Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Lipid Profile and Role Of LDL in Cardio-Vascular Disease


Affiliations
1 Department of Chemistry, D.A.V. College, Amritsar (Punjab), India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Monitoring and maintaining healthy levels of lipids is important in staying healthy. While the body produces the cholesterol needed to function properly, the source for some cholesterol is the diet. Eating too much of foods that are high in cholesterol, saturated fats, and trans unsaturated fats (trans fats) or having an inherited predisposition can result in a high level of cholesterol in the blood. The extra cholesterol may be deposited in plagues on the walls of blood vessels. Plaques can narrow or eventually block the opening of blood vessels, leading to hardening of the arteries, and increasing the risk of numerous health problems, including heart disease (Doet al., 2013) and stroke. LDL and Oxidised LDl are the main culprit for developing health problems. A high level of triglycerides in the blood is also associated with an increased risk of developing cardio-vascular disease (CVD), although the reason for this is not well understood. Studies(Kuklina et al., 2000) show that a large proportion of adults with high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) remain untreated or undertreated despite growing use of lipid-lowering medications.

Keywords

Lipids, LDL, Triglycerides, Cholesterol, Fats.
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Aviram, M., Fuhrman, B. Wine (2002). Flavonoids protect against LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 957:146-161.
  • Baba, S., Natsume, M., Yasuda, A. Nakamura, Y., Tamura, T. and Osakabe, N. (2007). Plasma LDL and HDL cholesterol and oxidized LDL concentrations are altered in normo- and hypercholesterolemic humans after intake of different levels of cocoa powder. J. Nutr., 137(6):1436-1441.
  • Baba, S., Osakabe, N., Kato, Y., Natsume, M., Yasuda, A., Kido, T., Fukuda, K., Muto, Y. and Kondo, K.(2007). Continuous intake of polyphenolic compounds containing cocoa powder reduces LDL oxidative susceptibility and has beneficial effects on plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations in humans.Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 85 (3) :709-717.
  • Covas, M.I., Nyyssonen, K., Poulsen, H.E., Kaikkonen, J., Zunft, H.J., Kiesewetter, H., Gaddi, A., de, la Torre, R., Mursu, J., Baumler, H., Nascetti, S., Salonen, J.T., Fito, M., Virtanen, J. and Marruga (2006). The effect of polyphenols in olive oil on heart disease risk factors: a randomized trial. Ann. Internat. Med., 145 (5) : 333-341.
  • Cowie, C.C. and Harris, M.L. (1995). Physical and metabolic characteristics of persons with diabetes. In : Diabetes in America. 2nd Ed. Harris, M.I., Cowie, C.C., Stern, M.P., Boyko, E.J., Reiber, G.E., Bennett, P.H., Eds. Bethesda, Md., National Institutes of Health: 117-164pp.
  • Dai, S., Fulton, J.E., Harrist, R.B., Grunbaum, J., Steffen, L.M. and Labarthe, D.R. (2009). Blood lipids in children: agerelated patterns and association with body fat indices: Project Heartbeat. Am. J. Prev. Med.,37 (1): 56–64.
  • Do, R., Willer, C. J., Schmidt, E. M., Sengupta, S., Gao, C., Peloso, G. M. and Kathiresan, S. (2013). Common variants associated with plasma triglycerides and risk for coronary artery disease. Nature Genet., 45(11) : 1345-1352.
  • Food Labeling : Health Claim (2010). Phytosterols and risk of coronary heart disease; proposed rule. Fed. Regist., 75 (235): 75626-76570.
  • Harris, W.S., Miller, M., Tighe, A.P., Davidson, M.H. and Schaefer, E.J. (2008) . Omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease risk: clinical and mechanistic perspectives.
  • Huxley, R., Lewington, S. and Clarke, R (.2002). Cholesterol, coronary heart disease and stroke: a review of published evidence from observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Semin. Vasc. Med., 2(3):315-323.
  • Janisch, K.M., Williamson, G., Needs, P. and Plumb, G.W. (2004). Properties of quercetin conjugates modulation of LDL oxidation and binding to human serum albumin. Free Radic. Res., 38 (8) : 877-84.
  • Katan, M., Grundy, S., Jones, P., Law, M., Miettinen, T. and Paoletti, R. (2003). Efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels. Mayo. Clin. Proc., 78 : 965-978.
  • Kerckhoffs, D.A., Brouns, F., Hornstra, G. and Mensink, R.P. (2002). Effects on the human serum lipoprotein profile of betaglucan, soy protein and isoflavones, plant sterols and stanols, garlic and tocotrienols. J Nutr., 132(9):2494-2505.
  • Kuklina, E.V., Yoon, P.W. and Keenan, N.L. (2000). Trends in high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the United States. JAMA, 302 (19) : 2104-2110.
  • Libby, P. (2006). Inflammation and cardio-vascular disease mechanisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 83 (2) : 456-460.
  • Libby, P. (2008). The molecular mechanisms of the thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis. J. Internat. Med., 263 (5): 517-527.
  • Maki, K.C., Lawless, A.L., Reeves, M.S., Dicklin, M.R.,Jenks, B.H, Shneyvas, E.D. and James R Brooks, J.R.(2012). Lipidaltering effects of a dietary supplement tablet containing free plant sterols and stanols in men and women with primary hypercholesterolaemia: a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Internat. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 63(4):476-482.
  • Martin-Nizard, F., Sahpaz, S., Furman, C., Fruchart, J.C., Duriez, P. and Bailleul, F. (2003). Natural phenylpropanoids protect endothelial cells against oxidized LDL-induced cytotoxicity. Planta Med., 69 (3): 207-211.
  • Mursu, J.1., Voutilainen, S., Nurmi, T., Rissanen, T.H., Virtanen, J.K., Kaikkonen, J., Nyyssönen, K. and Salonen, J.T. (2004). Dark chocolate consumption increases HDL cholesterol concentration and chocolate fatty acids may inhibit lipid peroxidation in healthy humans. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 37 (9) : 1351-1359.
  • Nakken, K.O., Kornstd, S., Do. (1998). Males 30-35 years age with chronic epilepsy and long-term anticonvulsant medication have lower than expected risk of developing Coronary Heart Disease. Epilepsia, 39: 326-330.
  • National Cholesterol Education Programme (NCEP) (2002). Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Programme (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation,106 (25) : 3143-3421.
  • Normen, L., Dutta, P., Lia, A. and Andersson, H. Soy (2000). sterol esters and beta-sitostanol ester as inhibitors of cholesterol absorption in human small bowel. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71 (4) : 908-913.
  • Ostlund, R.E. (2002). Phytosterols in human nutrition. Annu Rev. Nutr., 22 : 533-549
  • Perez-Jimenez, F., Ruano, J., Perez-Martinez, P., LopezSegura, F. and Lopez-Miranda, J. (2007).The influence of olive oil on human health: not a question of fat alone. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 51(10) : 1199-1208.
  • Sies, H., Stahl, W. and Sevanian, A. (2005) . Nutritional, dietary and postprandial oxidative stress. J. Nutr., 135(5) : 969-972.
  • Tontonoz, P., Nagy, L., Alvarez, J.G., Thomazy, V.A. and Evans, R.M. (1998). PPA Rgamma promotes monocyte/macrophage differentiation and uptake of oxidized LDL.Cell.,93(2):241-252.
  • Verrotti, A., Domizio, S. and Angelo, Z.Z.I. B. (1997). Changes in serum lipids and lipoproteins in epileptic children treated with anticonvulsant. Ped. Child. Health, 33: 242-245.
  • Zern, T.L., Wood, R.J., Greene, C., Kristy, L. Yanzhu Liu, W. Aggarwal, D., Shachter, N.S. and Fernandez, M.L.(2005). Grape polyphenols exert a cardioprotective effect in pre- and postmenopausal women by lowering plasma lipids and reducing oxidative stress. J. Nutr., 135 (8):1911-1917.
  • Zhang, W.Z., Venardos, K., Finch, S. and Kaye, D.M. (2008). Detrimental effect of oxidized LDL on endothelial arginine metabolism and transportation. Internat. J. Biochem. Cell Biol.,40 (5) : 920-928.

