Abhigyan

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Entrepreneurial Orientation of Professional Graduates in Autonomous States:The Case of Jammu & Kashmir (India)


Affiliations
1 J&K Institute of Management, Public Administration and Rural Development, Jammu, India
2 Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
3 School of Business, S.M.V.D University, J&K, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Special autonomy to manage own affairs, while staying within the overall bounds of a nation, is supposed to be a better recipe for an equitable social and economic development. In an attempt to describe the long drawn impact of special-autonomy on Entrepreneurial Orientations (EO) of professionally qualified youth, this study explores the case of the State of Jammu&Kashmir (India). The volatile State, sharing borders with hostile neighbor viz. Pakistan, enjoys an exclusive form of autonomy within India while retaining a loose suzerainty of Indian constitution. The study attempts to examine the perceptions of graduating youth towards challenges and benefits of entrepreneurship in this State. These perceptions are examined for differentials across Gender as well as Family business background for a sample of 564 respondents. These two demographics have been handled differently by legislators of an extra-autonomous J&K. The findings reveal little differential with respect to gender but a higher perception of challenges and benefits among the respondents from family business background. The possible explanation of the findings as well as the implications, are presented, in terms of the benefits and challenges of public policy handling under the conditions of special-autonomy.

Keywords

Entrepreneurship in Apecial-Autonomy Zones, Jammu and Kashmir, Entrepreneurial Orientations, Gender and Family-Business Background.
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • Acs, Z. J., Audretsch. D. B., Braunerhjelm. P., & Carlson.B. (2004). The missing link, the knowledge filter and entrepreneurship in endogenous growth. Working Paper 4783. London: Center for Economic Policy Research.

  • Acs, Z. J., & Varga, A. (2005). Entrepreneurship, agglomeration and technological change. Small Business Economics, 24 (3), 323–334.

  • Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B., Braunerhjelm, P., & Carlson, B. (2005). Growth and Entrepreneurship: An Empirical Assessment. Working Paper 3205, Discussion Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy. Jena, Germany: Max Plank Institute of Economics.

  • Ahluwalia., M.S. (1993). Lecture at Seminar on India’s Economic Reforms at Merton-College, Oxford. Accessed from http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/ speech/ spemsa/ msa012.pdf on Jan 20, 2016.

  • Audretsch, D. B., Keilbach, M. C., & Lehman, E. (2006). Entrepreneurship and economic growth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Bandelj, N. (2016). On postsocialist capitalism. Theory and Society, 45, 89-106.

  • Becker, G. S., & Tomes, N. (1986). Human capital and the rise and fall of families. Journal of Labor Economics.4, 1–39.

  • Block. J.H., Kohn. K, Miller D., & Ullrich K. (2015). Necessity entrepreneurship and competitive Strategy. Small Business Economy, 44, 37-54.

  • Bosma, N., Jones. K., Autio. E., & Levie. J., (2008). Global entrepreneurship monitor (2007), Executive Report, USA. London: London Business School and Babson College.

  • Bruni, A. Gherardi, S., & Poggio, B. (2004). Doing gender, Doing entrepreneurship: An ethnographic account of intertwined practices. Gender, Work and Organisation.11 (4), 407–429.

  • Bunk, J. A., Dugan A. G., D’Agostino, A. L., & Barnes-Farell, J. L. (2012). Understanding work-to-family conflict among self-employed workers: Utilising a cognitive appraisal framework. Journal of Entrepreneurship.21 (2), 223–251.

  • Burawoy, M. (1996). The state and economic involution: Russia through a Chinese lens. World Development, 24 (6), 1105–1117.

  • Carree, M. A., & Thurik, A. R. (2010). The impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth. In Acs’, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B. (Ed.), Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research (pp: 557-594). New York.: Springer: Science+Media.

  • CMS (2005). India corruption study to improve governance. New Delhi: Transparency International-India.

  • Dana, L. P. (2001). Networks, internationalization & policy. Small Business Economics, 16 (2), 57-62.

