- Vol 107, No 9 (2014)
- Pages: 1487-1501
- Published: 2014-11-10
- https://doi.org/10.18520/cs%2Fv107%2Fi9%2F1487-1501
Open Access
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Impact of Management Levels and Land-Use Changes on Soil Properties in Rice-Wheat Cropping System of the Indo-Gangetic Plains
G. S. Sidhu
1,
T. Bhattacharyya
2,
D. Sarkar
2,
S. K. Ray
2,
P. Chandran
2,
D. K. Pal
3,
D. K. Mandal
2,
J. Prasad
2,
K. M. Nair
4,
A. K. Sahoo
5,
T. H. Das
5,
R. S. Singh
6,
C. Mandal
2,
R. Srivastava
2,
T. K. Sen
2,
S. Chatterji
2,
N. G. Patil
2,
G. P. Obireddy
2,
S. K. Mahapatra
3,
K. S. Anil Kumar
4,
K. Das
5,
A. K. Singh
6,
S. K. Reza
7,
D. Dutta
5,
S. Srinivas
4,
P. Tiwary
2,
K. Karthikeyan
2,
M. V. Venugopalan
8,
K. Velmourougane
8,
A. Srivastava
9,
Mausumi Raychaudhuri
10,
D. K. Kundu
10,
K. G. Mandal
10,
G. Kar
10,
S. L. Durge
2,
G. K. Kamble
2,
M. S. Gaikwad
2,
A. M. Nimkar
2,
S. V. Bobade
2,
S. G. Anantwar
2,
S. Patil
2,
V. T. Sahu
2,
K. M. Gaikwad
2,
H. Bhondwe
2,
S. S. Dohtre
2,
S. Gharami
2,
S. G. Khapekar
2,
A. Koyal
4,
Sujatha
4,
B. M. N. Reddy
4,
P. Sreekumar
4,
D. P. Dutta
7,
L. Gogoi
7,
V. N. Parhad
2,
A. S. Halder
5,
R. Basu
5,
R. Singh
6,
B. L. Jat
6,
D. L. Oad
6,
N. R. Ola
6,
K. Wadhai
2,
M. Lokhande
2,
V. T. Dongare
2,
A. Hukare
2,
N. Bansod
2,
A. Kolhe
2,
J. Khuspure
2,
H. Kuchankar
2,
D. Balbuddhe
2,
S. Sheikh
2,
B. P. Sunitha
4,
B. Mohanty
3,
D. Hazarika
7,
S. Majumdar
5,
R. S. Garhwal
6,
A. Sahu
8,
S. Mahapatra
10,
S. Puspamitra
10,
A. Kumar
9,
N. Gautam
2,
B. A. Telpande
2,
A. M. Nimje
2,
C. Likhar
2,
S. Thakre
2
Affiliations
1 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, India
2 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
3 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, India
4 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
5 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
6 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
7 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, India
8 Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
9 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, India
10 Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
1 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, India
2 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
3 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, India
4 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
5 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
6 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
7 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, India
8 Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
9 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, India
10 Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
Five benchmark soils, namely Fatehpur (Punjab) and Haldi (Uttarakhand) non-sodic soils, Zarifa Viran (Haryana), Sakit and Itwa sodic soils (Uttar Pradesh) representing Trans, Upper, Middle and Central Indo- Gangetic Plains (IGP) were revisited for studying the morphological, physical and chemical properties of soils at low and high management levels to monitor changes in soil properties due to the impact of landuse as well as management levels. The results indicate an increase in bulk density (BD) below the plough layer, and build up of organic carbon (OC) and decline in pH in surface layers of Zarifa Viran, Sakit and Itwa sodic soils under high management. The concentration of carbonates and bicarbonates in sodic soils decreased due to adaptation of rice-wheat system. The build-up of OC and decrease of pH in surface soils under rice- wheat system enhanced the soil health. Increase in BD in subsurface soils, however, is a cause of concern for sustaining rice-wheat cropping system. Soil management interventions such as tillage, conservation agriculture and alternate cropping system have been suggested for improved soil health and productivity.
Keywords
Benchmark Soil, Bulk Density, Land-Use Changes, Rice–Wheat System, Soil Properties.
