Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology)

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Imidacloprid Induced Alterations in Behavioral and Locomotory Activity of Fingerlings of Common Carp, Cyprinus Carpio


Affiliations
1 Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra – 136119, Haryana,, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Pesticide imidacloprid is extensively used in agriculture field to kill variety of insect pests, from where it enters into surrounding aquatic ecosystem and results into toxicity related outcomes on non-target species. The present study was planned to evaluate the sublethal toxic effects of pesticide imidacloprid on behavior and locomotory activity of fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio. Initially, the LC50 (48 hrs) was calculated for fertilized eggs of C. carpio by probit analysis and was reported as 78 ppm. Further, the fingerlings of C. carpio were exposed to three different sublethal concentrations i.e. 7.8 ppm, 15.6 ppm and 23.4 ppm of imidacloprid along with control for 21 days and behavior of fish was supervised at regular intervals on days 2, 4, 7, 15 and 21. The control fish behaved normally but treated fishes demonstrated abnormal behavior like hyper excites, restless, loss of equilibrium, hyper activity, erratic swimming with jerky movements, excess mucus secretion, reduced skin pigmentation and loss of response to touch. Significant disruptions were also recorded in operculum beat frequency, surfacing movement and tail beat frequencies. All these outcomes are due to neurotoxic nature of imidacloprid as it blocks the receptor for neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Keywords

Behavior, Cyprinus carpio, Imidacloprid, Toxicity.
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • Kumar M, Kumar P, Devi S. Toxicity of copper sulphate on behavioral parameter and respiratory surveillance in freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.). International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies. 2015; 2:80–5.

  • Bhardwaj JK, Mittal M, Saraf P, Kumari P. Pesticides induced oxidative stress and female infertility: A review. Toxin Reviews. 2020; 39:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/1 5569543.2018.1474926

  • Abhilash PC, Singh N. Pesticides use and application: An Indian scenario. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009; 165:1–12. PMid: 19081675. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.10.061

  • Bhardwaj JK, Kumari P, Saraf P, Yadav AS. Antiapoptotic effects of vitamin C and E against Cypermethrin induced oxidative stress and spermatogonial germ cell apoptosis. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 2018. PMid: 29975445. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.22174

  • Bhardwaj JK, Mittal M, Saraf P. Effective attenuation of glyphosate induced oxidative stress and granulose cell apoptosis by vitamin C and E in caprines. Molecular Reproduction and Development. 2019; 86:42–52. PMid: 30411421. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.23084

  • Fisher SW. Changes in the toxicity of the three pesticides as a function of Environmental pH and temperature. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1991; 46:197–202. PMid: 1708299. https:// doi.org/10.1007/BF01691937

  • Hansen JA, Marr JCA, Lipton J, Cacela D, Bergman HL. Difference in neurobehavioral response of Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and rainbow trout, Oncorynchus mykiss exposed to copper and cobalt, behavioral avoidance. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 1999; 18:1972–8. https://doi.org/10. 1002/etc.5620180916

  • Kegley S, Neumeister L, Martin T. Ecological impacts of pesticides in California. California, USA: Pesticide Action Network; 1999. p. 99.

  • Weber DN, Spieler RE. Behavioral mechanisms of metal toxicity in fishes. Malins, D.C., Ostrander, G.K. (Eds.). London, UK: Aquatic Toxicology, CRC Press; 1994. p. 421–67.

  • Scott GR, Sloman KA. The effects of environmental pollutants on complex fish behaviour: Integrating behavioral and physiological indicators of toxicity. Aquatic Toxicology. 2004; 68:369–92. PMid: 15177953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.03.016

  • Beitinger TL. Behavioral reactions for the assessment of stress in fishes. Journal of Great Lakes Research. 1990; 16:495–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380- 1330(90)71443-8

  • Kasumyan AO. Effects of chemical pollutants on foraging behaviour and sensitivity of fish to food stimuli. Journal of Ichthyology. 2001; 41:76–87.

