https://i-scholar.in/index.php/ti/issue/feed Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology) 2023-06-28T05:56:20+00:00 Dr. Vinod Kumar Dumka vkdumka@yahoo.com Open Journal Systems <p>"Toxicology International" (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology) is the official publication of The Society of Toxicology, India. Toxicology International is an International Research Journal published 3 Issues . The Journal is concerned all aspects of toxicology of drugs, chemicals including pesticides, indigenous drugs, epidemiological aspects covering human beings, animals, plants, environmental sciences, etc. The journal publishes research, review and general articles besides opinions, comments, news-highlights and letters to editor.</p> https://i-scholar.in/index.php/ti/article/view/222194 Toxicity Studies of Trayodashang guggulu, A Classical Ayurvedic Formulation in Experimental Animals 2023-06-28T05:56:19+00:00 Manajit Bora manajitbora6@gmail.com Barnali M Sinha Manish Kumar Gautam Sudesh N Gaidhani Sachchidanand N Upadhyay Shrirang B Jamadagni Amit Kumar Dixit <span>The present study was undertaken to evaluate the Maximum Tolerated Dose and No Observed Adverse Effect Level of</span><em> Trayodashang guggulu</em><span> (TG), an Ayurvedic classical formulation, in Wistar rats. TG was administered orally to Wistar rats in as single dose (2000 mg/kg body weight) in an acute toxicity study. Ninety days repeated dose oral toxicity (subchronic) study was carried out by using three dose levels (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight) administered orally daily for 90 consecutive days and derived from 28 days dose range-finding study. In acute and subchronic toxicity studies, animals were observed for general clinical signs, mortality, weekly body weight changes, weekly feed intake, weekly water intake, blood biochemical investigation, haematological parameters, and gross pathological and histological investigations. In an acute toxicity study, the dose level of 2000 mg/kg of TG was found to be safe when given at a single dose. In the dose rangefinding study and subchronic toxicity study TG was found to be safe at all tested dose levels. No significant changes in food and water consumption, haematological and blood biochemical parameters were noticed at any dose level in both studies. No major changes were noticed during histopathological evaluation in ninety days repeated dose oral toxicity study. The study concluded that the Maximum Tolerated Dose of TG was found at 2000 mg/kg body weight and the No Observed Adverse Effect Level was found at 1000 mg/kg in Wistar rats.</span> 2023-06-30T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/ti/article/view/222195 Ligand-based Virtual Screening, Quantum Mechanics Calculations, and Normal Mode Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds Targeting Toll‐Interacting Protein (Tollip) Against Bacterial Diseases 2023-06-28T05:56:19+00:00 Sk Injamamul Islam M. Norjit Singh norjit99@gmail.com C. Sonia Md Akib Ferdous Nasim Habib Saloa Sanjida Md Jamadul Islam Nahidul Islam Mohamed H Hamad <span>The </span><em>Labeo rohita</em><span> (Rohu) Toll interacting protein (Tollip) is ubiquitously expressed in the kidneys, gills, spleen, liver, and blood. Tollip in L. rohita has higher eukaryotic structural features and is produced in response to bacterial infections. Several bacterial diseases, such as </span><em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em><span> and Vibrio spp, have been reported in the internal organs of L. rohita. The consequences of these bacterial infections can be 100% mortality of fish. There are currently no medicines or vaccines available to prevent or treat infections caused by the involvement of this protein. During bacterial infections, it was discovered that Tollip plays an essential function as a negative regulator of the MyD88-dependent TLR signalling pathway. