of HRP for 90 days revealed that, the drug at higher dose has potential to produce liver and kidney toxicity however, can be relatively safe at therapeutic dose level. ARP has potential for liver, kidney and GI tract toxicity with deposition in other organs. The recovery study suggests that, after discontinuation of HRP the observed changes are reversible in nature while, in ARP some of the observed changes are irreversible in nature. From present study, it is concluded that HRP was found to be safer than ARP at different dose levels in rats suggesting safe use at therapeutic dose level. It proves that classical procedures like Shodhana are mandatorily to be followed in the pharmaceutical processing of these formulations.

Keywords


Ayurveda, Mercury, Parada, Rasa parpati, Safety, Toxicity.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.18311/ti%2F2020%2Fv27i3%264%2F25645