Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Adolescent type 1 diabetes mellitus in India


Affiliations
1 Faculty of Humanities, Department of Sociology, Shri Venkateshwara University, Gajraula 244 236, India., India
 

Diabetes is becoming more common in children and adolescents around the world, with serious consequences for the long-term health of individuals, societies and nations. Diagnosis and management of diabetes in children present several unique challenges. Although type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is more common in children and adolescents, type 2 diabetes mellitus is also on the rise in young people, particularly among certain ethnic groups. A thorough patient history evolution and physical examination usually reveal the diagnosis. Specific laboratory and imaging tests, however, are required to confirm the diagnosis. Diabetes management in children and adolescents can be difficult in some cases due to age-specific issues and the more aggressive nature of the disease. This study summarizes various sources on how a patientcentred approach focusing on comprehensive risk factor reduction with the involvement of all concerned stakeholders (patients, parents, peers and teachers) could help ensure the best possible level of diabetes control and prevent or delay long-term complications.

Keywords

Children and Adolescents, Diagnosis and Management, Hypoglycaemia, Insulin, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
User
Notifications
Font Size

  • Nathan, D. M. et al., Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl. J. Med., 1993, 329(14), 977– 986; doi:10.1056/NEJM199309303291401.
  • American Diabetes Association, Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2012. Diabetes Care, 2013, 36(4), 1033–1046.
  • Hood, K. K., Rohan, J. M., Peterson, C. M. and Drotar, D., Interventions with adherence-promoting components in pediatric type 1 diabetes: meta-analysis of their impact on glycemic control. Diabetes Care, 2010, 33(7), 1658–1664; doi:10.2337/dc09-2268.
  • Morris, A. D., Boyle, D. I., McMahon, A. D., Greene, S. A., MacDonald, T. M. and Newton, R. W., Adherence to insulin treatment, glycaemic control, and ketoacidosis in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The DARTS/MEMO collaboration, Diabetes audit and research in Tayside Scotland. Medicines monitoring unit. Lancet, 1997, 350(9090), 1505–1510; doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)06234-x.
  • Amiel, S. A., Sherwin, R. S., Simonson, D. C., Lauritano, A. A. and Tamborlane, W. V., Impaired insulin action in puberty. A contributing factor to poor glycemic control in adolescents with diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med., 1986, 315(4), 215–219; doi:10.1056/NEJM198607243150402.
  • Ingersoll, G. M., Orr, D. P., Herrold, A. J. and Golden, M. P., Cognitive maturity and self-management among adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J. Pediatric., 1986, 108(4), 620–623; doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(86)80852-6.
  • Silverstein, J. et al., Care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 2005, 28(1), 186–212; doi:10.2337/diacare.28.1.186.
  • Unnikrishnan, A. G. et al., Type 1 diabetes versus type 2 diabetes with onset in persons younger than 20 years of age. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2008, 1150, 239–244; doi:10.1196/annals.1447.056.
  • Praveen, P. A. et al., Registry of youth onset diabetes in India (YDR) rationale, recruitment, and current status. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol., 2016, 10(5), 1034–1041; doi:10.1177/1932296816645121.
  • Amutha, A. and Mohan, V., Childhood and adolescent onset type 1 diabetes in India. MGM J. Med. Sci., 2013; doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10036-1013.
  • Raymond, N. T. et al., Comparative incidence of type I diabetes in children aged under 15 years from South Asian and white or other ethnic backgrounds in Leicestershire, UK, 1989 to 1998. Diabetologia (Suppl.), 2001, 44(3), B32–B36; doi:10.1007/pl00002951.
  • Harron, K. L. et al., Incidence rate trends in childhood type 1 diabetes in Yorkshire, UK 1978–2007: effects of deprivation and age at diagnosis in the South Asian and non-South Asian populations. Diabet. Med., 2011, 28(12), 1508–1513; doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491. 2011.03413.x.
  • Atkinson, M. A., ADA Outstanding Scientific Achievement Lecture 2004. Thirty years of investigating the autoimmune basis for type 1 diabetes: why can’t we prevent or reverse this disease? Diabetes, 2005, 54(5), 1253–1263; doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.5.1253.
