Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Shifting cultivation to sustainability – seeing beyond the smoke


Affiliations
1 B10, Old Hostel, Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy, Forest Research Institute Campus, Dehradun 248 006, India
 

Shifting cultivation (SC) is a system of agriculture widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In India, it is rampant in the East and North East states. SC has been overwhelmingly portrayed as a threat to ecosystems and climate, ignoring the ecological value of the fallow phase and secondary forests. Finding ways to manage the practice of SC without affecting agricultural productivity is essential for climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation and the welfare of indigenous communities. This study analyses recent research on the impacts of SC with regard to ecosystem effects at different stages of the process.

Keywords

Ecosystem services, fallow, land sparing, secondary forests, shifting cultivation.
User
Notifications
Font Size

  • Kass, D., Foletti, C., Szott, L., Landaverde, R. and Nolasco, R., Traditional fallow systems of the Americas. Agrofor. Syst., 1993, 23, 207–218.
  • Kleinman, P. J. A., Pimentel, D. and Bryant, R. B., The ecological sustainability of slash-and-burn agriculture. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 1995, 52, 235–249.
  • Davidson, E. A., de Abreusa, T. D., Carvalho, C. J. R., Figueiredo, R. D. O., Kato, M. D. A., Kato, O. R. and Ishida, F. Y., An integrated greenhouse gas assessment of an alternative to slash-andburn agriculture in eastern Amazonia. Global Change Biol., 2008, 14, 998–1007.
  • Concklin, H. C., The study of shifting cultivation. Curr. Anthropol., 1954, 2, 1.
  • Roberts, J. T. and Parks, B. C., Ecologically unequal exchange, ecological debt, and climate justice: the history and implications of three related ideas for a new social movement. Int. J. Comp. Soc., 2009, 50, 385–409.
  • Heinimann, A. et al., A global view of shifting cultivation: recent, current, and future extent. PLoS ONE, 2017, 12, e0184479.
  • Padoch, C. and Pinedo-Vasquez, M., Saving slash-and-burn to save biodiversity. Biotropica, 2010, 42(5), 550–552.
  • Pandey, D. K., Junot, A. and Adhiguru, P., The contribution of sense of place to shifting cultivation sustenance: evidence from West Garo Hills, North East India. Curr. Sci., 2021, 120, 215– 220.
  • Satapathy, K. K. and Sarma, B. K., Shifting Cultivation in India: An Overview, Asian Agri-History (India), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, 2002.
  • Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Year Book, Government of India, 2014.
  • Kafle, G., Limbu, P., Pradhan, B. and Fang, J., Piloting eco-health approach for addressing land use transition, climate change and human health issues. In NGO Group Bulletin on Climate Change, LIBIRD, Pokhara, Nepal, 2009, p. 3.
  • Tinker, P. B., Ingram, J. S. I. and Struwe, S., Effects of slash-andburn agriculture and deforestation on climate change. Agric. Ecosys. Environ., 1996, 58, 13–22.
  • Silva, J. M. N., Carreiras, J. M. B., Rosa, I. and Pereira, J. M. C., Greenhouse gas emissions from shifting cultivation in the tropics, including uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. J. Geophys. Res., 2011, 116, D20304; doi:10.1029/2011JD016056.
  • McNicol, I. M., Ryan, C. M. and Williams, M., How resilient are African woodlands to disturbance from shifting cultivation? Ecol. Appl., 2015, 25, 2320–2336.
  • Gogoi, A., Sahoo, U. K. and Saikia, H., Vegetation and ecosystem carbon recovery following shifting cultivation in Mizoram– Manipur–Kachin rainforest eco-region, southern Asia. Ecol. Process., 2020, 9, 21; https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-020-00225-w.
