Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
Journals
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Mani, Monto
- Preface
Abstract Views :271 |
PDF Views:81
Authors
Source
Current Science, Vol 109, No 9 (2015), Pagination: 1564-1566Abstract
No Abstract.- Capability Approach-Based Evaluation of a Biomass Cook-Stove Design
Abstract Views :269 |
PDF Views:76
Authors
Affiliations
1 Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, IN
2 Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, IN
1 Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, IN
2 Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 109, No 9 (2015), Pagination: 1601-1609Abstract
What is the scope and responsibilities of design? This work partially answers this by employing a normative approach to design of a biomass cook stove. This study debates on the sufficiency of existing design methodologies in the light of a capability approach. A case study of a biomass cook stove Astra Ole has elaborated the theoretical constructs of capability approach, which, in turn, has structured insights from field to evaluate the product. Capability approach based methodology is also prescriptively used to design the mould for rapid dissemination of the Astra Ole.Keywords
Capability Approach, Design Evaluation, Design Life Cycle, Improved Cook Stoves.- Understanding Transitions in a Rural Indian Building Typology in the Context of Well-Being
Abstract Views :270 |
PDF Views:95
Authors
Affiliations
1 Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, IN
1 Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 109, No 9 (2015), Pagination: 1610-1621Abstract
Rural settlements in Karnataka in India predominantly use locally available resources to build their dwelling units. The houses are constructed either by the villagers themselves or by local masons skilled in traditional architecture. However, traditional houses and lifestyle are slowly giving way to modern concrete dwellings and a new lifestyle. To analyse this trend of transition to modern dwellings in rural settlements, a case study was conducted in three villages near the city of Bengaluru in Karnataka. The present article discusses this transition in the context of sustainable well-being of rural settlements.Keywords
Building Typology, Modern Dwellings, Rural–Urban Transition, Sustainable Well-Being.- Understanding Transitions in a Rural Indian Building Typology in the Context of Well-Being
Abstract Views :217 |
PDF Views:67
Authors
Source
Current Science, Vol 110, No 5 (2016), Pagination: 857-857Abstract
A significant part is verbatim from Reference 35 quoting Reference 34. The paragraph could thus read corrected as: 'Well-being is important in the thinking of a benefactor and in moral argument because of its importance for the individual whose well-being it is. Rodogno quotes Scanlon on whether well-being is important to the individual whose well-being it is, as: '(a) It sounds absurd to say that individuals have no reason to be concerned with their own well-being, (b) because this seems to imply that they have no reason to be concerned with those things that make their lives go better. (c) Clearly they do have reason to be concerned with these things. (d) But in regard to their own lives they have little need to use the concept of well-being itself, either in giving justifications or in drawing distinctions... The concept of one's overall well-being does not play as important a role as it is generally thought to do in the practical thinking of a rational individual.'- Transitions in Traditional Dwellings
Abstract Views :206 |
PDF Views:101
Authors
Khadeeja Henna
1,
Monto Mani
2
Affiliations
1 Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, IN
2 Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, IN
1 Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, IN
2 Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 122, No 1 (2022), Pagination: 29-38Abstract
A dwelling, while providing shelter, reflects the identity and individuality of its occupant(s). Traditional architecture evolved with time, catering to the needs of the inhabitants, adopting local materials and in harmony with the prevalent climate and environment. Growing aspirations and global pressures drive transitions in this traditional fabric, pushing towards modern construction practices. For traditional societies in Asia and Africa with a large rural population, transitions have serious local and global impact, including loss of traditions, increased material and energy demand, and contribution towards climate change. This article reviews transition in dwellings in rural settlements and makes an effort to comprehend its nature, drivers and consequences. Understanding transitions helps appreciate traditional building practices and design for a sustainable future.Keywords
Built Environment, Modernization, Rural Settlements, Transitions, Vernacular Dwellings.References
- Mani, M., Ganesh, L. and Varghese, K., Sustainability and Human Settlements: Fundamental Issues, Modeling and Simulation, SAGE, 2005.
