Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology)

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Fluoride Contamination, Toxicity and its Potential Therapeutic Agents


Affiliations
1 Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol – 713340, West Bengal, India
2 Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman – 713104, West Bengal, India
3 Department of Zoology, Krishna Chandra College, Hetampur – 731124, West Bengal, India
4 Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman – 713104, West Bengal, India
5 Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Darjeeling Government College, Darjeeling –734104, West Bengal, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Fluoride is the thirteenth most abundant element in the earth’s crust. It is highly electronegative and distributed ubiquitously in nature. During weathering of rocks and soil, fluoride can leach out and dissolve in the groundwater. Both plants and animals are exposed to several compounds of fluoride through contaminated soil and water. Fluoride contamination in groundwater is a major global concern as groundwater is frequently used for drinking in various parts of the world, especially in developing countries. Fluoride compounds have been reported to impose acute and chronic health hazards. Millions of global populations are suffering from dental and skeletal fluorosis due to high fluoride intake through drinking water. In green vegetation, fluoride accumulation causes necrosis in the tip and marginal portions of leaves. Diverse detrimental effects of fluoride on health have insisted researchers globally to identify compounds having protective potential against fluoride toxicity. Several plant extracts, vitamins, polyphenols, melatonin, hypophyseal proteins, and lycopene have been demonstrated to enhance the antioxidant status and subvert fluoride-induced health hazards in model organisms. However, more studies are required to forward conclusive opinions in terms of the real-life efficacy of these antioxidants against fluoride toxicity.


Keywords

Selected:Fluoride, Fluorosis, Lycopene, Melatonin, Oxidative Stress.Remove Fluoride, Fluorosis, Lycopene, Melatonin, Oxidative Stress.
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Oral Health Group. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; 2009(1):CD002278

  • Featherstone JDB. Discussion of session II: Fluoride and the caries process. In: Proceedings of a Joint IADR/ORCA International Symposium on Fluorides: Mechanisms of action and recommendations for use. J Dent Res. 1989; 69(special issue):634-636 https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345900690S123

  • Kurdi MS. Chronic fluorosis: The disease and its anaesthetic implications. Indian J Anaesth. 2016; 60:157-162. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5049.177867 PMid:27053777 PMCid:PMC4800930

  • Zhang J, Zhu WJ, Xu XH, Zhang ZG. Effect of fluoride on calcium ion concentration and expression of nuclear transcription factor kappa-B in rat hippocampus. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2011; 63:407-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2010.02.017 PMid:20304620

  • Norman HO, Arden CG. Water fluoridation in primary preventive dentistry. 3rd ed. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange; 1991.

  • Ali S, Thakur Sk, Sarkar A, Shekhar S. Worldwide contamination of water by fluoride. Environ Chem Lett. 2016; 14:291-315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-016-0563-5

  • Farooqi A, Masuda H, Firdous N. Toxic fluoride and arsenic contaminated groundwater in the Lahore and Kasur districts, Punjab, Pakistan and possible contaminant sources. Environ Pollut. 2007; 145(3):839- 849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.007 PMid: 16777300

  • Queste A, Lacombe M, Hellmeier W, Hillermann F, Bortulussi B, Kaup M, Ott K, Mathys W. High concentrations of fluoride and boron in drinking water wells in the Muenster region- results of a preliminary investigation. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2001; 203(3):221- 224. https://doi.org/10.1078/S1438-4639(04)70032-2 PMid:11279818

  • Razo LMD, Corona JC, Garcı ‘a-Vargas G, Albores A, Cebria’n ME. Fluoride levels in well-water from a chronic arsenicism area of northern Mexico. Environ Pollut. 1993; 80(1):91-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(93)90015-G PMid:15091878

  • Smedley PL, Nicolli HB, Macdonald DMJ, Barros AJ, Tullio JO. Hydrogeochemistry of arsenic and other inorganic constituents in groundwaters from La Pampa, Argentina. Appl Geochem. 2002; 17(3):259-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00082-8

  • EPA Report. Environmental Protection Agency, Ohio; 2012. Available from: www.epa.state.oh.us/Portals/28/documents/gwqcp/fluoride_ts.pdf

  • Dhanya R, Shaji E. Fluoride contamination in groundwater resources of Alleppey, southern India. GSF. 2017; 8:117-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2016. 01.002

  • Shortt HE, Pandit CG, Raghavachari TNS. Endemic fluorosis in Nellore district, south India. Ind Med Gaz. 1937; 72:396-398.