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory potentiality of the </span><em>Allium sativum</em><span> compound against Tollip. A. sativum has been reported to show potential antibacterial activity against numerous microbial pathogens. Still, activity against the Tollip-promoted pathogens has not yet been reported. </span><em>In silico</em><span> virtual screen and molecular docking methods were used in this study to calculate the binding affinity of 48 drug compounds of A. sativum against the receptor Tollip. The docking and normal mode analysis methods predict 2 (PubChem CID: 122130381 and CID 12303662) inhibitory compounds that bind strongly with the Tollip with a binding affinity of -9.2 and -8.8 kcal/mol, respectively. The ADMET properties of the compounds also verified the drug resemblance features of the two compounds of A. sativum. Furthermore, to evaluate the efficacy of these two potential inhibitors, more in-vitro testing is required.</span> 2023-06-30T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/ti/article/view/222196 Genotoxicity of Beta-Sitosterol, Betulinic Acid, Biochanin A, and Ursolic Acid, Potential Anthelmintic Phyto-Compounds 2023-06-28T05:56:19+00:00 Vijaya Mishra Arun K. Yadav Amar Deep Soren amar4deep@gmail.com <span>Beta-sitosterol, betulinic acid, biochanin A and ursolic acid are known to possess anthelmintic properties. This study was undertaken to assess the genotoxic potentials of these phytocompounds in albino rats. Animals were orally administered with 1 and 10 mg/ml of the above phyto-compounds for a period of 14 days. All the animals were subjected to mitotic arrest before sacrifice and then bone marrow cells were collected from both the femurs and processed to observe the chromosomal aberrations. The results revealed that ursolic acid induced the maximum number of statistically significant abnormalities (p ≤ 0.05) followed by betulinic acid and biochanin A. Beta-sitosterol was found to be the safest of all the tested phytocompounds as far as chromosomal abnormalities in short term oral studies are concerned as it did not lead to major changes at genomic level. Although these phyto-compounds are considered potential anthelmintics, their long-term use may cause genotoxic effects to the users.</span> 2023-06-30T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/ti/article/view/222197 Attenuation of Doxorubicin Induced Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Rats by Extracts of Fruits of Ziziphus jujuba Lam 2023-06-28T05:56:19+00:00 Omkar P. Tambekar Purushottam Shiranal Amol P. Muthal Vaibhav M. Shinde Ravindra G. Kulkarni Savitri Vasudev Baikampady S. L. Bodhankar sbodh@yahoomail.com <span>The objective of the study was to evaluate the cardioprotective activity of fruits of </span><em>Ziziphus jujuba</em><span> Lam. in doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats. The ethanolic and aqueous extract of fruits of </span><em>Z. jujuba</em><span> has been prepared. Male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups. Vehicle control was Group 1. Doxorubicin 5 mg/kg i.p. was administered to Group 2 animals on the 7th and 14th day. Animals in groups 3 and 4 were dosed with ethanolic extracts of 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. while groups 5 and 6 received aqueous extracts of 200 and 400mg/kg i.p. Animals from group 7 were given nebivolol 5 mg/kg p.o. All the animals were treated for 28 days. Doxorubicin (2.5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to group 2 to group 7 on day 7th and day 14th. Body weight, ECG, blood pressure, CK-MB, Cardiac troponin-I and LDH were the study parameters. The histology of the heart was performed at the end of the study. Doxorubicin showed cardiotoxicity manifested by changes in serum marker enzymes, ECG and hemodynamic parameters which were further confirmed by histology of the heart. These changes induced by doxorubicin were attenuated by treatment with extracts of the fruit of </span><em>Ziziphus jujuba</em><span> Lam. It is concluded that aqueous extract of the fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Lam. (400 mg/kg p.o.) treatment for 28 days protects the heart of rats in doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity.</span> 2023-06-30T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/ti/article/view/222198 Basic Violet-1 Dye Induced Variation in Antioxidative Enzymes Leads to Neurotoxicity in Labeo rohita 2023-06-28T05:56:19+00:00 Rajbir Kaur kaursatinder570@gmail.com Arvinder Kaur Satinder Kaur <span>The present study explored the potential use of brain anti-oxidative enzymes as pollution biomarkers in fish </span><em>Labeo rohita</em><span>. Experiments were conducted to see the neurotoxic effects of dye Basic violet-1 on fish brain enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase. Acute toxicity tests were performed for 96 hrs with dye concentrations of 0.2 (LC20), 0.4 (LC40), 0.6 (LC60), 0.8 (LC80) and 1 (LC100) mg/l to study biochemical changes. Behavioural observations were also recorded. Recovery experiments were run for 15 and 30 days. Exposure to the dye adversely affects the brain of the fish as evidenced by altered swimming behavior. Significant dose and duration-dependent increase in enzyme activity was recorded for alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase while lactate dehydrogenase activity showed a decrease when compared to the control. Lactate dehydrogenase was found to be a maximally affected enzyme as the percentage change over control is 301.26%. The results indicate prolonged neurotoxic effects of the dye as indicated by the altered swimming behaviour and enzymatic profile of fish. The present study recommends the use of </span><em>L. rohita</em><span> as sentinel species in water quality studies and supports the incorporation of fish biochemical profiles as a biomarker in water/ wastewater monitoring programs.</span> 2023-06-30T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/ti/article/view/222199 Effect of Fenvalerate Toxicity on Biochemical and Haematological Parameters and Ameliorative Effect of Quinoa Seeds in Swiss Albino Mice 2023-06-28T05:56:19+00:00 Lata Shahani lata.shahani@iisuniv.ac.in Hansa Gupta Radhika Chauhan <span>Fenvalerate is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide with moderate mammalian toxicity. It affects the central nervous system and is used for the control of flies and ticks in barns and stables. Exposure of this insecticide to humans occurs in the field. The present study was conducted to observe the toxicity of insecticide on biochemical and blood parameters after treatment with fenvalerate, a synthetic pyrethroid and find out the possible protective role of Quinoa seeds in Swiss albino mice. The mice in this study were divided into 5 groups, and 6 animals were taken into each group. Group A control mice received vehicle distilled water only. Group B and C were administered with fenvalerate at 12.5 and 25 mg/kg body weight respectively for 30 days. Group D was administered 12.5 mg/kg fenvalerate +25 mg/kg Quinoa seeds and Group E received 25 mg/kg fenvalerate +50 mg/kg Quinoa seeds. Fenvalerate treatment resulted in a significant increase in the levels of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) and Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT). Administration of Quinoa seeds along with fenvalerate resulted in a decrease in these biochemical values. A significant increase in the number of RBC, WBC and haemoglobin was observed in the fenvalerate-treated groups. The result suggests a possible protective role of Quinoa seeds on fenvalerate toxicity.</span> 2023-06-30T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/ti/article/view/222200 Clinico-Epidemiological Study of Snake Bite Presenting to the Emergency Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital 2023-06-28T05:56:19+00:00 Arjun H M Varsha Shinde vsshinde66@gmail.com Suhrith Bhattaram Zahid Shaikh <span>Snakebite is an acute, life-threatening condition which is most commonly faced by the rural population of tropical countries. About 1.2 million deaths related to snake bites are reported from the Indian subcontinent adding a major part to the global burden towards snake bite mortality. Maharashtra reported the highest number of snake bite cases in the year 2019. A retrospective study was carried out at the emergency department from April 1st, 2020 to June 30th, 2021. Data regarding demographic factors, clinical features, complications, details of treatment received and outcomes of the snake bite victims were recorded. A total of 103 patients with snake bites were admitted, 71.84% were males, and the mean age group was 31.68 years. 26% of the cases were reported during the month of June, and 68% of the bites were reported between 12:00 pm to 12:00 am. 62.14% had bites over their lower limbs, and 31.07% of them were farmers. 47.57% had local pain. 59.22% were dry bites out of which 17.47% received an incomplete dose of Antisnakevenom (ASV) from referring hospitals. 17.47% manifested with neurological symptoms. Our study suggested that farmers, children, women and labourers are the most vulnerable groups affected. There is still a lack of knowledge among healthcare workers regarding the use of ASV.