- Vellinga, M., Anthropology and the challenges of sustainable architecture. Anthropol. Today, 2005, 21, 3–7.
- Sinha, A., From tradition to modernity: the role of the dwelling in social change. In Environmental Design Research Association Conference, Champaign, Urbana, 1990, pp. 157–162.
- Sim, S. and Mccarthy, C., Redefining the vernacular in the hybrid architecture of Malaysia, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, 2010.
- Mlambo, H., Harber, R. and Pearce, B., The impact of impucuko (modernisation) of rural homestead living spaces on the dwellers in a selected area of Umbumbulu, South of Durban. Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016; doi:10.1109/ciced.2018.8592188.
- Lee, S. H., Conituity and consistency of the traditional courtyard House Plan in modern Korean dwellings. Tradit. Dwell. Settl. Rev., 1991, 3, 65–76.
- Gaurab, K. C., Why people build the way they build: a study of houses in Danchhi, Kathmandu Valley, Ball State University, Indiana, 2010.
- Shastry, V., Mani, M. and Tenorio, R., Impacts of modern transitions on thermal comfort in vernacular dwellings in warm–humid climate of Sugganahalli (India). Indoor Built Environ., 2014, 23, 543–564.
- Alsayyad, N., From vernacularism to globalism: the temporal reality of traditional settlements. Tradit. Dwell. Settl. Rev., 1995, 7, 13–24.
- Nguluma, H. M., Housing themselves: transformations, modernisation and spatial qualities in informal settlements in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 2003.
- Potter, R. B., Binns, T., Elliot, J. A. and Smith, D., Geographies of Development – An Introduction to Development Studies, Pearson Prentice Hall, London, 2008.
- Sarkar, K. D., Indian vernacular planning. Civ. Eng. Urban Plann. Int. J., 2015, 2, 37–48.
- Mani, M. and Reddy, B. V. V., Sustainability in human settlements: imminent material and energy challenges for buildings in India. J. Indian Inst. Sci., 2012, 92, 145–162.
- Henna, K., Saifudeen, A. and Mani, M., Resilience of vernacular and modernising dwellings in three climatic zones to climate change. Sci. Rep., 2021, 11, 9172.
- Alatta, R. A. and Alamat, R., The role of revitalizing the traditional house in highlighting social–cultural and ecological dimensions in contemporary housing design. Int. J. Adv. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol., 2017, 4, 4606–4617.
- Dingsdale, A., Budapest’s built environment in transition. GeoJournal., 1999, 49, 63–78.
- Pulhan, H. and Numan, I., The traditional urban house in Cyprus as material expression of cultural transformation. J. Des. Hist., 2006, 19, 105–119.
- Westerveld, R., Residences: what defines a house? How did houses change through history? Why do we still live in box-shaped homes? Productsociologie, 2015.
- Rama Murthy, S. and Mani, M., Design for sustainability: the role of CAD. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2012, 16, 4247–4256.
- Mosha, A., Influence of Western style planning on Botswana’s traditional urban settlement development patterns. Afr. Resour. Dev. J., 2014, 1, 39–57.
- Japha, D. and Japha, V., Two missions: case studies in the meaning of tradition in contemporary development in South Africa. Int. Assoc. Study Tradit. Environ., 1997, 8, 7–20.
- Kashikar, V., Time and space as process and product: an interpretation of vernacular and traditional architecture. In International Seminar on Vernacular Settlements, Eastern Mediterranean University, Cyprus, 2012.
- Chandran, K. M., Balaji, N. C. and Mani, M., Understanding transitions in a rural Indian building typology in the context of wellbeing. Curr. Sci., 2015, 109, 1610–1621.
- Belz, M. M., Unconscious landscapes: identifying with a changing vernacular in Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh. Mater. Cult., 2013, 45, 1–27.