  • Hussain J, Hussain I, Sharma KC. Fluoride and health hazards: Community perception in a fluorotic area of central Rajasthan (India): An arid environment. Environ Monit Assess. 2010; 162:1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0771-6 PMid:19266303

  • Mangla B. India’s dentists squeeze fluoride warnings off tubes. New Scientist. 1991; 131:16.

  • Das S, Nag SK. Geochemical appraisal of fluoride- Laden groundwater in Suri I and II Blocks, Birbhum District, West Bengal. J Earth Sci Clim Change. 2016; 7:6. https:// doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000358

  • Ekstrand J, Ehrnebo M. Absorption of fluoride from fluoride dentifrices. Caries Res. 1980; 14:96-102. https://doi.org/10.1159/000260442 PMid:6927971

  • Amini M, Mueller K, Abbaspour KC, Rosenberg T, Afyuni M, Moller KN, Sarr M, Johnson CA. Statistical modelling of global geogenic fluoride contamination in groundwaters. Environ Sci Technol. 2008; 42:3662-3668. https://doi.org/10.1021/es071958y PMid:18546705

  • Shulman, JD, Wells LM. Acute ethanol toxicity from ingesting mouthwash in children younger than 6 years of age. Pediatr Dent. 1997; 19:404-408.

  • Martínez-Mier EA. Fluoride: its metabolism, toxicity, and role in dental health. J Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012; 17:28-32 https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587211428076

  • Qin J, Chai G, Brewer JM, Lovelace LL, Lebioda L. Fluoride Inhibition of enolase: Crystal structure and thermodynamics. Biochemistry. 2006; 45:793-800. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi051558s PMid:16411755 PMCid:PMC2566932

  • Fejerskov O, Larsen MJ, Richards A, Baelum V. Dental tissue effects of fluoride. Adv Dent Res. 1994; 8:15-31 https://doi.org/10.1177/08959374940080010601 PMid: 7993557

  • Evans RW, Darvell BW. Refining the estimate of the critical period for susceptibility to enamel fluorosis in human maxillary central incisors. J Public Health Dent. 1995; 55:238-249. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.1995. tb02376.x PMid:8551464

  • Hong L, Levy SM, Broffitt B, Warren JJ, Kanellis MJ, Wefel JS, Dawson DV. Timing of fluoride intake in relation to development of fluorosis on maxillary central incisors. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2006; 34:299-309 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2006.00281.x PMid: 16856950

  • Arends J, Ten Cate JM. Tooth enamel remineralization. J Crystal Growth. 1981; 53:135-147. https://doi. org/10.1016/0022-0248(81)90060-9

  • Everett ET, McHenry MA. Reynolds N, et al. Dental fluorosis: Variability among different inbred mouse strains. J Dent Res. 2002; 81:794-798. https://doi.org/10.1177/0810794 PMid:12407097

  • Martinez-Mier EA, Soto-Rojas AE, Uren˜a-Cirett JL, Katz BP, Stookey GK, Dunipace A. Dental fluorosis and altitude: A preliminary study. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2004; 2:39-48.

