Indian Science Cruiser

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

A Report on the History and Development of Soil Reinforcement


Affiliations
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Tezpur University, Assam, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


The most commonly obtainable material of construction is soil. Construction on or with weak soil is dangerous because such soil is prone to low bearing capacity, high settlement and low shear strength. One of the methods to overcome such problems is inclusion of some materials with certain desirable properties in soil. Soil reinforcement can be defined as a process of physical inclusions to improve some engineering properties of soil viz.increasing its strength, bearing capacity and stability, and decreasing settlements and lateral deformation. A variety of materials – from plant parts to fibres of different kinds to metals and polymers have been used as effective soil reinforcing materials over the past decades. This paper reviews the history and development of soil reinforcement, both natural and synthetic, in different applications.

Keywords

Soil reinforcement, Shear Strength, Bearing Capacity, Settlement, Stability, Fibre.
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • The Holy Bible. Douay-Rheims Version, Exodus 5, page 6-9, 1609.

  • T Copplestone, World Architecture, Hamlyn, Feltham, 1963.

  • T Bagir, Iraq Journal, British Museum, page 5-6, 1944.

  • Department of Transport, Reinforced Earth Retaining Walls for Embankment including Abutment, Dept. of Environment, Highways Directorate, 1977.

  • Z Martin, Application of geogrid reinforced constructions: history, recent andfuture developments Procedia Engineering, Vol. 172, page 42 – 51, 2017

  • W Duncan, Caesar, Harper Brothers, New York, 1855.

  • B F Thomas, D A Watt, The improvement of rivers,John Wiley & Sons, York, 1854.

  • W H Wheeler, Tidal rivers, pub Longmans Green & Co., London, 1893.

  • Civil Engineering Codes of Practice Joint Committee, Earth retainingstructures. Civil Engineering Code of Practice No. 2. Institution of Structural Engineers, London,page 224, 1951.

  • C W Pasley, Experiments on Revetments, Murray, London, Vol 2, 1822.

  • K Nand, Concept and design of reinforced earth structures, Report No. GE: R-73, 2005.

  • D J Strombusijsing, Watefbouw. Pub Koude, Amsterdam, page 178, 1854.

  • W H Wheeler, Fascine work at the outfall of Fen rivers, Proc. Institutions of Civil Engineers, Vol XLVI, 1875.

  • R H Haas, H E Weller, Bank stabilization by revetments and dykes,American Society of Civil Engineers, 118, No 2564, 1952.

  • W E Doran, Stabilisation of river banks, Proc. II International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol 2, page 187-192, 1948.

  • F H Reed, United States Patent No. 77699, 1904.

  • J B Fraser, A steel-faced rock fill dam for Papua, Transactions Institute of Engineers. Australia, CE4, 1962.

  • A Munster, United States Patent Specification No.1762343, 1925.

  • M A Coyne, Murs de soutenenment et murs de quai a echelle,Le Genie Civil, Tome XCI, October, 1927.

  • T F S Brass, Practical experiments in roof control, Transactions Midlands Institute MiningEngineers, 1935.

  • S Morita,Subsidence of artificial island of Miike colliery, Journal Japanese Society of Civil Engineering,Vol 37-38, page 349-353, 1952.

  • K Steinfeld, Uberstutenwande in de bauweisebewehrte. ErdeStrasse und Autobahn, 4/76, page 18-22, 1976.

  • H C Amesbury, Final report for the construction of a portion of Primary State Highway in Del Norte County, Contact 61TC1, Highways Div, California,1935.

  • Anon,Erosion control on California State Highways, Highways Div, California,1949.

  • H Vidal, La Terre Armee. Annales de PInst Tech de Batimentet des. Travaux Publics, Supplement Vol 22, No. 259-260, Serie Matériaux 38, 1969.

  • H M Westergaard, A problem of elasticity suggested by a problem in soil mechanics. Soft material reinforced by numerous strong horizontal sheets. Mechanicsof Solids, Timoshenko 60th Ann. Vol, 268-277, Macmillan, New York, 1938.

  • H Vidal, La Terre Armee. Annales de Ulnstitut Technique du Bdtimentet des Travaux Publics, SerieMateriaux 30, Supplement No. 223-4, JulyAugust, 1966.

  • D I Price, Aspects of Reinforced Earth in the U.K.Ground Engineering, March, 1975.

  • R A Rodrigues, J M Villadrroel, Reinforced Earth Abutments Founded on Very Compressible Soil, Autoroute de Menton, Bulletin Liaison Laboratoire de Ponts et Chaussees, Paris, 1971.

  • J C Chang, Earthworks Reinforcement Techniques. California Department of Transportation, Transport Laboratory Research Report, October, 1974.

  • J C Chang, D L Durr, Forsyth R.A. Earthworks Reinforcement Techniques. California Department of Transportation, Transport Laboratory Research Report, February, 1974.

  • J C Chang, R A Forsyth, J L Beaton, Performance of a Reinforced Earth Fill, Transport Research Record No. 510, 1974.

  • J C Chang, R A Forsyth, T Smith, Reinforced earth highway embankment—Road 39, Highways Focus, Vol 4, No 1, 1972.