  • Derere, E., Chitakunye, P., & O’Neill, C. (2014). The impact of gender on start-up capital: A case of women entrepreneurs in South Africa. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 23 (1), 95-114.

  • Dunn, T., & Holtz-Eakin, D. (2000). Financial capital, human capital, and the transition to self employment: Evidence from intergenerational links. Journal of Labor Economics, 18, 282–305.

  • Economic Survey of Jammu & Kashmir (2012-13), accessed from http://www.pdf4free.com accessed on July 1, 2014.

  • Evripidou, S., & Panayidou. D. (2006). European universities’ research on the promotion of enterprise education (Vol. 2). In Hassid, J. (Ed.) National reports, 1–58. Athens, Greece: University of Pireaus Research Centre.

  • Fellnhofer, K., Puumalainen, K., & Sjogren, H. (2016). Entrepreneurial orientation and performance – Are Sexes Equal. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 22 (3), 346-374.

  • Ferreira, J., Raposo, M., Rutten, R., & Varga, A. (2013). Cooperation, clusters, and knowledge transfer – Universities and firms towards regional competitiveness. Advances in Spacial Science, Springer.

  • Ferri, E., & Urbano, D. (2010). Institutions and Social Entrepreneurial Activity. Invited Speaker. Seventh Annual Conference on Social Entrepreneurship, New York (USA).

  • Fife-Schaw, C. (2002). Surveys and sampling issues. In Breakwell, G.M., Hammond, S., & Fife-Schaw, C. (Ed.) Research methods in psychology. London:Sage Publications.

  • Gil, A., Zelekha, Y., & Sharabi, E. (2014). The effect of corruption on entrepreneurship in developed Vs. nondeveloped countries. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 20 (3), 237-262.

  • Goktan, A.B., & Gupta, V.K. (2013). Sex, gender, and individual entrepreneurial orientation: Evidence from four countries. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11 (1), 95-112.

  • Haveman, R., & Wolfe, B. (1995). The determinants of children attainments: A review of methods and findings. Journal of Economic Literature, 33, 1829–1878.

  • Hout, M., & Rosen, H. (2000). Self-employment, family background, and race. The Journal of Human Resources. 35, 670–92.

  • Hughes, K. D. (1999). Gender and self-employment in Canada: Assessing trends and policy implications. CPRN Study No. W/04, Changing Employment Relationships Series. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Policy Research Networks.

  • Hughes, K.D. (2005). Female enterprise in the new economy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

  • Jennings, J. E., & Brush, C. G. (2013). Research on women entrepreneurs: Challenges to (and from) the broader entrepreneurship literature. The Academy of Management Annals, 7 (1), 663-715.

  • Kabiraj, T., & Yang C., (2001). Licensing vs. innovation incentives under uncertain government policies. International Review of Economics & Finance,10 (3), 247-261.

  • Kelley, D., Singer, S., & Herrington, M. (2016). 2015/16 global report, GEM Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Babson College, Universidad del Desarrollo, Universiti TunAbdul Razak, Tecnológico de Monterrey, London Business School, Babson Park, MA, Santiago, London.

  • Khandwalla, P.N. (1977). The design of organisations. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

  • Kolvereid, L., & Isaksen. E. (2006). New business start-up and subsequent entry into self-employment. Journal of Business Venturing. 21 (6), 866–885.

  • Krueger, N. F., & Carsrud, A. L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the theory of planned behavior. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 5 (4), 315–330.

  • Krueger. N.F., Reilly. M. D., & Carsrud. A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing. 15 (5–6), 411–432.

  • Lazear, E. P. (2004). Balanced skills and entrepreneurship. American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 94, 208–211.

  • Lerner, M., Brush, C., & Hisrich, R.D. (1997). Israeli entrepreneurs: An examination of factors affecting performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 12, 315–339.

  • Lerner J (2011). Boulevard of broken dreams – Why public efforts to boost entrepreneurship and venture capital have failed – and what to do about it. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

  • Liñán. F., Urbano, D., & Guerrero, M. (2011). Regional variations in entrepreneurial cognitions: Start-up intentions of university students in Spain. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development. 23 (3-4), 187-215.