  • Jha SK, Mishra VK, Sharma DK. Damodaran T. Fluoride in the environment and its metabolism in humans. In: anonymous reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. New York: Springer; 2011. p. 121-142. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8011-3_4 PMid: 21287392

  • Ranjan R, Ranjan A. Fluoride toxicity in animals. New York: Springer; 2015 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17512-6

  • Tahir MA, Rasheed H. Fluoride in the drinking water of Pakistan and the possible risk of crippling fluorosis. Drink Water Eng Sci. 2013; 6:17-23. https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-6-17-2013

  • Ozsvath DL. Fluoride and environmental health: A review. Rev Environ Sci Bio Technol. 2009; 8:59-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-008-9136-9

  • Bezerra de Menezes LM, Volpato MC, Rosalen PL, Cury JA. Bone as a biomarker of acute fluoride toxicity. Forensic Sci Int. 2003; 137:209-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2003.08.001 PMid:14609659

  • Akyuz S, Yarat A, Alturfan EE, Kaya S. Fluoride in saliva and its impact on health. In: Preedy VR, editor. Fluorine. London: Royal Society of Chemistry. 2015. p. 173-185. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781782628507-00173

  • Yang K, Liang X. Fluoride in drinking water: Effect on liver and kidney function. New York: Elsevier; 2011. p. 769-775. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52272-6.00418-9

  • Shashi A. Biochemical effects of fluoride on lipid metabolism in the reproductive organs of male rabbits. Fluoride. 1992; 25:149-154.

  • Tian Y, Huo M, Li G, Li Y, Wang J. Regulation of LPS-induced mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines via alteration of NF-κB activity in mouse peritoneal macrophages exposed to fluoride. Chemosphere. 2016; 161:89-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.035 PMid:27421105

  • Jia-Xi W, Bian YM. Fluoride effects on the mulberry-silkworm system, Environ Pollut. 1988; 52:11-18. https:// doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(88)90104-2 PMid:15092615

  • De la Fuente BM, Vázquez Rocha RA, Devesa V, Vélez D. Effects of sodium fluoride on immune response in murine macrophages. Toxicol in Vitro 2016; 34:81-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2016.03.001 PMid:26965474

  • Freni SC. Exposure to high fluoride concnetrations in drinking water is associated with decreased birth rates. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1994; 42:109-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287399409531866 PMid:8169995

  • Khatun S, Rajak P, Dutta M, Roy S. Sodium fluoride adversely affects ovarian development and reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster. Chemosphere. 2017; 186:51e61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.123 PMid:28763637

  • Khatun S, Mandi M, Rajak P, Roy S. Interplay of ROS and behavioral pattern in fluoride exposed Drosophila melanogaster. Chemosphere. 2018; 209:220-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.074 PMid:29936113

  • Kumar N, Sood S, Arora B, Singh M., Beena. Effect of duration of fluoride exposure on the reproductive system in male rabbits. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2010; 3:148-152. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.74159 PMid: 21234178 PMCid:PMC3017333

  • Gupta RS, Khan TI, Agrawal D, Kachhawa JBS. The toxic effects of Sodium Fluoride on the reproductive system of male rats. Toxicol Ind Health. 2007; 23(9):507-513. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233708089041 PMid:18681235

  • Pervez A, Sinha MK, Yadav M, Implications of fluoride toxicity on the male reproductive system: A review. J Mountain Res. 2016; 11:1-7.

  • Sun ZL, Wang B, Niu RY, Zhang JH, Wang JD. Decreased sperm hyperactivation and low Catsper1 expression in mice exposed to fluoride. Fluoride. 2009; 42(3):167-173

  • Sjostrom S, Kalfas S. Tissue necrosis after subgingival irrigation with fluoride solution, J Clin Periodontol. 1999; 26:257-260. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051X.1999.260410.x PMid:10223398

  • Dutta M, Rajak P, Khatun S, Roy S. Toxicity assessment of sodium fluoride in Drosophila melanogaster after chronic sub-lethal exposure. Chemosphere. 2017; 166:255-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.112 PMid:27700992

  • Ericsson Y. Fluorides and human health. Lancet. 1970; 2:351-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(70)92882-5

  • Song GH, Gao JP, Wang CF, Chen CY, Yan XY, Guo M, Wang Y, Huang FB. Sodium fluoride induces apoptosis in the kidney of rats through caspase-mediated pathways and DNA damage. J. Physiol Biochem. 2014; 70:857-868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-014-0354-z PMid:25158646