  • Rao JV, Begum G, Pallela R, Usman PK, Rao N. Changes in behaviour and brain acetylcholinesterase activity in mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis in response to the sub-lethal exposure to chlorpyrifos. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2005; 2:478–83. PMid: 16819104. https://doi. org/10.3390/ijerph2005030013

  • Sarkar M, Biswas P, Roy S, Kole R, Chowdhury A. Effect of pH and type of formulation on the persistence of imidacloprid in water. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1999; 63:604–9. PMid: 10541679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289901023

  • Hovda LR, Hooser SB. Toxicology of newer pesticides for use in dogs and cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2002; 32:455–67.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-5616(01)00013-4 16. Tomlin CDS. The Pesticide Manual, 12th Eds. Surrey, United Kingdom: British Crop Protection Council; 2000.

  • Shiokawa K, Moriya K, Shibuya K, Hattori Y, Tsuboi S, Kagabu S. 3-(6-chloronicotinyl)-2-nitromethylene- thiazolidine as a new class of insecticide acting against lepidoptera species. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 1992; 56:1364–5. https://doi.org/10.1271/ bbb.56.1364

  • Kumar A, Verma A, Kumar A. Accidental human poisoning with a neonicotinoid insecticide, imidacloprid: A rare case report from rural India with a brief review of literature. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2013; 3:123–6. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2013.05.002

  • Nemeth-Konda L, Fuleky G, Morovjan GY, Csokan P. Sorption behaviour of acetochlor, atrazine, carbendazim, diazinon, imidacloprid and isoproturon on Hungarian agricultural soil. Chemosphere. 2002; 48:545–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00106-6

  • Bhardwaj JK, Saraf P. N-acetyl cysteine mediated effective attenuation of methoxychlor-induced granulosa cell apoptosis by counteracting reactive oxygen species generation in caprine ovary. Environmental Toxicology. 2017; 32:156–66. PMid: 26635070. https://doi.org/10. 1002/tox.22221

  • US EPA. Data evaluation record: NTN 33893, MRID No. 420553-13. Washington, D.C., 1992.

  • Islam MA, Hossen MS, Sumon KA, Rahman MM. Acute Toxicity of imidacloprid on the developmental stages of common carp Cyprinus carpio. Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences. 2019; 11:244–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-019-0410-8

  • American Public Health Association, American Water Works association and Water Pollution Control Federation (APHA). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 20th eds. American Public Health Association, Washington DC, USA; 2012.

  • Little EE, Finger SE. Swimming behaviour as an indicator of sublethal toxicity in fish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 1990; 9:13–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ etc.5620090103

  • Song MY, Stark JD, Brown JJ. Comparative toxicity of four insecticides, including imidacloprid and tebufenozide, to four aquatic arthropods. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 1997; 16:2494–500. https:// doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620161209

  • Rao JV, Shilpanjali D, Kavitha P, Madhavendra SS. Toxic effects of profenofos on tissue acetylcholinesterase and gill morphology in a euryhaline fish, Oreochromis mossambicus. Archives of Toxicology. 2003; 77:227–32. PMid: 12698238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-002- 0432-9

  • Patil VK, David M. Behaviour and respiratory dysfunction as an index of malathion toxicity in the freshwater fish, Labeo rohita (Ham.). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2008; 8:233–7.

  • Parithabhanu A. Pesticide toxicity and behavioral responses in the fish Oreochromis mossambicus. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. 2013; 3:161–4.

  • Dutta MJ, Choudhary S. Ecology of Heteropneuses fossilis (Bloch): Air breathing catfish of South East Asia. New Delhi: Narendra Publishing House; 1996. p. 174.

  • Ultsch GR, Gros G. Mucus as a diffusion barier to oxygen: Possible role in oxygen uptake at low pH in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) gills. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 1979; 62:685–9. https://doi.org/10.1016 /0300-9629(79)90125-7

  • Katja S, Georg BOS, Stephan P, Christian EWS. Impact of PCB mixture (Aroclor 1254) and TBT and a mixture of both on swimming behaviour, body growth and enzymatic biotransformation activities (GST) of young carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquatic Toxicology. 2005; 71:49–59. PMid: 15642631. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.10.012

  • Omitoyin BO, Ajani EK, Fajimi AO. Toxicity gramoxone (paraquat) to juvenile African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. 2006; 1:26– 30.

  • Venkata VR, Nagaraju B. Acute toxicity and histopathological changes in freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to chlorantraniliprole. International Journal of Zoology Studies. 2014; 1:23–30.