  • Eisenbarth, G. S., Type I diabetes mellitus. A chronic autoimmune disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 1986, 314(21), 1360–1368; doi:10.1056/ NEJM198605223142106.
  • Atkinson, M. A. and Eisenbarth, G. S., Type 1 diabetes: new perspectives on disease pathogenesis and treatment (published correction appears in Lancet, 2001, 358(9283), 766). Lancet, 2001, 358(9277), 221–229; doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05415-0.
  • Meier, J. J., Bhushan, A., Butler, A. E., Rizza, R. A. and Butler, P. C., Sustained beta cell apoptosis in patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes: indirect evidence for islet regeneration? Diabetologia, 2005, 48(11), 2221–2228; doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1949-2.
  • Akirav, E., Kushner, J. A. and Herold, K. C., Beta-cell mass and type 1 diabetes: going, going, gone? Diabetes, 2008, 57(11), 2883– 2888; doi:10.2337/db07-1817.
  • Matveyenko, A. V. and Butler, P. C., Relationship between beta-cell mass and diabetes onset. Diabetes Obes. Metab. (Suppl. 4), 2008, 10, 23–31; doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00939.x.
  • Sosenko, J. M. et al., Glucose excursions between states of glycemia with progression to type 1 diabetes in the diabetes prevention trial-type 1 (DPT-1). Diabetes, 2010, 59(10), 2386–2389; doi:10. 2337/db10-0534.
  • von Herrath, M., Sanda, S. and Herold, K., Type 1 diabetes as a relapsing–remitting disease? Nature Rev. Immunol., 2007, 7(12), 988–994; doi:10.1038/nri2192.
  • Noble, J. A. and Erlich, H. A., Genetics of type 1 diabetes. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 2012, 2(1), a007732; doi:10.1101/ cshperspect.a007732.
  • Steck, A. K. and Rewers, M. J., Genetics of type 1 diabetes. Clin. Chem., 2011, 57(2), 176–185; doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.148221.
  • Bala, S., Pandve, H., Kamala, K., Dhanalakshmi, A. and Sarikonda, H., Performance of Indian diabetic risk score as a screening tool of diabetes among women of industrial urban area. J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care, 2019, 8(11), 3569–3573; doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_799_19.
  • American Diabetes Association, Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care (Suppl. 1), 2012, 35, S64–S71.
  • Bajaj, S. et al., South Asian women with diabetes: psychosocial challenges and management: consensus statement. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab., 2013, 17(4), 548–562; doi:10.4103/2230-8210.113720.
  • Rosenbloom, A. L., Joe, J. R., Young, R. S. and Winter, W. E., Emerging epidemic of type 2 diabetes in youth. Diabetes Care, 1999, 22(2), 345–354; doi:10.2337/diacare.22.2.345.
  • Chatenoud, L., Thervet, E., Primo, J. and Bach, J. F., Anti-CD3 antibody induces long-term remission of overt autoimmunity in nonobese diabetic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1994, 91(1), 123–127; doi:10.1073/pnas.91.1.123.
  • Chatenoud, L., CD3-specific antibody-induced active tolerance: from bench to bedside. Nature Rev. Immunol., 2003, 3(2), 123–132; doi: 10.1038/nri1000.
  • Hayes, R. P., Fitzgerald, J. T. and Jacober, S. J., Primary care physician beliefs about insulin initiation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Int. J. Clin. Pract., 2008, 62(6), 860–868; doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241. 2008.01742.x.
  • American Association of Diabetes Educators, AADE7 self-care behaviors. Diabetes Educ., 2008, 34, 445–449.
  • Kotwani, A. et al., Prices and availability of common medicines at six sites in India using a standard methodology. Indian J. Med. Res., 2007, 125(5), 645–654.
  • Berlin, I. et al., Phobic symptoms, particularly the fear of blood and injury, are associated with poor glycemic control in type I diabetic adults. Diabetes Care, 1997, 20(2), 176–178; doi:10.2337/ diacare.20.2.176.
  • Pramming, S., Thorsteinsson, B., Bendtson, I. and Binder, C., Symptomatic hypoglycaemia in 411 type 1 diabetic patients. Diabet. Med., 1991, 8(3), 217–222; doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1991.tb01575.x.
  • Das, A. K., Type 1 diabetes in India: overall insights. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab. (Suppl. 1), 2015, 19, S31–S33; doi:10.4103/2230- 8210.155372.
  • Kesavadev, J. et al., Challenges in type 1 diabetes management in South East Asia: descriptive situational assessment. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab., 2014, 18(5), 600–607; doi:10.4103/2230-8210.139210.
  • East, M. and Africa, N., IDF Diabetes Atlas, 2017, 8th edn, pp. 20, 79.