  • Mailloux RJ, Harper ME. Uncoupling proteins and the control of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011; 51:1106-1115 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.022 PMid:21762777

  • Rajak P, Roy S. Heat shock proteins and pesticide stress. In Regulation of Heat Shock Protein Responses. Springer, Cham; 2018. p. 27-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74715-6_2

  • Kim I, Xu W, Reed JC. Cell death and endoplasmic reticulum stress: disease relevance and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2009; 7:1013-1030. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2755 PMid:19043451

  • Rajak P, Ganguly A, Sarkar S, Mandi M, Dutta M, Podder S, Khatun S, Roy S. Immunotoxic role of organophosphates: An unseen risk escalating SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. Food Chem Toxicol. 2021; 149:112007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112007 PMid:33493637 PMCid:PMC7825955

  • Jiang C, Zhang S, Liu H, Zeng Q, Xia, T. The role of the IRE1 pathway in PBDE- 47-induced toxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells in vitro. Toxicol Lett. 2012; 211: 325-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.04.009 PMid:22543052

  • Rajak P, Dutta M, Khatun S, Mandi M, Roy S. Exploring hazards of acute exposure of Acephate in Drosophila melanogaster and search for l-ascorbic acid mediated defense in it. J Hazard Mater. 2017; 321:690-702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.067 PMid:27701059

  • Mandi M, Khatun S, Rajak P, Mazumdar A, Roy S. Potential risk of organophosphate exposure in male reproductive system of a non-target insect model Drosophila melanogaster. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2020; 74:103308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2019.103308 PMid:31816565

  • Ghanty S, Mandi M, Ganguly A, Das K, Dutta A, Nanda S, Biswas G, Rajak P. Lung surfactant proteins as potential targets of prallethrin: An in silico approach. Toxicol. Environ Health Sci. 2022; 14(1):89-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-021-00119-0 PMCid:PMC8788395

  • Rajak P, Roy S, Pal AK, Paramanik M, Dutta M, Podder S, Sarkar S, Ganguly A, Mandi M, Dutta A, Das K, Ghanty S, Khatun S. In silico study reveals binding potential of rotenone at multiple sites of pulmonary surfactant proteins: A matter of concern. Curr Res Toxicol. 2021; 4:2:411-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crtox.2021.11.003 PMid:34917955 PMCid:PMC8666459

  • Dutta M, Rajak P, Roy S, Determination of chronic median lethal concentration of sodium fluoride in Drosophila melanogaster and exploring effect of sub-lethal concentrations on differential hemocyte count. Proc. Zool Soc. 2019; 72:111-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12595-017-0235-x

  • Sarkar S, Rajak P, Roy S. Toxicological evaluation of a new lepidopteran insecticide, flubendiamide, in non-target Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae). IJT. 2018; 12(3): 45-50. https://doi. org/10.32598/IJT.12.3.477.1

  • Rajak P, Roy S. Heat Shock Proteins and Pesticide Stress. In: Asea, A., Kaur, P. (eds) Regulation of Heat Shock Protein Responses. Heat Shock Proteins. Springer, Cham; 2018. p. 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319- 74715-6_2

  • Rajak P, Sahana S, Roy S. Acephate-induced shortening of developmental duration and early adult emergence in a nontarget insect Drosophila melanogaster. Toxicol Environ Chem. 2013; 95:1369-1379. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2014.880608

  • Rajak P, Dutta M, Roy S. Altered differential hemocyte count in 3rd instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster as a response to chronic exposure of Acephate. Interdiscip. Toxicol. 2015; 8:84-88. https://doi.org/10.1515/intox-2015-0013 PMid:27486365 PMCid:PMC4961902

  • Rajak P, Roy S, Podder S, Dutta M, Sarkar S, Ganguly A, Mandi M, Dutta A, Nanda S, Khatun S. Synergistic action of organophosphates and COVID-19 on inflammation, oxidative stress, and renin-angiotensin system can amplify the risk of cardiovascular maladies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2022; 456:116267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. taap.2022.116267 PMid:36240863 PMCid:PMC9554205