</span> 2023-06-30T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/ti/article/view/222201 A 28-Day Repeated Dose Toxicity Evaluation of Creatinine Monohydrate and β-Hydroxy β-Methyl Butyrate Combination in Rodent Model 2023-06-28T05:56:19+00:00 Shivaramakrishnan Balasubramanian shivaram.krishna@jssuni.edu.in Kavitha Giridharan K. D. Kavya Venkataram Vellaipandi Gurumurthy Balasubramanian <span>Substance abuse is a global concern, having a significant influence on society, healthcare, and the economy. Athletes are increasingly using substances to improve their performance or to cope with stress. Therefore, having a thorough awareness of the often misused substances, their effects, and potential toxicities is essential. One such chemical is the mixture of Creatinine Monohydrate (CM) and -Hydroxy Methyl Butyrate (HMB), which is widely used by athletes to increase strength and performance. According to studies, the combination can boost athletic performance, build muscle, and offer several health advantages. To determine the chemicals’ long-term impacts on human health, more research is required because their safety and toxicity are not well-established. Using TOPKAT(Computer-Aided Toxicity Prediction) and Discovery Studio Version 4.0, this study examined the toxicity and pharmacokinetic profiles of CM and HMB. The interaction of HMB and CM may significantly reduce cell viability compared to either drug alone. There were no negative effects seen in the animal models used for the acute oral toxicity study, but additional research is needed to confirm these results and determine the compounds’ long-term safety for human use. The study also performed cytotoxicity studies of individual substances and combinations on VERO and HEP-G2 cell lines and a 28-day repeated dose toxicity study in Wistar albino rats. The study results provide valuable information for healthcare professionals to understand the physiological complications of exposure to such drugs. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of understanding the potential toxicity of chemical compounds, particularly those used as nutritional supplements.</span> 2023-06-30T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/ti/article/view/222202 Therapeutic Protection of Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Stress and Hepato-Nephro Toxicity by Syzygium cumini (Seed) Ethanolic Extract (SCEE) in Charles Foster Rats 2023-06-28T05:56:19+00:00 Prabhat Shankar Rana Vikram Singh Arun Kumar arunk31@gmail.com <span>Arsenic (As) is an environmental toxin distributed in groundwater which is presently a global concern. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of SCEE in the mitigation of arsenic-induced hepato-renal dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats. Thirty male Charles foster rats (140-160 g) were randomly assigned into three groups. Group I (n = 6) - Control, Group II (n = 6) - SCEE control was administrated with 600 mg kg-1 body weight daily for 60 days and the last Group III (n = 24) was As-treated at 8 mg kg-1 body weight daily for 90 days. Subsequently, Group III was further divided into three subgroups. The subgroup I (n = 6) was immediately sacrificed to observe the arsenic-induced toxicity. Subgroup II (n = 6) was kept on a normal diet for 60 days for auto recovery. Subgroup III (n = 6) was administrated orally by SCEE at 600 mg kg-1 body weight daily for 60 days to decipher the therapeutic potential against arsenic-induced toxicity. The experimental exposure reveals various changes in biochemical parameters of the liver function test and kidney function test in addition to histopathological studies. Chronic exposure to arsenic significantly (p &lt; 0.0001) increased the levels of lipid peroxidation along with significantly reducing the activity of glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Significant (p &lt; 0.0001) arsenic accumulation was observed in the hepatic-nephron tissues. The dose-dependent SCEE administration against Astoxicity had progressive survival benefits on antioxidant levels, enzymatic activities and histopathological changes. Thus, the study concludes that S.cumini seed has a protective effect against As-induced oxidative stress and hepato-renal intoxication.