  • Anjana, R. M. et al., The need for obtaining accurate nationwide estimates of diabetes prevalence in India – rationale for a national study on diabetes. Indian J. Med. Res., 2011, 133(4), 369–380.
  • Verma, N. P., Mehta, S. P., Madhu, S., Mather, H. M. and Keen, H., Prevalence of known diabetes in an urban Indian environment: the Darya Ganj diabetes survey. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.), 1986, 293(6544), 423–424; doi:10.1136/bmj.293.6544.423.
  • Ramachandran, A., Jali, M. V., Mohan, V., Snehalatha, C. and Viswanathan, M., High prevalence of diabetes in an urban population in South India. BMJ, 1988, 297(6648), 587–590; doi:10.1136/ bmj.297.6648.587.
  • Ramachandran, A., Snehalatha, C., Dharmaraj, D. and Viswanathan, M., Prevalence of glucose intolerance in Asian Indians. Urban–rural difference and significance of upper body adiposity. Diabetes Care, 1992, 15(10), 1348–1355; doi:10.2337/diacare.15.10.1348.
  • Ramachandran, A., Snehalatha, C., Latha, E., Vijay, V. and Viswanathan, M., Rising prevalence of NIDDM in an urban population in India. Diabetologia, 1997, 40(2), 232–237; doi:10.1007/s0012500- 50668.
  • Ramachandran, A., Snehalatha, C., Latha, E., Manoharan, M. and Vijay, V., Impacts of urbanisation on the lifestyle and on the prevalence of diabetes in native Asian Indian population. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 1999, 44(3), 207–213; doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(99)00- 024-8.
  • Ramaiya, K. L., Kodali, V. R. and Alberti, K. G., Epidemiology of diabetes in Asians of the Indian subcontinent. Diabetes Metab. Rev., 1990, 6(3), 125–146; doi:10.1002/dmr.5610060302.
  • Mohan, V. et al., Intra-urban differences in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in southern India – the Chennai Urban Population Study (CUPS No. 4). Diabet. Med., 2001, 18(4), 280–287; doi: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2001.00421.x.
  • Madhu, S. V., Sandeep, G., Mishra, B. K. and Aslam, M., High prevalence of diabetes, prediabetes and obesity among residents of East Delhi – The Delhi Urban Diabetes Survey (DUDS). Diabetes Metab. Syndr., 2018, 12(6), 923–927; doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2018.05.016.
  • Ramachandran, A. et al., High prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India: National Urban Diabetes Survey. Diabetologia, 2001, 44(9), 1094–1101; doi:10.1007/s001250100627.
  • Anjana, R. M. et al., Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) in urban and rural India: phase I results of the Indian Council of Medical Research-INdia DIABetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study. Diabetologia, 2011, 54(12), 3022–3027; doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2291-5.
  • Misra, A., Pandey, R. M., Devi, J. R., Sharma, R., Vikram, N. K. and Khanna, N., High prevalence of diabetes, obesity and dyslipidaemia in urban slum population in northern India (published correction appears in Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 2002, 26(9), 1281). Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 2001, 25(11), 1722– 1729; doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801748.
  • Verma, N. P. and Madhu, S. V., Prevalence of known diabetes in urban east Delhi. Diabet. Res. Clinic. Prac., 2000, 50, 124; ISSN: 0168-8227.
  • Bhardwaj, S., Misra, A., Khurana, L., Gulati, S., Shah, P. and Vikram, N. K., Childhood obesity in Asian Indians: a burgeoning cause of insulin resistance, diabetes and sub-clinical inflammation. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. (Suppl. 1), 2008, 17, 172–175.
  • Porcellati, F. et al., Glucagon as a therapeutic approach to severe hypoglycemia: after 100 years, is it still the antidote of insulin? Biomolecules, 2021, 27, 11(9), 1281; doi:10.3390/biom11091281.
  • Patton, S. R., Dolan, L. M., Henry, R. and Powers, S. W., Fear of hypoglycemia in parents of young children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Psychol. Med. Settings, 2008, 15(3), 252–259; doi:10.1007/s10880-008-9123-x.
  • Funnell, M. M., The diabetes attitudes, wishes, and needs (DAWN) study. Clinic. Diabet., 2006, 24(4), 154–155; doi:10.2337/diaclin. 24.4.154.
  • Greaves, C. J., Brown, P., Terry, R. T., Eiser, C., Lings, P. and Stead, J. W., Converting to insulin in primary care: an exploration of the needs of practice nurses. J. Adv. Nurs., 2003, 42(5), 487–496; doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02648.x.
  • Korytkowski, M., When oral agents fail: practical barriers to starting insulin. Int. J. Obes., 2002, 26(3), S18–S24; doi:https://doi.org/ 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802173.