  • Whitford GM, Bawden JW, Bowen WH, Brown LJ, Ciardi JE, Clarkson TW, Imrey PB, Kleerekoper M, Marthaler TM, McGuire S, Ophaug RH, Robinson C, Schultz JS, Stookey GK, Tochman MS, Venkateswarlu P, Zero DT. Report for Working Group I: Strategies for improving the assessment of fluoride accumulation in body fluids and tissues, Adv Dent Res. 1994; 8:113-115. https://doi.org/10.1177/08959374940080010401 PMid:7993555

  • Gutknecht J, Walter A. A hydrofluoric and nitric acid transport through lipidbilayer membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981; 644:153-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(81)90071-7 PMid:6266462

  • Barbier O, Mendoza LA, Razo LMD. Molecular mechanism of fluoride toxicity. Chem Biol Interact. 2010; 188:319e333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2010.07.011 PMid:20650267

  • Daiwile AP, Tarale P, Sivanesan S, Naoghare PK, Bafana A, Parmar D, Kannan K. Role of fluoride induced epigenetic alterations in the development of skeletal fluorosis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019; 169: 410-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.035 PMid:30469026

  • Burgstahler AW. Paradoxical dose-response effects of fluoride. Fluoride. 2002; 35:143e147.

  • Gritsan NP, Miller GW, Schumatkov GG. Correlation among heavy metals and fluoride in soil, air and plants in relation to environmental damage. Fluoride. 1995; 28:180-188.

  • Arnesen AKM. Availability of fluoride to plants grown in contaminated soils. Plant Soil. 1997; 191:13-25. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004210713596

  • Zhi-Hui NA, Wang GQ, Chuan-Ping LI. Emissions of fluoride and environmental management in phosphate fertilizer enterprises. Environ Sci Surv. 2015; S1:49-51.

  • Nada E. 2005. Effect of fluoride on almond seedlings in culture solution. Fluoride. 38: 193-198.

  • Salgado-Bustamante M, Ortiz-Perez MD, Calderon-Aranda E. Pattern of expression of apoptosis and inflammatory genes in humans exposed to arsenic and/ or fluoride. Sci Total Environ. 2010; 408:760-767. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.016 PMid:19962721

  • Qiao J, Cui Z, Sun Y, Hu Q, Guan X. Simultaneous removal of arsenate and fluoride from water by Al-Fe (hydr) oxides. Frontiers Environ Sci Eng. 2014; 8:169- 179 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0533-0

  • Thole B, Mtalo F, Masamba W. Effect of particle size on loading capacity and water quality in water defluoridation with 200°C calcined bauxite, gypsum, magnesite and their composite filter. Afri J Pure Appl Chem. 2012; 6:26-34.

  • Chauhan VS, Dwivedi PK, Iyengar L. Investigations on activated alumina based domestic defluoridation units, J Haz Mater. 2007; 139:103-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.014 PMid:16872741

  • Sinha M, Manna P, Sil PC. Terminalia arjuna protects mouse hearts against sodium fluoride-induced oxidative stress. J Med Food, 2008; 11:733- 740. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2007.0130 PMid:19053867

  • Vasant RA, Narasimhacharya AVRL. Ameliorative effect of tamarind leaf on fluoride-induced metabolic alterations. Environ Health Prev Med. 2012; 17:484- 493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-012-0277-7 PMid: 22438201 PMCid:PMC3493631

  • Bharti VK, Srivastava RS. Effect of pineal proteins at different dose level on fluoride-induced changes in plasma biochemicals and blood antioxidants enzymes in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011; 141:275-282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-010-8733-y PMid:20509005

  • Rao MV, Vyas DD, Meda RB, Chawla SL. In vitro protective role of melatonin against hemolysis induced by sodium fluoride in human red blood cells. Fluoride. 2011; 44:77-82.