Abstract Views: 318

PDF Views: 2




  • Lipid Profile and Role Of LDL in Cardio-Vascular Disease

Abstract Views: 318  |  PDF Views: 2

Authors

Sanjay Sharma
Department of Chemistry, D.A.V. College, Amritsar (Punjab), India

Abstract


Monitoring and maintaining healthy levels of lipids is important in staying healthy. While the body produces the cholesterol needed to function properly, the source for some cholesterol is the diet. Eating too much of foods that are high in cholesterol, saturated fats, and trans unsaturated fats (trans fats) or having an inherited predisposition can result in a high level of cholesterol in the blood. The extra cholesterol may be deposited in plagues on the walls of blood vessels. Plaques can narrow or eventually block the opening of blood vessels, leading to hardening of the arteries, and increasing the risk of numerous health problems, including heart disease (Doet al., 2013) and stroke. LDL and Oxidised LDl are the main culprit for developing health problems. A high level of triglycerides in the blood is also associated with an increased risk of developing cardio-vascular disease (CVD), although the reason for this is not well understood. Studies(Kuklina et al., 2000) show that a large proportion of adults with high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) remain untreated or undertreated despite growing use of lipid-lowering medications.

Keywords


Lipids, LDL, Triglycerides, Cholesterol, Fats.

References