  • J L Beaton, R A Forsyth, J C Chang, Design and Field Behaviour of theReinforced Earth Embankment-Road 39, Report of California Dept. of Transportation,Division of Highways, 1974.

  • T W Finlay, Performence of a Reinforced Earth Structure at Granton, Ground Engineering, Vol 2, No7, page 42 – 44, 1978.

  • T W Finlay, H B Sutherland, Field Measurements on a Reinforced Earth Wall at Granton, Proc. 9th Internation Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol 11, 1979.

  • C J F P Jones, The York method of Reinforced Earth construction. ASCE Symposium on Earth Reinforcement, Pittsburgh, 1978.

  • J L Walkinshaw, Reinforced Earth Construction, Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administation Region 15. Demonstration Project, No 18, 1975.

  • R T Murray, Research at TRRL to develop design criteria for Reinforced Earth, Proc. Symp. Reinforced earth and other composite soil techniques. Heriot-Watt University, TRRL Sup. 457, 1977.

  • F Schlosser, Experience on Reinforced Earth in Franc, Proc. Symp. Reinforced earth and other composite soil techniques, Heriot-Watt University, Transport and Road Research Laboratory 457, 1978.

  • R A Forsyth, Alternative earth reinforcements, American Society of Civil Engineers Symposium. Earth Reinforcement, Pittsburgh, 1978.

  • W K Beckman, W H Mills,Cotton fabric reinforced roads,Engineering News Record, Vol 115, No 14, page 453-455, 1935.

  • O Wager, R D Holtz, “Reinforcing Embankments by Short Sheet Piles and TieRods”, Proc. International Symposium on New Horizons in Construction Materials, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Vol I, page 177-186, 1976.

  • R D Holtz, K R Massarsch, Improvement of the stability of an embankment by piling and reinforced earth, Proc. 6th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol 1.2, Vienna, Austria, page 473–478, 1976.

  • R D Holtz, K R Massarsch, Geotextile and relief piles for deep foundation improvement- Embankment near Göteborg, Sweden. Geosynthetics case histories, G. P. Raymond and J. P. Giroud, eds., BiTech Publishers, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, page 168–169, 1993.

  • M D Harney, R D Holtz, Mechanical properties of geotextile reinforcement from Sweden, 30 years after installation, Proc. 8th International Conference on Geosynthetics, Yokohama, Japan, page 1041-1044, 2006.

  • K Yamamoto, Strengthening of Embankment slopes with Nets, Annual Report, Morioka Construction Bureau, Japanese National Railways, page 66-68, 1966.

  • S Watanabe, K Iwasaki, Reinforcement of railway embankments in Japan, Proc. American Society of Civil Engineers Spring Convention, Pittsburgh, 1978.

  • T Yamanouchi, Structural effect of restrained layer on subgrade of low bearing capacity in flexible pavements, Proc. 2nd International Conference Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements, Ann Arbor, page 381-9, 1967.

  • C J F P Jones, J Templeman, Soil structures using high tensile plastic grids (tailed gabions),UK Patent No. 794/627, 1979.

  • C J F P Jones, Earth reinforcement and soil structures, Thomas Telford Publishing, 1996.

  • M Fukuoka, Static and dynamic earth pressure on retaining walls, Proc. 3rd Australian-New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics, Wellington, Volume 3, page 3-46, 1980.

  • H Brandl, J Dalmatiner, Struzmaners System ‘NEW und anderekonstruktionen nackdem BadenAukervabund- Prinzip, Fed. Min. of Construction and Engineering Road Research, Vienna, 280, 1986.

  • R T Murray, M J Irwin, A preliminary study of TRRL anchored earth, Transport and Road Research Laboratory 674, 1981.

  • C J F P Jones, C A Hassan, Reinforced soil formed using synthetic polymeric anchors, Geotropika, Inst. Teknologi, Malaysia, page 1-8, 1992.

  • R T Murray, J Wrightman, A Burt, Use of fabric reinforcement for reinstating in situ slopes,Transport and Road Research Laboratory 75, 1982.


Abstract Views: 523

PDF Views: 0




  • A Report on the History and Development of Soil Reinforcement

Abstract Views: 523  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Anasuya Goswami
Department of Civil Engineering, Tezpur University, Assam, India
Shailen Deka
Department of Civil Engineering, Tezpur University, Assam, India

Abstract


The most commonly obtainable material of construction is soil. Construction on or with weak soil is dangerous because such soil is prone to low bearing capacity, high settlement and low shear strength. One of the methods to overcome such problems is inclusion of some materials with certain desirable properties in soil. Soil reinforcement can be defined as a process of physical inclusions to improve some engineering properties of soil viz.increasing its strength, bearing capacity and stability, and decreasing settlements and lateral deformation. A variety of materials – from plant parts to fibres of different kinds to metals and polymers have been used as effective soil reinforcing materials over the past decades. This paper reviews the history and development of soil reinforcement, both natural and synthetic, in different applications.

Keywords


Soil reinforcement, Shear Strength, Bearing Capacity, Settlement, Stability, Fibre.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.24906/isc%2F2021%2Fv35%2Fi2%2F209062