- Eyre, M., Hashemi, A., Cruickshank, H. and Jordan, M., Transition in housing design and thermal comfort in rural Tanzania. In Fifth International Conference on Zero Energy Mass Customised Housing-ZEMCH, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2016, pp. 79–98.
- Mahmud, S., Identity crisis due to transformation of home environment: the case for two Muslim coties, Dhaka and Hofuf. J. Faculty Architect., 2007, 24, 37–56.
- National Sample Survey Office, National Sample Survey Reports 44th, 49th, 58th and 65th rounds, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India.
- Dayaratne, R., Vernacular in transition: the traditional and the hybrid architecture of Bahrain. In Pace or Speed: Vernacular Building Types and Settlements in Transition, ISVS: The Fourth International Seminar on Vernacular Settlements, School of Architecture, CEPT, Ahmedabad, India, 2008.
- Roaf, S., Fuentes, M. and Thomas, S., EcoHouse: A Design Guide, Architectural Press, Oxford, 2001, vol. 2.
- Kotharkar, R. and Deshpande, R., A comparative study of transformations in traditional house form: the case of Nagpur region, India. J. Int. Soc. Study Vernac. Settl., 2012, 2, 17–33.
- Ferdous, L., Kafy, A.-A., Gafur, A. M. R. and Wakil, M. A., An analysis on influencing factors of rural housing and settlement pattern in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Landsc. Archit. Reg. Plann., 2017, 2, 99–109.
- GoI, Census of India, Ministry of Home Affairs; Government of India; https://censusindia.gov.in/ (accessed on 29 January 2021).
- World Bank. World Bank data; https://data.worldbank.org/ (accessed on 29 January 2021).
- Cengizkan, A., Rural vernacular architecture: state intervention and 15 years after. In Architectural Knowledge and Cultural Diversity (ed. O’Reilly, W.), Comportements, Lausanne, 1999, pp. 17–30; https://www.archnet.org/publications/3770
- Eldemery, I. M., Globalization challenges in architecture. J. Archit. Plann. Res., 2009, 26, 343–354.
- Mascarenhas, P. V., Timeless traditions: Ainemane of Kodavas, Kodagu. In Context: Built, Living and Natural, Dronah, India, 2015, pp. 85–92.
- Ewart, I. J., Social and material influences on the Kelabit dwelt environment. Tradit. Dwell. Settl. Rev., 2012, 23, 69–82.
- Ewing, S., Traditions of appearance: adaptation and change in eastern Tibetan dwellings. Tradit. Dwell. Settl. Rev., 2003, 15, 73– 84.
- Patidat, S. and Raghuwanshi, B., Changes in culture and architecture from vernacular to modern: MP, India. In 30th International Passive and Low Energy Architecture Conference, Ahmedabad, 2014, pp. 1–8.
- Amerlinck, M.-J., The challenge of change: ethnic identity and built form among Mexican Purepechas. Int. Assoc. Study Tradit. Environ., 1995, 6, 53–64.
- Patidar, S. and Raghuwanshi, B., Vernacular to modern in the search of sustainable development. A/Z Istanbul Technical University, Turkey. J. Faculty Architect., 2016, 13, 115–126.
- Hou, J., Interconnected changes: Ta’u dwellings and settlements in transition. In Pace or Speed: Vernacular Building Types and Settlements in Transition, ISVS: The Fourth International Seminar on Vernacular Settlements, School of Architecture, CEPT, Ahmedabad, India, 2008.
- Mirmoghtadaee, M., Process of housing transformation in Iran. J. Constr. Dev. Ctries, 2009, 14, 69–80.
- Sani, R. M. and Mahasti, P., An inquiry into cultural continuity and change in housing: an Iranian perspective. Socio. Mind, 2013, 3, 230–237.
- Chen, X., Yang, H. and Lu, L., A comprehensive review on passive design approaches in green building rating tools. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2015, 50, 1425–1436.