  • Peyrot, M., Barnett, A. H., Meneghini, L. F. and Schumm‐Draeger, P. M., Insulin adherence behaviours and barriers in the multinational global attitudes of patients and physicians in insulin therapy study. Diabet. Med., 2012, 29(5), 682–689; doi:10.1111/j.1464- 5491.2012.03605.x.
  • Hemkens, L. G., Grouven, U., Bender, R., Günster, C., Gutschmidt, S., Selke, G. W. and Sawicki, P. T., Risk of malignancies in patients with diabetes treated with human insulin or insulin analogues: a cohort study. Diabetologia, 2009, 52(9), 1732–1744.
  • Chudyk, A., Shapiro, S., Russell-Minda, E. and Petrella, R., Self-monitoring technologies for type 2 diabetes and the prevention of cardiovascular complications: perspectives from end users. J. Diabet. Sci. Technol., 2011, 5(2), 394–401; doi:10.1177/19322968110- 0500229.
  • Palerm, C. C., Zisser, H., Jovanovič, L. and Doyle III, F. J., A run-to-run control strategy to adjust basal insulin infusion rates in type 1 diabetes. J. Process Control, 2008, 18(3–4), 258–265; doi:10. 1016/j.jprocont.2007.07.010.
  • Wangnoo, S. K. et al., Barriers and solutions to diabetes management: an Indian perspective. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab., 2013, 17(4), 594; doi:10.4103/2230-8210.113749.
  • Kumar, N., Mehra, N. K., Kanga, U., Kaur, G., Tandon, N., Chuzho, N., Mishra, G. and Neolia, S. C., Diverse human leukocyte antigen association of type 1 diabetes in north India. J. Diabetes, 2019, 11(9), 719–728; doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12898.
  • Pozzilli, P. and Pieralice, S., Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: current status and new horizons. Endocrinol. Metabol., 2018, 33(2), 147–159; doi:10.3803/EnM.2018.33.2.147.
  • Grundy, S. M. et al., Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 1999, 100(10), 1134–1146; doi:10.1161/01.cir. 100.10.1134.
  • Church, T. J. and Haines, S. T., Treatment approach to patients with severe insulin resistance. Clinic. Diabet., 2016, 34(2), 97–104; doi:10.2337/diaclin.34.2.97.
  • Hortensius, J., Slingerland, R. J., Kleefstra, N., Logtenberg, S. J., Groenier, K. H., Houweling, S. T. and Bilo, H. J., Self-monitoring of blood glucose: the use of the first or the second drop of blood. Diabetes Care, 2011, 34(3), 556–560; doi:10.2337/dc10-1694.
  • Cummins, E., Royle, P., Snaith, A., Greene, A., Robertson, L., McIntyre, L. and Waugh, N., Clinical effectiveness and costeffectiveness of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for diabetes: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol. Assess. (Winchester, England), 2010, 14(11), iii–v; doi:10.3310/ hta14110.
  • Peyrot, M. et al., International DAWN Advisory Panel. Resistance to insulin therapy among patients and providers: results of the cross-national Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes, and Needs (DAWN) study. Diabetes Care, 2005, 28(11), 2673–2679; doi:10.2337/ diacare.28.11.2673.
  • Swinnen, S. G., Hoekstra, J. B. and DeVries, J. H., Insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2009, 32(suppl_2), S253–S259; doi:10.2337/dc09-S318.
  • Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group. Continuous glucose monitoring and intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes. New England J. Med., 2008, 359(14), 1464–1476; doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0805017.
  • Parchman, L. M. and Franz, M. J., Your Guide to Diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2, NIH Publication, 2013, No. 14-4016.
  • Rubio‐Cabezas, O., Hattersley, A. T., Njølstad, P. R., Mlynarski, W., Ellard, S., White, N. and Craig, M. E., The diagnosis and management of monogenic diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatric Diabet., 2014, 15(S20), 47–64; doi:10.1111/pedi.12192.
  • Phelan, H. et al., Sick day management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatric Diabet., 2022, 23(7), 912–925; doi:https:// doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13415.
  • Rybicka, M., Krysiak, R. and Okopień, B., The dawn phenomenon and the Somogyi effect – two phenomena of morning hyper-glycaemia. Pol. J. Endocrinol., 2011, 62(3), 276–283.
  • Gaete, X., Vivanco, M., Eyzaguirre, F. C., López, P., Rhumie, H. K., Unanue, N. and Codner, E., Menstrual cycle irregularities and their relationship with HbA1c and insulin dose in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Fertility Sterility, 2010, 94(5), 1822–1826; doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.08.039.
  • Ghosh, S. et al., Diabetes and travel. Int. J. Diabet. Develop. Countr., 2018, 38, 4–10; doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-018-0605-6.