  • Lanly, J. P., The nature, extent and development problems associated with shifting cultivation in the tropics. In Expert Consultation on the Education, Training and Extension Aspects of Shifting Cultivation. Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Rome, 1983.
  • Nath, P. C., Nath, A. J., Reang, D., Lal, R. and Das, A., Tree diversity, soil organic carbon liability and ecosystem carbon storage under a fallow age chrono sequence in Northeast India. Environ. Sustain. Indic., 2021, 10, 1001–1022.
  • Mertz, O., Bruun, T. B., Jepsen, M. R., Ryan, C. M., Zaehringer, J. G., Hinrup, J. S. and Heinimann, A., Ecosystem service provision by secondary forests in shifting cultivation areas remains poorly understood. Hum. Ecol., 2021, 49, 271–283.
  • Matos, F. A. R. et al., Secondary forest fragments offer important carbon and biodiversity cobenefits. Global Change Biol., 2020, 26, 509–522.
  • Salinas-Melgoza, M. A., Skutsch, M. and Lovett, J. C., Carbon emissions form dryland shifting cultivation: a case study of Mexican tropical dry forest. Silva Fenn., 2017, 51(1B), 1553; https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1553.
  • Gilroy, J. J., Woodcock, P., Edwards, F. A., Wheeler, C., Medina Uribe, C., Haugaasen, T. and Edwards, D. P., Optimizing carbon storage and biodiversity protection in tropical agricultural landscapes. Global Change Biol., 2014, 20, 2162–2172.
  • D’Oliveira, M. V. N., Alvarado, E. C., Santos, J. C. and Carvalho, J. A., Forest natural regeneration and biomass production after slash and burn in a seasonally dry forest in the southern Brazilian Amazon. For. Ecol. Manage., 2011, 261, 1490–1498.
  • Cole, R. J., Holl, K. D. and Zahawi, R. A., Seed rain under tree islands planted to restore degraded lands in a tropical agricultural landscape. Ecol. Appl., 2010, 20, 1255–1269.
  • Campbell, G. S., Jungbauer Jr, J. D., Bidlake, W. R. and Hungerford, R. D., Predicting the effect of temperature on soil thermal conductivity. Soil Sci., 1994, 158(5), 307–313.
  • Pedroso-Junior, N. N., Murrieta, R. S. S. and Adams, C. A., Agricultura De Corte E Queima: Um Sistema Em Transforma. O. Bol. Mus. Par. Emilio Goeldi. Cience Hum., 2008, 3(2), 153–174.
  • Bruun, T. B., Mertz, O. and Elberling, B., Linking yields of upland rice in shifting cultivation to fallow length and soil properties. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 2006, 113, 139–149.
  • Ribeiro Filho, A., Adams, C. and Murrieta, R., The impacts of shifting cultivation on tropical forest soil: a review. Bol. Mus. Par. Emilio Goeldi. Cience Hum., 2013, 8(3), 693–727.
  • Palm, C., Tomich, T., van Noordwijk, M., Vosti, S., Gockowski, J., Alegre, J. and Verchot, L., Mitigating GHG emissions in the humid tropics: case studies from the alternatives to slash-and-burn program (ASB). Environ. Dev. Sustain., 2004, 6, 145–162.
  • Mertz, O., Padoch, C., Fox, J., Cramb, R., Leisz, S., Thanh Lam, N. and Duc Vien, T., Swidden Change in Southeast Asia: understanding causes and consequences. Hum. Ecol., 2009, 37(3), 259–264.
  • Tacconi, L. and Vayda, A. P., Slash and burn and fires in Indonesia: a comment. Ecol. Econ., 2006, 56(1), 1–4.
  • Varma, A., The economics of slash and burn: a case study of the 1997–1998 Indonesian forest fires. Ecol. Econ., 2003, 46(1), 159– 171.
  • Biswal, D., Shifting cultivation, climate change and environment poverty nexus: an anthropological study among tribal communities of Odisha, India. Int. J. Environ. Ecol. Res., 2021, 3(2), 5–10.
