Current Science

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Milk Proteins, Health Issues and its Implications on National Livestock Breeding Policy of India


Affiliations
1 Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
2 Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR, Port Blair 744 101, India
 

Increasing evidence supporting the correlation between bovine beta-casein and disorders in milk consumers has led to the development and popularity of A2 milk and milk products worldwide. The indigenous cattle population of India harbours the preferred A2 allele of beta casein; however, genetic improvement of this cattle population by crossbreeding with exotic breeds is spoiling the gene pool as most of the exotic breeds contain A1 allele of the gene. In this study, we aim at evaluating the status of beta-casein in the Indian dairy sector and provide a discussion of future implications to the A2 milk industry. Our results show that the genotypic frequencies of A1 and A2 genes in a sample cattle population were 0.365 and 0.635 respectively. Based on the pure nature of the A2 allele in indigenous cattle, the presence of the A1 allele was assumed to be attributable to crossbreeding with exotic cattle breeds. Current options to drift the frequency of herds towards A2 are highly limited, raising serious questions regarding breeding policies in India and the lack of availability of certified A2 semen straws. The absence of any official standards and certification procedures in the country for A2 milk and milk products aggravates the situation from a food safety perspective. The future focus of sorted sexed semen and embryo transfers by the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries in India for dairy development should include A2 certification as an integral component. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India should define and establish standard protocols for certification of A2 milk and milk products to safeguard the rights of consumers against the potential food fraud.

Keywords

Beta-caseins, Genotyping, Livestock Breeding Policy, Milk Safety, Milk Proteins.
User
Notifications
Font Size

  • Davoodi, S. H. et al., Health-related aspects of milk proteins. Iran. J. Pharm. Res., 2016, 1st edn, 573-591.

  • Mathison, G. W., The toxicology of aflatoxins: Human health, veterinary, and agricultural significance. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 1997, 68, 368-369.

  • Hoffman, J. R. and Falvo, M. J., Protein - which is best? J. Sports. Sci. Med., 2004, 7(3), 118-130.

  • Rijnkels, M., Multispecies comparison of the casein gene loci and evolution of casein gene family. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia, 2002, 87(6), 327-345.

  • Farrell, H. M. et al., Nomenclature of the proteins of cows’ milk-sixth revision. J. Dairy Sci., 2004, 87, 1641-1674.

  • Caroli, A., Chessa, S., Bolla, P., Budelli, E., and Gandini, G. C., Genetic structure of milk protein polymorphisms and effects on milk production traits in a local dairy cattle. J. Anim. Breed. Genet., 2004, 121, 119-127.

  • Mishra, B. P. et al., Status of milk protein, β-casein variants among Indian milch animals. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 2009, 79, 722-725.

  • Jinsmaa, Y. and Yoshikawa, M., Enzymatic release of neocasomorphin and beta-casomorphin from bovine beta-casein. Peptides, 1999, 20, 957-962.

  • Elliott, R. B., Harris, D. P., Hill, J. P., Bibby, N. J. and Wasmuth, H. E., Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and cow milk: Casein variant consumption. Diabetologia, 1999, 42, 292-296.

  • Thorsdottir, I. et al., Different beta-casein fractions in Icelandic versus Scandinavian cow’s milk may influence diabetogenicity of cow’s milk in infancy and explain low incidence of insulindependent diabetes mellitus in Iceland. Pediatrics, 2000, 106, 719-724.

  • McLachlan, C. N., Beta-casein A1, ischaemic heart disease mortality, and other illnesses. Med. Hypotheses, 2001, 56, 262-272.

  • Tailford, K. A., Berry, C. L., Thomas, A. C. and Campbell, J. H., A casein variant in cow’s milk is atherogenic. Atherosclerosis, 2003, 170, 13-19.

  • Sun, Z., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., Cade, R., Elmir, Z. and Fregly, M., Relation of beta-casomorphin to apnea in sudden infant death syndrome. Peptides, 2003, 24, 937-943.

  • Woodford, K., A1 beta-casein, type 1 diabetes and links to other modern illnesses. Diabetes, 2008, 48(3), 1-20.

  • Kaminski, S., Cieslinska, A., and Kostyra, E., Polymorphism of bovine beta-casein and its potential effect on human health. J.Ap p l Genet, 2007, 189-198.

  • Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 1989.

  • Lien, S., Alestrom, P., Klungland, H. and Rogne, S., Detection of multiple β-casein (CASB) alleles by amplification created restriction sites (ACRS). Anim. Genet., 1992, 23, 333-338.

  • Annual Report 2015-16, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries. http://www.dadf.gov.in/sites/default/filess/Report%202015016%28English%29.pdf

  • Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. Report, Executive Summary on National Survey on Milk Adulteration, 2012.

  • ICAR - National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources; http://www.nbagr.res.in/offer.html


Abstract Views: 281

PDF Views: 147




  • Milk Proteins, Health Issues and its Implications on National Livestock Breeding Policy of India

Abstract Views: 281  |  PDF Views: 147

Authors

Ashish Kumar
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
Bakul Rao
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
Arun Kumar De
Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, ICAR, Port Blair 744 101, India

Abstract


Increasing evidence supporting the correlation between bovine beta-casein and disorders in milk consumers has led to the development and popularity of A2 milk and milk products worldwide. The indigenous cattle population of India harbours the preferred A2 allele of beta casein; however, genetic improvement of this cattle population by crossbreeding with exotic breeds is spoiling the gene pool as most of the exotic breeds contain A1 allele of the gene. In this study, we aim at evaluating the status of beta-casein in the Indian dairy sector and provide a discussion of future implications to the A2 milk industry. Our results show that the genotypic frequencies of A1 and A2 genes in a sample cattle population were 0.365 and 0.635 respectively. Based on the pure nature of the A2 allele in indigenous cattle, the presence of the A1 allele was assumed to be attributable to crossbreeding with exotic cattle breeds. Current options to drift the frequency of herds towards A2 are highly limited, raising serious questions regarding breeding policies in India and the lack of availability of certified A2 semen straws. The absence of any official standards and certification procedures in the country for A2 milk and milk products aggravates the situation from a food safety perspective. The future focus of sorted sexed semen and embryo transfers by the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries in India for dairy development should include A2 certification as an integral component. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India should define and establish standard protocols for certification of A2 milk and milk products to safeguard the rights of consumers against the potential food fraud.

Keywords


Beta-caseins, Genotyping, Livestock Breeding Policy, Milk Safety, Milk Proteins.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.18520/cs%2Fv115%2Fi7%2F1393-1398