Abstract Views: 136

PDF Views: 68




  • Adolescent type 1 diabetes mellitus in India

Abstract Views: 136  |  PDF Views: 68

Authors

Mohd Ovais
Faculty of Humanities, Department of Sociology, Shri Venkateshwara University, Gajraula 244 236, India., India
Mohd Kamil
Faculty of Humanities, Department of Sociology, Shri Venkateshwara University, Gajraula 244 236, India., India

Abstract


Diabetes is becoming more common in children and adolescents around the world, with serious consequences for the long-term health of individuals, societies and nations. Diagnosis and management of diabetes in children present several unique challenges. Although type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is more common in children and adolescents, type 2 diabetes mellitus is also on the rise in young people, particularly among certain ethnic groups. A thorough patient history evolution and physical examination usually reveal the diagnosis. Specific laboratory and imaging tests, however, are required to confirm the diagnosis. Diabetes management in children and adolescents can be difficult in some cases due to age-specific issues and the more aggressive nature of the disease. This study summarizes various sources on how a patientcentred approach focusing on comprehensive risk factor reduction with the involvement of all concerned stakeholders (patients, parents, peers and teachers) could help ensure the best possible level of diabetes control and prevent or delay long-term complications.

Keywords


Children and Adolescents, Diagnosis and Management, Hypoglycaemia, Insulin, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.18520/cs%2Fv124%2Fi7%2F790-798