Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Investigations into the Origin of SARS-CoV-2: An Update


Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Badu 700 128, India
 

Since January 2020, scientists have been using both experimental and bioinformatic approaches to study the key molecular features of SARS-CoV-2, the causa-tive agent of COVID-19. These studies have estab-lished that the genome of this virus is overall similar to that of viruses found in bats. However, there are genomic stretches which show strong similarity with viruses identified from other animals. The rapid deve-lopments of this subject have provided insights into how this novel virus has evolved from a number of progenitors and gained attributes that have made it a formidable pathogen. This review presents the salient features of these peer-reviewed findings and how the scientific evidence contradicts the ‘conspiracy theo-ries’ floating around.

Keywords

ACE2 Receptor, Betacoronavirus, COVID, Pangolins, SARS-CoV-2, Spike Protein.
User
Notifications
Font Size

  • Belay, E. D. et al., Zoonotic disease programs for enhancing global health security. Emerg. Infect Dis., 2017, 23(Suppl. 1): S65–S70.
  • Stevens, C., 2020; https://leelabvirus.host/COVID19/originspart1; https://leelabvirus.host/COVID19/origins-part2; https://leelabvirus.host/COVID19/origins-part3 (a lucid summary by the Benhur Lee Lab, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA).
  • Zimmer, C., A Planet of Viruses, The University of Chicago Press, USA, 2012, pp. 64–65.
  • Wan, Y. et al., Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J. Virol., 2020, 94, e00127-20.
  • Zhou, P. et al., A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 2020, 579, 270–273.
  • Zhang, Y. and Holmes, E., A genomic perspective on the origin and emergence of SARS-CoV-2. Cell, 2020, 181, 1–5.
  • Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Microbiol., 2020, 5, 536–544.
  • Balaram, P., Outlook, 22 June 2020, pp. 92–93; https://magazine.outloookindia.com/story/india-news-why-does-science-come-last/303337
  • Wu, A. et al., Genome composition and divergence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in China. Cell Host Microbe, 2020, 27, 325–328.
  • Andersen, K. G. et al., The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Med., 2020, 26, 450–452.
  • Guan, Y. et al., Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China. Science, 2003, 302, 276–278.
  • Drosten, C., Kellam, P. and Memish, Z. A., Evidence for cameltohuman transmission of MERS coronavirus. New Engl. J. Med., 2014, 371, 1359–1360.
  • Cheng, V. C. C. et al., Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection. Clin. Microb. Rev., 2007, 20, 660–694.
  • Lan, J. et al., Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor. Nature, 2020, 581, 215–220.
  • Li, X. et al., Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 through recombination and strong purifying selection. Sci. Adv., 2020, 6, eabb9153.
  • Letko, M. et al., Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nat. Microbiol., 2020, 5, 562–569.
  • Liu, P., Chen, W. and Chen, J.-P., Viral metagenomics revealed sendai virus and coronavirus infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis javanica). Viruses, 2019, 11, 979.
  • Xiao, K. et al., Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan pangolins. Nature, 2020, 583, 286–289.
  • Zhang, T. et al., Probable pangolin origin of SARS-CoV-2 associated with the COVID-19 outbreak. Curr. Biol., 2020, 30, 1–6.
  • Lam, T. et al., Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins. Nature, 2020, 583, 282–285.
  • Kupferschmidt, K., How the pandemic made this virologist an unlikely cult figure. Science, 2020; https://www.sciencemag.org/ news/2020/04/how-pandemic-made-virologist-unlikely-cult-figure
  • Zhou, H. et al., A novel bat coronavirus closely related to SARSCoV2 contains natural insertions at the S1/S2 cleavage site of the spike protein. Curr. Biol., 2020, 30, 2196–2203.
  • Boni, M. F. et al., Evolutionary origins of the SARS-CoV-2 sarbecovirus lineage responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat. Microbiol., 2020, 5, 1408–1417.
  • Zhao, X. et al., Broad and differential animal angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 receptor usage by SARS-CoV-2. J. Virol., 2020, 94, e00940-20.
  • Afrasiabi, A., Evidence for ZAP-independent CpG reduction in SARS-CoV-2 genome, and pangolin coronavirus origin of 5′UTR. bioRxiv, 2020; https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.23.351353v1.
  • Pradhan, P. et al., Uncanny similarity of unique inserts in the 2019-nCoV spike protein to HIV-1 gp120 and Gag. bioRxiv (withdrawn), 2020.
  • Wu, K. et al., Mechanisms of host receptor adaptation by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J. Biol. Chem., 2012, 2012, 287, 8904–8911.
  • Banerjee, A. et al., Unraveling the zoonotic origin and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Trends Eco. Evol., 2020; https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.tree.2020.12.002.
  • Kupferschmidt, K., ‘Politics was always in the room’. WHO mission chief reflects on China trip seeking COVID-19’s origin. Science, 2021; https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/02/politicswasalways-room-who-mission-chief-reflects-china-trip-seekingcovid19-s

Abstract Views: 389

PDF Views: 134




  • Investigations into the Origin of SARS-CoV-2: An Update

Abstract Views: 389  |  PDF Views: 134

Authors

Anirban Mitra
Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Badu 700 128, India

Abstract


Since January 2020, scientists have been using both experimental and bioinformatic approaches to study the key molecular features of SARS-CoV-2, the causa-tive agent of COVID-19. These studies have estab-lished that the genome of this virus is overall similar to that of viruses found in bats. However, there are genomic stretches which show strong similarity with viruses identified from other animals. The rapid deve-lopments of this subject have provided insights into how this novel virus has evolved from a number of progenitors and gained attributes that have made it a formidable pathogen. This review presents the salient features of these peer-reviewed findings and how the scientific evidence contradicts the ‘conspiracy theo-ries’ floating around.

Keywords


ACE2 Receptor, Betacoronavirus, COVID, Pangolins, SARS-CoV-2, Spike Protein.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.18520/cs%2Fv121%2Fi1%2F77-84