Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology)

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Acute and Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Studies of Phlorotannin Rich Fraction of Sargassum tenerrimum, A Marine Brown Algae


Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai - 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Sargassum tenerrimum is a marine brown algae rich in phlorotannins, a class of marine polyphenols with significant biological activities. The present study aimed to prepare a phlorotannin-rich fraction from S. tenerrimum (PST) and evaluate its acute and subacute oral toxicity in Wistar albino rats according to the procedures and methods of the OECD test guidelines for acute and repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity studies. S. tenerrimum powder was extracted with ethanol and further fractionated with ethylacetate, 1-butanol, and water. The ethyl acetate fraction was found to have the highest total phlorotannin concentration and was evaluated for its safety. In the acute oral toxicity study, a single dose of PST at 2000 mg/kg body weight did not result in any treatment-related clinical symptoms of toxicity or mortality. Therefore, the median lethal dose (LD50) of PST was identified as greater than 2000 mg/kg. The subacute oral toxicity investigation at 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg doses administered for 28 days with a 14-day recovery period revealed no treatment-related adverse clinical symptoms or mortality/morbidity. The treated animals exhibited normal weight gain, feed intake and did not result in clinically significant toxicity as measured by clinical blood chemistry and hematological markers. Gross and histological examinations of selected tissues did not reveal any notable adverse alterations associated with the intervention. Under the study's findings, the LD50 for PST was determined to be >2000 mg/kg b.wt. and No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) to be 800 mg/kg rat b.wt.

Keywords

Acute Toxicity, Phlorotannins, Polyphenols, Safety, Sargassum tenerrimum, Sub-acute Toxicity
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • Besednova NN, Andryukov BG, Zaporozhets TS, Kuznetsova TA, Kryzhanovsky SP, Ermakova SP, et al. Molecular Targets of Brown Algae Phlorotannins for the Therapy of Inflammatory Processes of Various Origins. Mar Drugs. 2022; 20(4):1-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/ md20040243

  • Gheda S, Naby MA, Mohamed T, Pereira L, Khamis A. Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of phlorotannins extracted from the brown seaweed Cystoseira com¬pressa in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2021; 28(18):22886-901. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11356-021-12347-5

  • Catarino MD, Silva AMS, Cardoso SM. Fucaceae: A Source of Bioactive Phlorotannins. Int J Mol Sci. 2017; 18(6):1327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18061327

  • Marudhupandi T, Ajith Kumar TT, Lakshmana Senthil S, Nanthini Devi K. In vitro antioxidant properties of fucoi¬dan fractions from Sargassum tenerrimum. Pakistan J Biol Sci. 2014; 17(3):402-7. https://doi.org/10.3923/ pjbs.2014.402.407

  • Noorjahan A, Aiyamperumal B, Anantharaman P. Characterization and Biochemical Properties of Brown Seaweed Sargassum tenerrimum (J. agardh). Int J Pharm Biol Sci. 2019; 9(2):252-8.

  • Anis Kumar M, Umamaheswari R, Vishnu Kumar KR, Navaneetha Krishnan V, Selvamani P. Phenolic concen¬tration and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity study of Calurpa peltata and Sargassum tenerrimum. J Chem Pharm Sci. 2014; 2014(4):221-3.

  • Raguraman V, Stanley Abraham L, Jyotsna J, Palaniappan S, Gopal S, Thirugnanasambandam R, et al. Sulfated extract saccharide from Sargassum tenerrimum attenu¬ates oxidative stress induced reactive oxygen species production in vitro and in zebrafish model. Carbohydr Polym. 2019; 203:441-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carb¬pol.2018.09.056

  • Yoo SR, Ha H, Lee MY, Shin HK, Han SC, Seo CS. A 4-Week Repeated Oral Dose Toxicity Study of Ssanghwa- Tang in Crl:CD Sprague Dawley Rats. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med. 2019; 2019. https://doi. org/10.1155/2019/2135351

  • Parasuraman S. Toxicological screening. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2011; 2(2):74-9. https://doi. org/10.4103/0976-500X.81895

  • Li Y, Fu X, Duan D, Liu X, Xu J, Gao X. Extraction and Identification of Phlorotannins from the Brown Alga, Sargassum fusiforme (Harvey) Setchell. Mar Drugs. 2017; 15(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/md15020049

  • Amarante SJ, Catarino MD, Marçal C, Silva AMS, Ferreira R, Cardoso SM. Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phlorotannins from Fucus vesiculosus. Mar Drugs. 2020; 18(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/md18110559

  • Imbs TI, Zvyagintseva TN. Phlorotannins are Polyphenolic Metabolites of Brown Algae. Russ J Mar Biol. 2018; 44(4):263-73. https://doi.org/10.1134/ S106307401804003X

  • OECD. The Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development Guidelines Test No. 423: Acute Oral toxicity - Acute Toxic Class Method, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4. Oecd. 2002; (February):1-14.

  • Guidelines O, The FOR, Of T. Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents (OECD TG 407). 2018; (October):477-90. https://doi. org/10.1787/9789264304741-22-en

  • Bhide RM, Bethapudi B, Chalichem NSS, Nithyanantham M, Murugan SK, Mundkinajeddu D. Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Study of Flavonoid Rich Extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra (GutGard®) in Sprague Dawley Rats. J Toxicol. 2022; 2022. https://doi. org/10.1155/2022/8517603

  • Ghasemi A, Jeddi S, Kashfi K. The laboratory rat: Age and body weight matter. EXCLI J. 2021; 20:1431.


Abstract Views: 95

PDF Views: 0




  • Acute and Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Studies of Phlorotannin Rich Fraction of Sargassum tenerrimum, A Marine Brown Algae

Abstract Views: 95  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

G. V. Narasimha Kumar
Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai - 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
Chitra Vellapandian
Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai - 603203, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract


Sargassum tenerrimum is a marine brown algae rich in phlorotannins, a class of marine polyphenols with significant biological activities. The present study aimed to prepare a phlorotannin-rich fraction from S. tenerrimum (PST) and evaluate its acute and subacute oral toxicity in Wistar albino rats according to the procedures and methods of the OECD test guidelines for acute and repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity studies. S. tenerrimum powder was extracted with ethanol and further fractionated with ethylacetate, 1-butanol, and water. The ethyl acetate fraction was found to have the highest total phlorotannin concentration and was evaluated for its safety. In the acute oral toxicity study, a single dose of PST at 2000 mg/kg body weight did not result in any treatment-related clinical symptoms of toxicity or mortality. Therefore, the median lethal dose (LD50) of PST was identified as greater than 2000 mg/kg. The subacute oral toxicity investigation at 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg doses administered for 28 days with a 14-day recovery period revealed no treatment-related adverse clinical symptoms or mortality/morbidity. The treated animals exhibited normal weight gain, feed intake and did not result in clinically significant toxicity as measured by clinical blood chemistry and hematological markers. Gross and histological examinations of selected tissues did not reveal any notable adverse alterations associated with the intervention. Under the study's findings, the LD50 for PST was determined to be >2000 mg/kg b.wt. and No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) to be 800 mg/kg rat b.wt.

Keywords


Acute Toxicity, Phlorotannins, Polyphenols, Safety, Sargassum tenerrimum, Sub-acute Toxicity

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.18311/ti%2F2023%2Fv30i1%2F31390