  • Manimala, M.J. (2008). Entrepreneurship education in India: An assessment of SME training needs against current practices. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 8 (6), 624-647.

  • Manimala, M.J., Mitra, J., & Singh, V. (2009). Enterprise support systems: Nature and relevance. In Manimala, M.J., Mitra, J., & Singh, V. (Eds.) Enterprise support systems: An inernational perspective, (pp: 1-35), New Delhi: Sage Publications.

  • Marianna. M., & Parrotta. P. (2015). Self-employment: Does parental cultural diversity matter. Applied Economic Letters.22 (14), 1108–1115.

  • Naudé, W. (2011). Entrepreneurship and economic development. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Ojha. A. K. (2009). Innovation and entrepreneurship in Indian IT Industry: Contextual impediments. In Manimala. M. J., Mitra. J., & Singh. V.(Ed.) Enterprise support systems, New Delhi: Sage Publications.

  • Pearson, A. W., Carr. J. C., & Shaw. J. C. (2008). Toward a theory of familiness: A social capital perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 32 (6), 949–969.

  • Sharma, V. (2016). A study of employment preferences with special reference to entrepreneurship among the educated youth of Jammu and Kashmir (India). Jammu, S.M.V.D University. Unpublished doctoral dissertation submitted to SMVD University.

  • Shane, S. (2008). The illusions of entrepreneurship: The costly myths that entrepreneurs, investor, and policy makers live. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

  • Staniszkis, J. (1991). The dynamics of breakthrough. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.

  • Szirmai, A., Naudé, W.,& Goedhuys, M. (2011). Entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic development.

  • Oxford: Oxford University Press. Tkachev, A., & Kolvereid. L. (1999). Self-employment intentions among Russian students. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development. 11 (3),101–114.

  • Toma. S. J., Grigore, A. M., & Marinescu, P. (2014). Economic development and entrepreneurship. Procedia Economics and Finance. 8, 436–443

  • Veciana, J.M., Aponte. M., & Urbano. D. (2005). University students’ attitudes towards entrepreneurship: A two countries comparison. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,1 (2),165–182.

  • Walzer, N. (2009). Entrepreneurship and local economic development. Lanham: Lexington Books.

  • World Bank Indicators (2014). http://data.worldbank.org/downloaded on 3-1-2016

  • Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An introductory analysis (2nd Edn). New York: Harper and Row.


Abstract Views: 370

PDF Views: 0




  • Entrepreneurial Orientation of Professional Graduates in Autonomous States:The Case of Jammu & Kashmir (India)

Abstract Views: 370  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Vivek Sharma
J&K Institute of Management, Public Administration and Rural Development, Jammu, India
Sudhir K. Jain
Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
Supran K. Sharma
School of Business, S.M.V.D University, J&K, India

Abstract


Special autonomy to manage own affairs, while staying within the overall bounds of a nation, is supposed to be a better recipe for an equitable social and economic development. In an attempt to describe the long drawn impact of special-autonomy on Entrepreneurial Orientations (EO) of professionally qualified youth, this study explores the case of the State of Jammu&Kashmir (India). The volatile State, sharing borders with hostile neighbor viz. Pakistan, enjoys an exclusive form of autonomy within India while retaining a loose suzerainty of Indian constitution. The study attempts to examine the perceptions of graduating youth towards challenges and benefits of entrepreneurship in this State. These perceptions are examined for differentials across Gender as well as Family business background for a sample of 564 respondents. These two demographics have been handled differently by legislators of an extra-autonomous J&K. The findings reveal little differential with respect to gender but a higher perception of challenges and benefits among the respondents from family business background. The possible explanation of the findings as well as the implications, are presented, in terms of the benefits and challenges of public policy handling under the conditions of special-autonomy.

Keywords


Entrepreneurship in Apecial-Autonomy Zones, Jammu and Kashmir, Entrepreneurial Orientations, Gender and Family-Business Background.

References