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- Impact of Management Levels and Land-Use Changes on Soil Properties in Rice-Wheat Cropping System of the Indo-Gangetic Plains
Abstract Views: 253 |
PDF Views: 95
Five benchmark soils, namely Fatehpur (Punjab) and Haldi (Uttarakhand) non-sodic soils, Zarifa Viran (Haryana), Sakit and Itwa sodic soils (Uttar Pradesh) representing Trans, Upper, Middle and Central Indo- Gangetic Plains (IGP) were revisited for studying the morphological, physical and chemical properties of soils at low and high management levels to monitor changes in soil properties due to the impact of landuse as well as management levels. The results indicate an increase in bulk density (BD) below the plough layer, and build up of organic carbon (OC) and decline in pH in surface layers of Zarifa Viran, Sakit and Itwa sodic soils under high management. The concentration of carbonates and bicarbonates in sodic soils decreased due to adaptation of rice-wheat system. The build-up of OC and decrease of pH in surface soils under rice- wheat system enhanced the soil health. Increase in BD in subsurface soils, however, is a cause of concern for sustaining rice-wheat cropping system. Soil management interventions such as tillage, conservation agriculture and alternate cropping system have been suggested for improved soil health and productivity.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18520/cs%2Fv107%2Fi9%2F1487-1501
Authors
G. S. Sidhu
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, India
T. Bhattacharyya
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
D. Sarkar
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. K. Ray
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
P. Chandran
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
D. K. Pal
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, India
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, India
D. K. Mandal
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
J. Prasad
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
K. M. Nair
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
A. K. Sahoo
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
T. H. Das
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
R. S. Singh
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
C. Mandal
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
R. Srivastava
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
T. K. Sen
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. Chatterji
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
N. G. Patil
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
G. P. Obireddy
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. K. Mahapatra
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, India
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, India
K. S. Anil Kumar
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
K. Das
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
A. K. Singh
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
S. K. Reza
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, India
D. Dutta
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
S. Srinivas
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
P. Tiwary
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
K. Karthikeyan
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
M. V. Venugopalan
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
K. Velmourougane
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
A. Srivastava
National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, India
National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, India
Mausumi Raychaudhuri
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
D. K. Kundu
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
K. G. Mandal
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
G. Kar
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
S. L. Durge
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
G. K. Kamble
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
M. S. Gaikwad
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
A. M. Nimkar
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. V. Bobade
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. G. Anantwar
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. Patil
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
V. T. Sahu
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
K. M. Gaikwad
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
H. Bhondwe
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. S. Dohtre
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. Gharami
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. G. Khapekar
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
A. Koyal
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
Sujatha
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
B. M. N. Reddy
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
P. Sreekumar
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
D. P. Dutta
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, India
L. Gogoi
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, India
V. N. Parhad
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
A. S. Halder
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
R. Basu
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
R. Singh
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
B. L. Jat
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
D. L. Oad
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
N. R. Ola
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
K. Wadhai
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
M. Lokhande
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
V. T. Dongare
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
A. Hukare
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
N. Bansod
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
A. Kolhe
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
J. Khuspure
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
H. Kuchankar
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
D. Balbuddhe
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. Sheikh
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
B. P. Sunitha
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
B. Mohanty
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, India
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, India
D. Hazarika
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, India
S. Majumdar
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
R. S. Garhwal
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
A. Sahu
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
S. Mahapatra
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
S. Puspamitra
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
A. Kumar
National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, India
National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, India
N. Gautam
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
B. A. Telpande
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
A. M. Nimje
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
C. Likhar
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. Thakre
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Abstract
Five benchmark soils, namely Fatehpur (Punjab) and Haldi (Uttarakhand) non-sodic soils, Zarifa Viran (Haryana), Sakit and Itwa sodic soils (Uttar Pradesh) representing Trans, Upper, Middle and Central Indo- Gangetic Plains (IGP) were revisited for studying the morphological, physical and chemical properties of soils at low and high management levels to monitor changes in soil properties due to the impact of landuse as well as management levels. The results indicate an increase in bulk density (BD) below the plough layer, and build up of organic carbon (OC) and decline in pH in surface layers of Zarifa Viran, Sakit and Itwa sodic soils under high management. The concentration of carbonates and bicarbonates in sodic soils decreased due to adaptation of rice-wheat system. The build-up of OC and decrease of pH in surface soils under rice- wheat system enhanced the soil health. Increase in BD in subsurface soils, however, is a cause of concern for sustaining rice-wheat cropping system. Soil management interventions such as tillage, conservation agriculture and alternate cropping system have been suggested for improved soil health and productivity.
Keywords
Benchmark Soil, Bulk Density, Land-Use Changes, Rice–Wheat System, Soil Properties.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18520/cs%2Fv107%2Fi9%2F1487-1501