- Singh, M. K., Mahapatra, S. and Atreya, S. K., Bioclimatism and vernacular architecture of north-east India. Build. Environ., 2009, 44, 878–888.
- Osasona, C. O., From traditional residential architecture to the vernacular: The Nigerian experience. Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria, 2007.
- Thomas, P., Conspicuous construction: houses, consumption and ‘relocalization’ in Manambondro, Southeast Madagascar. J. R.
- Anthropol. Inst., 1998, 4, 425–446.
- Indraganti, M., Understanding the climate sensitive architecture of Marikal, a village in Telangana region in Andhra Pradesh, India.
- Build. Environ., 2010, 45, 2709–2722.
- Chandran, K. M., Balaji, N. C. and Mani, M., Transition studies in rural building typologies: a case-study. In International Conference on Solar Energy in Buildings, 2015, pp. 345–350.
- Upadhyaya, V., Transformation in traditional Havelis: a case of walled city Jaipur, Rajasthan. Imp. J. Interdiscip. Res., 2017, 3, 1482–1492.
- Zhao, X., Tourism as an industry in heritage site – a case study on world heritage site of Fujian Tulou. J. Civ. Eng. Archit., 2014, 8, 499–508.
- Mukhopadhyay, A. and Rajaraman, I., Rural housing quality as an indicator of consumption sustainability. Econ. Polit. Wkly., 2012, 17, 63–67.
- Mani, M., Dayal, A. and Chattopadhyay, R. N., An assessment into the sustainability of earthen structures and modern transitions. In International Symposium on Earthern Structures, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India, 2007, pp. 22–24.
- Khan, S., Kashmir’s changing architecture: losing gold for glitter. Kashmir Newz, 2014.
- Ronald, R., The Japanese home in transition: housing, consumption and modernization. In Housing and Social Transition in Japan, Routledge, London, 2006, pp. 165–192.
- Dili, A. S., Naseer, M. A. and Varghese, T. Z., Thermal comfort study of Kerala traditional residential buildings based on questionnaire survey among occupants of traditional and modern buildings. Energy Build., 2010, 42, 2139–2150.
- World Bank, Residential consumption of electricity in India: documentation and methodology. India: strategies for low carbon growth, 2008; doi:http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/ Residentialpowerconsumption.pdf
- Praseeda, K. I., Mani, M. and Reddy, B. V. V., Assessing impact of material transition and thermal comfort models on embodied and operational energy in vernacular dwellings (India). Energy Procedia, 2014, 54, 342–351.
- Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction, International Energy Agency and United Nations Environment Programme, 2019 Global status report for buildings and construction: towards a zero-emissions, efficient and resilient buildings and construction sector, 2019.
- Zhang, J. and Smith, K. R., Indoor air pollution: a global health concern. Br. Med. Bull., 2003, 68, 209–225.
- Nwanaji-Enwerem, J. C., Allen, J. G. and Beamer, P. I., Another invisible enemy indoors: COVID-19, human health, the home, and United States indoor air policy. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 2020, 30, 773–775.
- Hammond, G. P. and Jones, C. I., Embodied energy and carbon in construction materials. In Proceedings of Institution Civil Engineers: Energy, University of Bath, UK, 2008.
- Preliminary Insights into the Impact between Photovoltaic Installations and Climate Change
Abstract Views :62 |
PDF Views:31
Authors
Roshan R. Rao
1,
Monto Mani
1
Affiliations
1 Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, IN
1 Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 125, No 9 (2023), Pagination: 945-954Abstract
Solar photovoltaic (PV) installations are growing exponentially globally, with a rising fraction of solar PVs in the renewable energy mix. Climate change is also expected to influence PV installations worldwide. Understanding the climate change impact on PV installations has been the scope of many recent studies. This article reviews recent studies on climate change impacts on PV installations based on the present scenario, and examines the effect of rising temperatures on the performance and service life of PV installations. On the contrary, PV installations may also cause an increase in the local ambient temperature. The impact of PV installations on the local and global climate is yet to be established. Comprehensive studies need to be undertaken to examine the impact between climate change and the performance of PV installations.Keywords
Ambient Temperature, Climate Change, Failure Probability, Performance and Service Life, Solar Photovoltaics.References
- Turconi, R., Boldrin, A. and Astrup, T., Life cycle assessment (LCA) of electricity generation technologies: overview, comparability and limitations. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2013, 28, 555–565.
