Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Cymbopogon Citrates Oil Showing Antimicrobial Activity against Microbes of Environmental, Clinical and Food Origin


Affiliations
1 Saroj Institute of Technology & Management, Ahimamau P.O. Arjunganj Sultanpur Road, Lucknow-226002,Uttar Pradesh
2 Saroj Institute of Technology & Management, Ahimamau P.O. Arjunganj Sultanpur Road, Lucknow-226002,Uttar Pradesh, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Out of the 1114 strains belonging to 29 genera and 105 species of microbes (molds, yeasts and bacteria) isolated from different sources [clinical cases, environment (water, air, soil, droppings of lizards and birds), food and healthy animals], 38.2% were sensitive to lemongrass oil discs containing 50 μg oil/disc. All molds, yeasts, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Morganella morganii, most of the Bacillus spp. Strains (84.3%), aeromonads (78%), Edwardsiella spp. (73.9%), 53.6% pseudomonads, 53.1% streptococci and 50% of Budvicia aquatica and Leminorella ghirmontii strains were sensitive to lemongrass oil (LGO). On the other hand, all Hafnea alvei, Laclercia adecarboxylata, Xenorhabdus luminescens and majority of Salmonella enterica (98.3%), Citrobacter spp. (93.7%), Providencia spp. and Kluyvera cryocrescens (83.3%), Enterobacter spp. (78.2%), Proteus spp. (78%), Escherichia spp. (77.7%), enterococci (73.7%), Serratia spp. (75%) and Erwinia ananas (75%), Pragia fontium (70.6%), staphylococci (69.8%) and Klebsiella spp. (62.7%) strains were resistant to LGO. MIC of LGO for sensitive strains (tested against discs containing 50 μg LGO) varied from 1 μg to 32 μg /ml while none of the resistant strains had MIC <64 μg LGO/ ml. MIC for yeast strains was the least i.e., 1 μg LGO/ ml. LGO had microbicidal activity on E. coli, S. aureus and Candida albicans. LGO instantly killed C. albicans and E. coli, and S. aureus in 10 min at 1 mg/ ml concentration, indicating of its wide spectrum antimicrobial activity at easily achievable concentrations. Study also indicated that LGO is more effective on enterococci in aerobic instead of microaerophilic growth conditions, it is indicative that in-vivo sensitivity results may differ from in-vitro tests.

Keywords

Lemongrass Oil, Antimicrobial Activity, Microbes, Microaerophilic Growth
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Abd-El Fattah SM, Hassan ASY, Bayoum HM, Eissa HA (2010). The use of lemongrass extracts as antimicrobial and food additive potential in yoghurt. J. Am. Sci. 6: 582-594.

  • Abu-Seif FA, Abdel-Fattah ShM, Abo Sreia YH, Shaaban HA, Ramadan MM (2009). Antifungal properties of some medicinal plants against undesirable and mycotoxin-producing fungi. J. Agric. Mansuora Univ. 34: 1745-1756.

  • Aibinu I, Adenipekun T, Adelowowtan T, Ogunsanya T, Odugbemi T (2007). Evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of different parts of Citrus aurantifolia (lime fruit) as used locally. Afr. J. Tradit. CAM. 2: 185-190.

  • Alam K, Agua T, Maren H, Taies R, Rao KS, Burrows I, Hubber ME, Rali T (1994). Preliminary screening of seaweeds, seagrass and lemongrass oil from Papua New Guinea for antimicrobial and antifungal activity. International J. Pharmacogn. 32: 396-399.

  • Alippi MA, Ringuelet JA, Cerimele EL, Re MS, Henning CP (1996). Antimicrobial activity of some essential oil against Paenibacillus larvae, the causal organism of Americal foulbrood disease. J Herbs Spices Med. Plants. 4: 9-16.

  • Ali-Shtayeh MS, Abu Ghdeib SI (1999). Antimycotic activity of twentytwo plants used in folkloric medicine in the Palestinian area for the treatment of skin diseases suggestive of dermatophyte infection. Mycoses. 42: 665-672.

  • Barnett JA, Payne RW, Yarrow D (2000). Yeasts: characteristics and identification. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, U.K. Brian TS, Ikhlas AK (2002). Comparison of extraction methods for marker compounds in the essential oil of lemongrass by GC. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 1345-1349.