  • Jain A, Mehta VK, Chittora R, Mahdi AA, Bhatnagar M. Melatonin ameliorates fluoride induced neurotoxicity in young rats: An in vivo evidence, Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2015. 8:164-167.

  • Mansour HH, Tawfik SS. Efficacy of lycopene against fluoride toxicity in rats. Pharm Biol. 2012; 50:707- 711. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2011.618994 PMid:22133041

  • Chouhan S, Tuteja U, Flora SJS. Isolation, identification and characterization of fluoride resistant bacteria: possible role in bioremediation. Appl Biochem Microbiol. 2012; 48(1):43-50. https://doi.org/10.1134/ S0003683812010036

  • Mukherjee S, Yadav V, Mondal M, Banerjee S, Halder G. Characterization of a fluoride-resistant bacterium Acinetobacter sp. RH5 towards assessment of its defluoridation capability. Appl Water Sci. 2015; 7:1923- 1930 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0370-3

  • Pal KC, Mondal NK, Chatterjee S, Ghosh TH, Datta JK. Characterization of fluoride-tolerant halophilic Bacillus flexus NM25 (HQ875778) isolated from fluoride affected soil in Birbhum District, West Bengal, India. Environ Monit Assess. 2014; 186(2):699-709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3408-8 PMid:24068284

  • Mukherjee S, Yadav V, Mondal M, Banerjee S, Halder G. Characterization of a fluoride-resistant bacterium Acinetobacter sp. RH5 towards assessment of its water defluoridation capability. Appl Water Sci. 2017; 7:1923-1930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0370-3

  • Sharma S, Upadhyay D, Singh B, Shrivastava D, Kulshreshtha NM. Defluoridation of water using autochthonous bacterial isolates. Environ Monit Assess. 2019; 191:781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019- 7928-8 PMid:31786659


Abstract Views: 456

PDF Views: 0




  • Fluoride Contamination, Toxicity and its Potential Therapeutic Agents

Abstract Views: 456  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Prem Rajak
Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol – 713340, West Bengal, India
Sumedha Roy
Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman – 713104, West Bengal, India
Salma Khatun
Department of Zoology, Krishna Chandra College, Hetampur – 731124, West Bengal, India
Moutushi Mandi
Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman – 713104, West Bengal, India
Abhratanu Ganguly
Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol – 713340, West Bengal, India
Kanchana Das
Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman – 713104, West Bengal, India
Anik Dutta
Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Darjeeling Government College, Darjeeling –734104, West Bengal, India
Sayantani Nanda
Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol – 713340, West Bengal, India
Siddhartha Ghanty
Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol – 713340, West Bengal, India
Gopal Biswas
Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman – 713104, West Bengal, India

Abstract


Fluoride is the thirteenth most abundant element in the earth’s crust. It is highly electronegative and distributed ubiquitously in nature. During weathering of rocks and soil, fluoride can leach out and dissolve in the groundwater. Both plants and animals are exposed to several compounds of fluoride through contaminated soil and water. Fluoride contamination in groundwater is a major global concern as groundwater is frequently used for drinking in various parts of the world, especially in developing countries. Fluoride compounds have been reported to impose acute and chronic health hazards. Millions of global populations are suffering from dental and skeletal fluorosis due to high fluoride intake through drinking water. In green vegetation, fluoride accumulation causes necrosis in the tip and marginal portions of leaves. Diverse detrimental effects of fluoride on health have insisted researchers globally to identify compounds having protective potential against fluoride toxicity. Several plant extracts, vitamins, polyphenols, melatonin, hypophyseal proteins, and lycopene have been demonstrated to enhance the antioxidant status and subvert fluoride-induced health hazards in model organisms. However, more studies are required to forward conclusive opinions in terms of the real-life efficacy of these antioxidants against fluoride toxicity.


Keywords


Selected:Fluoride, Fluorosis, Lycopene, Melatonin, Oxidative Stress.Remove Fluoride, Fluorosis, Lycopene, Melatonin, Oxidative Stress.

References