- Weckend, S., Wade, A. and Heath, G., IRENA and IEA-PVPS, end-of-life management: solar photovoltaic panels. International Renewable Energy Agency and International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems. IEA-PVPS Report Number T12-06, 2016.
- Ludt, B., How to decommission a solar array, and why is it important to plan ahead? 2019; https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2019/03/how-to-decommission-a-solar-array-and-why-its-important-to-plan-ahead/.
- Nemet, G. F., Net radiative forcing from widespread deployment of photovoltaics. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2009, 43, 2173–2178.
- Barron-Gafford, G. A. et al., The photovoltaic heat island effect: larger solar power plants increase local temperatures. Sci. Rep., 1–7; doi:10.1038/srep35070.
- Jes fenger (ed.), Impacts of climate change on renewable energy sources: their role in the Nordic energy system, 2007; www.norden.org/order.
- Crook, J. A., Jones, L. A., Forster, P. M. and Crook, R., Climate change impacts on future photovoltaic and concentrated solar power energy output. Energy Environ. Sci., 2011, 4, 3101–3109.
- Gaetani, M. et al., Climate modelling and renewable energy resource assessment. JRC Science Policy Report, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Institute for Energy and Transport, 2015.
- Jerez, S. et al., The impact of climate change on photovoltaic power generation in Europe. Nature Commun., 2015, 6, 1–10.
- Wild, M., Folini, D., Henschel, F., Fischer, N. and Müller, B., Projections of long-term changes in solar radiation based on CMIP5 climate models and their influence on energy yields of photovoltaic systems. Sol. Energy, 2015, 116, 12–24.
- Bazyomo, S., Lawin, A., Coulibaly, O., Wisser, D. and Ouedraogo, A., Forecasted changes in West Africa photovoltaic energy output by 2045. Climate, 2016, 4, 53.
- Pérez, J. C., González, A., Díaz, J. P., Expósito, F. J. and Felipe, J., Climate change impact on future photovoltaic resource potential in an orographically complex archipelago, the Canary Islands. Renew. Energy, 2019, 133, 749–759.
- Sweerts, B. et al., Estimation of losses in solar energy production from air pollution in China since 1960 using surface radiation data. Nature Energy, 2019, 4, 657–663.
- Peters, I. M. and Buonassisi, T., The impact of global warming on silicon PV energy yield in 2100. In Conference Record of the IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2019, pp. 3179–3181; doi:10.1109/PVSC40753.2019.8980515.
- Suresh, K. and Bijan, S., Design for reliability with Weibull analysis for photovoltaic modules. Int. J. Curr. Eng. Technol., 2013, 3, 129–134.
- Kuitche, J. M., A Statistical Approach to Solar Photovoltaic Module Lifetime Prediction, Ph.D. thesis, Arizona State University, 2014.
- Zimmermann, T., Dynamic material flow analysis of critical metals embodied in thin-film photovoltaic cells, Ph.D. thesis, Univeritat Bremen, 2013.
- Bogacka, M., Pikoń, K. and Landrat, M., Environmental impact of PV cell waste scenario. Waste Manage., 2017, 70, 198–203.
- Voiculescu, S., Guerin, F., Barreau, M. and Charki, A., Bayesian estimation in accelerated life testing. Int. J. Prod. Dev., 2009, 7, 246–260.