  • Lata SK, Gopal K, Singh NN. Toxicological evaluations and morphological studies in a cat fish Clarias batrachus exposed to carbaryl and carbofuran. Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health. 2001; 1:121–30.

  • Prashanth MS, David M, Mathad SG. Behavioral changes in freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) exposed to cypermethrin. Journal of Environmental Biology. 2005; 26:141–4.

  • Lokhande MV. Oxygen consumption and behaviour surveillance in the freshwater fish Rasbora daniconius exposed to dimethoate. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. 2017; 5:712–6. 37. Ayoola SO, Ajani EK. Histopathological effects of cypermethrin on juvenile African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). World Journal of Biological Research. 2008; 1:1–14.

  • Kalavathy K, Sivakumari AA, Chandran R. Toxic effect of the pesticide dimethoate on the fish, Sarotherodon mossambicus. Journal of Ecological Research. 2001; 2:27–32.

  • Prashanth MS, Patil YB. Behavioral surveillance of Indian major carp Catla catla (Ham.) exposed to free cyanide. Journal of Current Science. 2006; 9:313–8.

  • Fauziah SH. A comparative study on selected landfills in Selangor, Kuala Lumpur. Municipal Solid Waste Management, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya. Malaysian Journal of Science.1997; 23:11–7.

  • Mintram KS, Brown AR, Maynard SK, Thorbek P, Tyler CR. Capturing ecology in modeling approaches applied to environmental risk assessment of endocrine active chemicals in fish. Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 2018; 48:119–20. PMid: 28929839. https://doi.org/10.1080/10 408444.2017.1367756

  • Bhardwaj JK, Panchal H, Saraf P. Cadmium as a testicular toxicant: A Review. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2020; 1–13. PMid: 32876350. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.405 43. Levin E, Chrysanthis E, Yacisin K, Linney E. Chlorpyrifos exposure of developing zebrafish: effects on survival and longterm effects on response latency and spatial discrimination. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2003; 25:51–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0892-0362(02)00322-7

  • Levin E, Swain H, Donerly S, Linney E. Developmental chlorpyrifos effects on hatchling zebrafish swimming behaviour. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2004; 26:719–23. PMid: 15451035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ntt.2004.06.013

  • Westerterp K. How rats economize energy loss in starvation. Journal of Physiology. 1977; 50:331–62. https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.50.4.30155736

  • Nilsson GE, Rosen P, Johansson D. Anoxic depression of spontaneous locomotor activity in crucian carp quantified by a computerized imaging technique. Journal of Experimental Biology. 1993; 180:153–62.


Abstract Views: 175

PDF Views: 0




  • Imidacloprid Induced Alterations in Behavioral and Locomotory Activity of Fingerlings of Common Carp, Cyprinus Carpio

Abstract Views: 175  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Jitender Kumar Bhardwaj
Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra – 136119, Haryana,, India
Harkrishan
Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra – 136119, Haryana,, India
Anil K. Tyor
Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra – 136119, Haryana,, India

Abstract


Pesticide imidacloprid is extensively used in agriculture field to kill variety of insect pests, from where it enters into surrounding aquatic ecosystem and results into toxicity related outcomes on non-target species. The present study was planned to evaluate the sublethal toxic effects of pesticide imidacloprid on behavior and locomotory activity of fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio. Initially, the LC50 (48 hrs) was calculated for fertilized eggs of C. carpio by probit analysis and was reported as 78 ppm. Further, the fingerlings of C. carpio were exposed to three different sublethal concentrations i.e. 7.8 ppm, 15.6 ppm and 23.4 ppm of imidacloprid along with control for 21 days and behavior of fish was supervised at regular intervals on days 2, 4, 7, 15 and 21. The control fish behaved normally but treated fishes demonstrated abnormal behavior like hyper excites, restless, loss of equilibrium, hyper activity, erratic swimming with jerky movements, excess mucus secretion, reduced skin pigmentation and loss of response to touch. Significant disruptions were also recorded in operculum beat frequency, surfacing movement and tail beat frequencies. All these outcomes are due to neurotoxic nature of imidacloprid as it blocks the receptor for neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Keywords


Behavior, Cyprinus carpio, Imidacloprid, Toxicity.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.18311/ti%2F2020%2Fv27i3%264%2F25707