</span> 2023-06-30T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/ti/article/view/222203 Synergistic Effect of Caffeine in B16f10 Cells in Combination with Doxorubicin and Oxaliplatin 2023-06-28T05:56:19+00:00 Anilkumar Yarragopu anilkumar.yarragopu@gmail.com Chitra V. K. Ravi Kumar <span>Caffeine is a commonly consumed psychoactive substance that has been shown to have various effects on cellular processes, including cell growth and survival. In this study, we investigated the potential of Caffeine to enhance the cytotoxic effects of two commonly used chemotherapeutic agents, doxorubicin and oxaliplatin, on B16F10 cells. We evaluated the cytotoxicity, calculated the IC50 and combination index of the medications, estimated the cell cycle of the cells, and evaluated the apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes through gene expression analysis. Our results demonstrated that Caffeine significantly potentiated the cytotoxicity of both doxorubicin and oxaliplatin, resulting in a more significant reduction in cell viability compared to treatment with the chemotherapeutic agents alone. Additionally, Caffeine also enhanced the pro-apoptotic effects of the chemotherapeutic agents, leading to increased levels of apoptosis in the B16F10 cells. The combination of doxorubicin and oxaliplatin with Caffeine was found to be synergistic. These findings suggest that caffeine may have the potential to improve the efficacy of current chemotherapeutic regimens and may offer a novel approach to enhance cancer treatment.</span> 2023-06-30T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/ti/article/view/222204 Safety Evaluation of Arsenicum Album in Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity Studies in Rats 2023-06-28T05:56:19+00:00 Roshan Lal Mahima sharma Sangita Behera Raj Kumar Regar Deepika Tripathi G V Narasimha Kumar Satvinder Singh Digvijay Verma Pankaj Gupta pankajgupta77@gmail.com Subhash Kaushik Anil Khurana <span>Arsenic album is frequently prescribed in homoeopathy for many diseases. However, its safety data is not available. Thus, the study’s purpose is to evaluate the oral toxicity of Arsenic album 6C, 30C, and 200C in rats. Arsenic album (6C, 30C, and 200C) was given at 2000 μl/kg for acute toxicity and observed for up to 14 days. For subacute toxicity, it was given for 28 days and observed for clinical signs, change in body weight and Mortality. Hematological, biochemical, organ weight and histopathological analyses were assessed. Results indicate no mortality of arsenic album in acute toxicity and LD50 is &gt;2000 μl/kg. In the subacute toxicity study, arsenic album (200 μl/kg) did not show any significant changes in above parameters. It may be concluded that the arsenic album (6C, 30C, and 200C) is safe and produces no toxicity when administered orally for a prolonged duration at 200 μl/kg in rats.</span> 2023-06-30T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/ti/article/view/222205 Genotoxicity Assessment and Toxic Metal Contamination of Traditionally used Anthelmintic Medicinal Plants in Assam, India 2023-06-28T05:56:20+00:00 Amar Deep Soren amar4deep@gmail.com Arun K. Yadav <span>Medicinal plants possess several metals obtained naturally or through pollution. The study evaluates the genotoxic potentials and the presence of essential elements and toxic metals in </span><em>Sesbania sesban</em><span> var. bicolor (leaves), </span><em>Cyperus compressus</em><span> (roots), and </span><em>Asparagus racemosus</em><span> (roots), which are used as anthelmintics in the traditional medicine of the Santhals in India. A genotoxicity study was performed in rats as per Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines. Element contents were evaluated using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Administration of </span><em>S. sesban</em><span> var. </span><em>bicolor</em><span> (400 mg/kg),</span><em> C. compressus</em><span> (700 mg/kg) and </span><em>A. racemosus</em><span> (500 mg/kg) did not cause any abnormalities in the chromosomes. Elemental analysis revealed the presence of lead (5.00±0.05, 4.98±0.01, 4.99±0.07 ppm), cadmium (4.99±0.04, 4.90±0.03, 5.00±0.08 ppm) and arsenic (0.98±0.03, 0.41±0.05, 0.92±0.03 ppm), respectively. Although their genotoxic potential was lacking, the presence of toxic metals in them is a cause for concern.</span> 2023-06-30T00:00:00+00:00