  • Pirard, R. and Belna, K., Agriculture and deforestation: is REDD+ ischolar_mained in evidence? For. Policy Econ., 2012, 21, 62–70.
  • Dalle, S. P. and De Blois, S., Shorter fallow cycles affect the availability of non-crop plant resources in a shifting cultivation system. Ecol. Soc., 2006, 11, 2.
  • van Noordwijk, M., Hairiah, K., Guntro, B., Sugito, Y. and Ismunandar, S., Biological management of soil fertility for sustainable agriculture on acid upland soils. Agrivita, 1996, 19, 131–136.
  • Lawrence, D., Radel, C., Tully, K., Schmook, B. and Schneider, L., Untangling a decline in tropical forest resilience: constraints on the sustainability of shifting cultivation across the globe. Biotropica, 2010, 42, 21–30.
  • Pelletier, J., Codjia, C. and Potvin, C., Traditional shifting agriculture: tracking forest carbon stock and biodiversity through time in western Panama. Global Change Biol., 2012, 18(12), 3581–3595.
  • Sanford, R. L., Saldarriaga, J., Clark, K. E., Uhl, C. and Herrera, R., Amazon rainforests fires. Science, 1985, 227(4682), 53–55.
  • Balle, W. and Campbell, D. G., Evidence for the successional status of liana forest (Xingu River basin, Amazonian Brazil). Biotropica, 1990, 22(1), 36–47.
  • Brown, S. and Lugo, A. E., Tropical secondary forests. J. Trop. Ecol., 1990, 6(1), 1–32.
  • Namgyel, U., Siebert, S. F. and Wang, S., Shifting cultivation and biodiversity conservation in Bhutan. Conserv. Biol., 2008, 22(5), 1349–1351.
  • Willis, K. J., Gillson, L. and Brncic, T. M., How ‘virgin’ is virgin rainforest? Science, 2004, 304(5669), 402–403.
  • Padoch, C., Coffey, K., Mertz O., Leisz, S., Fox, J. and Wadley, R. L., The demise of swidden in Southeast Asia? Local realities and regional ambiguities. Geogr. Tidsskr. – Dan. J. Geogr., 2007, 107,
  • –41.
  • Schmidt-Vogt, D. et al., An assessment of trends in the extent of swidden in Southeast Asia. Hum. Ecol., 2009, 37, 269–280.
  • Conklin, H. C., Hanunoo agriculture: report on an integral system of shifting cultivation in the Philippines (Forestry Development Paper 12). FAO, Rome, Italy, 1957.
  • Rerkasem, K., Lawrence, D., Padoch, C., Schmidt-Vogt, D., Ziegler, A. D. and Bruun, T. B., Consequences of swidden transitions for crop and fallow biodiversity in Southeast Asia. Hum. Ecol., 2009, 37(3), 347–360.
  • Brush, S. B., The concept of carrying capacity for systems of shifting cultivation. Am. Anthropol., 1975, 77, 799–811.
  • Sarap, K., Sarangi, T. K. and Naik, J., Implementation of the Forest Rights Act 2006 in Odisha: process, constraints and outcome. Econ. Polit. Wkly, 2013, 48(36).

Abstract Views: 299

PDF Views: 141




  • Shifting cultivation to sustainability – seeing beyond the smoke

Abstract Views: 299  |  PDF Views: 141

Authors

Anurag Mishra
B10, Old Hostel, Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy, Forest Research Institute Campus, Dehradun 248 006, India

Abstract


Shifting cultivation (SC) is a system of agriculture widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In India, it is rampant in the East and North East states. SC has been overwhelmingly portrayed as a threat to ecosystems and climate, ignoring the ecological value of the fallow phase and secondary forests. Finding ways to manage the practice of SC without affecting agricultural productivity is essential for climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation and the welfare of indigenous communities. This study analyses recent research on the impacts of SC with regard to ecosystem effects at different stages of the process.

Keywords


Ecosystem services, fallow, land sparing, secondary forests, shifting cultivation.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.18520/cs%2Fv122%2Fi10%2F1129-1134