  • Chao SC, Young DG (2000). Screening of antibacterial activity of essential oils on selected bacteria, fungi and viruses. J. Essent. Oil Res. 12: 630-649.

  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2008). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Eighteenth informational supplement CLSI document M100-S18, Wayne.

  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2009). Method for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacterial that grow aerobically; approved standard - Eighth Edition. CLSI document M07-A8, Wayne.

  • da Silva CdB, Guterres SS, Weisheimer V, Schapoval EES (2008). Antifungal activity of the lemongrass oil and citral against Candida spp. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 12: 1-14.

  • Depken KL (2011). Properties of Lemon Grass. http://www.ehow.com/about_5382246_properties-lemongrass. html.

  • Ferdinand FJ, Esther U, Tayo A, Omotoyin A (2009). Evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of unripe banana (Musa sapientum L.), lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus S.) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on pathogens. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8: 1176- 1182.

  • Ghani KU, Saeed A, Alam AT (1997). Indusyonic Medicine; Traditional Medicine of Herbal, Animal and Mineral Origin in Pakistan. University of Karachi.

  • Helal GA, Sarhan MM, Abu Shahla ANK, El-Khai EKA (2006). Antimicrobial activity of some essential oils against microorganisms deteriorating fruit juices. Mycobiol. 34: 219-229.

  • Holt JG, Sneath PHA, Mair MS, Sharpee ME (1986). Bergey,s manual of systematic bacteriology, vol. 2. Williams & Wilkins, 428 east Preston Street, Baltemore, MD 211202, U.S.A.

  • Huynh KP, Maridable J, Gaspillo P, Hasika M, Malaluan R, Kawasaki J (2008). Essential oil from lemongrass extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide and steam distillation. The Phillippine Agric. Sci. 91: 36-41.

  • Inouye S, Takizava T, Yamaguchi H (2001). Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their major constituents against respiratory tract pathogens by gaseous contact. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 47: 565- 573.

  • Cheel J, Theoduloz C, Rodríguez J, Schmeda-Hirschmann G (2005). Free radical scavengers and antioxidants from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 53: 2511-2517.

  • King P, Citron DM, Griffith DC, Lomovskaya O, Dudley MN (2010). Effect of oxygen limitation on the in vitro activity of levofloxacin and other antibiotics administered by the aerosol route against Pseudomonas aeruginosa from cystic fibrosis patients. Diagnostic Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 66: 181-186.

  • Lalitha MK (2004). Manual on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Department of Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. (www.ijmm.org/documents/ Antimicrobial.doc)

  • Lawless J (1995). Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oil: The Complete Guide to use of Oil in Aromatheraphy and Herbalism. Element Books: Rockport, MA, pp 56-67.

  • National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (2003). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved Standard - NCCLS document M7- A6, Wayne.

  • Nieto S, Gorrido A, Ssanhaeza J, Loyala LA, Marale G, Leighton FG, Valenzula A (1993). Flavonoid as stabilizers fish oil: an alternative to synthetic antioxidants. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 70: 773-778.

  • Odugbemi T (2006). Medicinal plants as antimicrobials In: Outline and pictures of Medicinal plants from Nigeria. University of Lagos press. pp. 53-64.

  • Ohno T, Kita M, Yamaoka Y, Imamura S, Yamamoto T, Mitsufuji S, Kodama T, Kashima K, Imanishi I (2003) Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Helicobacter pylori. J. Helicobacter. 8: 207- 215.

  • Onawunmi GO (1989). Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of citral. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 9: 105-108

  • Patker KI, Usha CM, Shetty SH, Paster N, Lacey J (1993). Effect of spice oils on growth and aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus flavus. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 17: 49-51.

  • Pearson O (2010). The Antibacterial Properties of Essential Oils. http://www.livestrong.com/article/168697-theantibacterialproperties- of-essential-oils/# ixzz1W7u9hn6K.

  • Pratt DE, Hudson BJF (1991). Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in meat model systems. In phenol compounds in food and their effects on health. AC Symposium Serieus 506; American Chemical Society, 1990. Washington, DC, 1991; pp 214-222.

  • Raper K B, Fennell DI (1977). The genus Aspergillus Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company. Huntington, New York.

  • Saify ZS, Mustaq N, Noor F, Naqvi SBS, Mardi SA (2000). Antimicrobial activity of some commonly used herbs. Pakistan J. Pharm. Sci. 13: 1-3.