- Laronde, R., Charki, A. and Bigaud, D., Lifetime estimation of a photovoltaic module based on temperature measurement. In Second IMEKO TC 11 International Symposium Metrological Infrastructure, Cavtat, Dubrovnik Riviera, Croatia, 15–17 June 2011, pp. 34–39.
- Bastin, J. F. et al., Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues. PLoS ONE, 2019, 14, 1–13.
- Marwede, M., Cycling critical absorber materials of CdTe- and CIGS-photovoltaics; material efficiency along the life-cycle, Ph.D. thesis, Universitat Augsburg University, 2013.
- Turney, D. and Fthenakis, V., Environmental impacts from the installation and operation of large-scale solar power plants. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2011, 15, 3261–3270.
- Genchi, Y. et al., Impacts of large-scale photovoltaic panel installation on the heat island effect in Tokyo. In Fifth Conference on the Urban Climate, Lodz, Poland, 1–5 September 2003, pp. 1–4.
- Taha, H., The potential for air-temperature impact from large-scale deployment of solar photovoltaic arrays in urban areas. Sol. Energy, 2013, 91, 358–367.
- Fthenakis, V. and Yu, Y., Analysis of the potential for a heat island effect in large solar farms. In Conference Record of the IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Tampa, Florida, 2013, pp. 3362–3366; doi:10.1109/PVSC.2013.6745171.
- Gao, X., Yang, L., Hou, X. and Hui, X., The local climate impact of photovoltaic solar farms – results from a field observation campaign in Gobi Desert. In ISES Solar World Congress 2017 – IEA SHC International Conference on Solar Heating and Cooling for Buildings and Industry 2017, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Proceedings, 2017, pp. 1397–1408; doi:10.18086/swc.2017.22.01.
- Salamanca, F., Georgescu, M., Mahalov, A., Moustaoui, M. and Martilli, A., Citywide impacts of cool roof and rooftop solar photo-voltaic deployment on near-surface air temperature and cooling energy demand. Bound. Layer Meteorol., 2016, 161, 203–221.
- Hu, A. et al., Impact of solar panels on global climate. Nature Climate Change, 2016, 6, 290–294.
- Panagea, I. S., Tsanis, I. K., Koutroulis, A. G. and Grillakis, M. G., Climate change impact on photovoltaic energy output: the case of Greece. Adv. Meteorol., 2014, 2014, 1–11.
- Wachsmuth, J. et al., How will renewable power generation be affected by climate change? The case of a metropolitan region in Northwest Germany. Energy, 2013, 58, 192–201.
- Craig, M. T., Losada Carreño, I., Rossol, M., Hodge, B. M. and Brancucci, C., Effects on power system operations of potential changes in wind and solar generation potential under climate change. Environ. Res. Lett., 2019, 14, 1–11.
- Solomon, S. et al. (eds), IPCC, Summary for Policymakers. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2007.
- Pašičko, R., Branković, Č. and Šimić, Z., Assessment of climate change impacts on energy generation from renewable sources in Croatia. Renew. Energy, 2012, 46, 224–231.
- Patt, A., Pfenninger, S. and Lilliestam, J., Vulnerability of solar energy infrastructure and output to climate change. Climate Change, 2013, 121, 93–102.
- Masson, V., Bonhomme, M., Salagnac, J. L., Briottet, X. and Lemonsu, A., Solar panels reduce both global warming and urban heat island. Front. Environ. Sci., 2014, 2, 1–10.
- Cristaldi, L., Khalil, M. and Faifer, M., Markov process reliability model for photovoltaic module failures. Acta IMEKO, 2017, 6, 121–130.
- Vazquez, M. and Rey-Stolle, I., Photovoltaic module reliability model based on field degradation studies. Prog. Photovolt.: Res. Appl., 2008, 16, 419–433.
- Burnett, D., Barbour, E. and Harrison, G. P., The UK solar energy resource and the impact of climate change. Renew. Energy, 2014, 71, 333–343.