  • Saikia D, Shantha Kumar TR, Kaliol AP, Khanuja SPS (1999). Comparative bioevaluation of essential oil of three species of Cymbopogon for their antimicrobial activities. J. Med. Arom. Plant Sci. 21:24.

  • Sharma A, Tayung K, Baruah AKS, Sharma TC (2003). Antibacterial activity of lemongrass [Cymbopogon fleuosus (Steud) Wats] inflorescence oil. Indian Perfum. 47:389-393.

  • Sue C, Gary Y, Craig O, Karen N (2008). Inhibition of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by essential oils. Flavour Frag. J. 23: 444–449.

  • Syed M, Qumar S, Riaz M, Choudhary FM (1995). Essential oil of the family Gramineae with antimicrobial activity part II. The antimicrobial activity of a local variety of Cymbopogon citratus and its dependence of storage. Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res. 38:146- 148.

  • Ushimaru PI, Mariama TN, Luiz C, Di Luciano B, Ary FJ (2007). Antibacterial activity of medicinal plant extract. Braz. J. Microbial. 38:717-719.


Abstract Views: 492

PDF Views: 2




  • Cymbopogon Citrates Oil Showing Antimicrobial Activity against Microbes of Environmental, Clinical and Food Origin

Abstract Views: 492  |  PDF Views: 2

Authors

Mohd. Yaqub Khan
Saroj Institute of Technology & Management, Ahimamau P.O. Arjunganj Sultanpur Road, Lucknow-226002,Uttar Pradesh
Poonam Gupta
Saroj Institute of Technology & Management, Ahimamau P.O. Arjunganj Sultanpur Road, Lucknow-226002,Uttar Pradesh, India
Vinod Kumar Singh
Saroj Institute of Technology & Management, Ahimamau P.O. Arjunganj Sultanpur Road, Lucknow-226002,Uttar Pradesh, India
Sanjay Yadav
Saroj Institute of Technology & Management, Ahimamau P.O. Arjunganj Sultanpur Road, Lucknow-226002,Uttar Pradesh, India
Vikas Kumar Verma
Saroj Institute of Technology & Management, Ahimamau P.O. Arjunganj Sultanpur Road, Lucknow-226002,Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract


Out of the 1114 strains belonging to 29 genera and 105 species of microbes (molds, yeasts and bacteria) isolated from different sources [clinical cases, environment (water, air, soil, droppings of lizards and birds), food and healthy animals], 38.2% were sensitive to lemongrass oil discs containing 50 μg oil/disc. All molds, yeasts, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Morganella morganii, most of the Bacillus spp. Strains (84.3%), aeromonads (78%), Edwardsiella spp. (73.9%), 53.6% pseudomonads, 53.1% streptococci and 50% of Budvicia aquatica and Leminorella ghirmontii strains were sensitive to lemongrass oil (LGO). On the other hand, all Hafnea alvei, Laclercia adecarboxylata, Xenorhabdus luminescens and majority of Salmonella enterica (98.3%), Citrobacter spp. (93.7%), Providencia spp. and Kluyvera cryocrescens (83.3%), Enterobacter spp. (78.2%), Proteus spp. (78%), Escherichia spp. (77.7%), enterococci (73.7%), Serratia spp. (75%) and Erwinia ananas (75%), Pragia fontium (70.6%), staphylococci (69.8%) and Klebsiella spp. (62.7%) strains were resistant to LGO. MIC of LGO for sensitive strains (tested against discs containing 50 μg LGO) varied from 1 μg to 32 μg /ml while none of the resistant strains had MIC <64 μg LGO/ ml. MIC for yeast strains was the least i.e., 1 μg LGO/ ml. LGO had microbicidal activity on E. coli, S. aureus and Candida albicans. LGO instantly killed C. albicans and E. coli, and S. aureus in 10 min at 1 mg/ ml concentration, indicating of its wide spectrum antimicrobial activity at easily achievable concentrations. Study also indicated that LGO is more effective on enterococci in aerobic instead of microaerophilic growth conditions, it is indicative that in-vivo sensitivity results may differ from in-vitro tests.

Keywords


Lemongrass Oil, Antimicrobial Activity, Microbes, Microaerophilic Growth

References