Indian Welding Journal

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Metallurgical and Microhardness Investigations of Ferritic Stainless Steel 409M Welds


Affiliations
1 Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NSUT, New Delhi, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Ferritic stainless steel 409M was MIG welded with austenitic stainless-steel wire 308L using commercially pure Argon as the shielding gas. Experiments planned were conducted using an automated welding unit for study of different aspects of the welds. One of the important aspects investigated viz. microstructural analysis in conjunction with microhardness survey is presented in this paper. Weld characteristics studied were presented on WRC-1992 diagram and Balmforth's diagram to give insight into the composition of the welds being investigated. Extensive microhardness survey covering all the three weld zones viz. weld bead, heat affected zone and base metal are presented that helped in analyzing microstructural studies carried out on the same samples. The photomicrographs and the microhardness analysis have revealed finer ferrite and martensite on the base metal side. Higher values of Cr /Ni and eq eq martensite start temperature along with less SFE (Staking fault energy) values resulted in the formation of increased amount of lath martensite in the fusion zone. Some typical photomicrographs and the related microhardness survey graphs are included in this paper for visual representation of the results.

Keywords

Stainless Steel, Metallurgical Studies, Microhardness Survey, Weld Zones, Lath Martensite.
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • Reddy GM and Meshran SD (2006); Grain refinement in ferritic stainless weld through magnetic and oscillations and its effects on tensile properties. Indian Welding Journal, 39 (3), pp.35-41.

  • Reddy GM and Mohandas T (2001); Explorative studies on grain refinement of ferritic stainless-steel welds. Journal of Material Science, 20 (8), pp.722-723.

  • Amuda MOH and Mridha S (2011); An overview of sensitization dynamics in ferritic stainless-steel welds.

  • International Journal of Corrosion, pp.1-9.

  • Mathews LM, Griesel B and Longman PT (1999) Sensitization in low carbon 12% chromium containing stainless steel. Proceedings 14th International Corrosion Congress, Cape Town, South Africa, pp.332-340.

  • Nishimura R (1992); Stress corrosion cracking of type 430 ferritic stainless steel in chloride and sulphate solutions. Journal of Corrosion, 48 (11), pp.882-890.

  • Warmelo MNV (2007); Susceptibility of 12% Cr steel to sensitization during welding of thick gauge plate. M.S Thesis, University of Wollongong, Australia.

  • Marshal AW and Famar JCM (2000); Welding of ferritic and martensitic 11-14% Cr steels. International Institute of Welding document, IXH-494-200, pp.1-39.

  • Lippold JC and Kotecki DJ (2005); Welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steels. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New Jersey.

  • Lippold JC (2015) Welding metallurgy and weldability. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New Jersey.

  • Sampath PS, Manimaran V and Gopinath A (2015) Wear and corrosion studies on ferritic stainless steel (SS409M). International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 4 (4), pp.502-511.

  • Mukherjee M and Pal TK (2012); Influence of mode of metal transfer on microstructure and mechanical properties of gas metal arc welded modified ferritic stainless steel. Metals and Materials Transactions, 43 (6), pp.1791-1808.

  • Taban E, Deleu E and Dhooge A (2008); Submerged arc welding of thick ferritic martensitic 12 Cr stainless steel with a variety of consumables. Journal of Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 13 (4), pp.327-334.

  • Shanmugam K, Laxminarayanan AK and Balasubramaniun B (2000). Tensile and impact properties of shielded metal arc welded AISI 409M ferritc stainless steel joints. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 25 (2), pp.181-186.

  • Mukherjee M, Saha J and Kanjilal P (2015); Influence of gas mixtures in GMAW of modified 409M ferritic stainless steel. Supplement Welding Journal, 94, pp.101s-114s.

  • Kotecki DJ and Siewart TA (1992); WRC-1992 Constitution diagram for stainless steel weld metals: a modification of WRC-1988 diagram. Welding Journal, 71 (5), pp.171s-178s.

  • Kotecki DJ (1999); A martensite boundary on the WRC1992 diagram. Welding Research Supplement, pp.180s192s.

  • Balmforth MC and Lippold JC (2000); A new ferriticmartensitic stainless-steel constitution diagram. Welding Journal supplement, 79 (12), pp.339s – 345s.

  • Allain S, Chateau JP and Bouaziz O (2004); Correlations between the calculated staking fault energy and the plasticity mechanisms in Fe-Mn-C alloys. Journal of Material Science and Engineering, 158, pp.387-389.

  • Rhodes C G and Thompson AW (1977); The composition dependence of staking fault energy in austenitic stainless steels. Metals and Materials Transactions, 8 (12), pp.1901-1906.

  • Tavares SSM and Pardal JM (2014); Martensitic transformation induced by cold deformation of lean duplex stainless steel. Journal of Materials Research, 17(2), pp.381-385.

  • David SA, Vitek JM and Hebble TL (1987); Effect of rapid solidification on stainless steel weld metal microstructures and its implications on the Schaeffler Diagram. Supplement Welding Journal, 66, pp.289s-300s.

  • Kurt HI and Samur R (2013); Study on microstructure,tensile strength and hardness of stainless steel 316 joined by TIG welding. International Journal of Advancements in Engineering Science and Technology, 3 (1), pp.1-6.

  • Khanna P and Maheshwari S (2017); Microhardness analysis in MIG welding of stainless steel 409M. Journal of Production Engineering, 20 (1), pp.93 - 96.


Abstract Views: 290

PDF Views: 4




  • Metallurgical and Microhardness Investigations of Ferritic Stainless Steel 409M Welds

Abstract Views: 290  |  PDF Views: 4

Authors

Pradeep Khanna
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NSUT, New Delhi, India

Abstract


Ferritic stainless steel 409M was MIG welded with austenitic stainless-steel wire 308L using commercially pure Argon as the shielding gas. Experiments planned were conducted using an automated welding unit for study of different aspects of the welds. One of the important aspects investigated viz. microstructural analysis in conjunction with microhardness survey is presented in this paper. Weld characteristics studied were presented on WRC-1992 diagram and Balmforth's diagram to give insight into the composition of the welds being investigated. Extensive microhardness survey covering all the three weld zones viz. weld bead, heat affected zone and base metal are presented that helped in analyzing microstructural studies carried out on the same samples. The photomicrographs and the microhardness analysis have revealed finer ferrite and martensite on the base metal side. Higher values of Cr /Ni and eq eq martensite start temperature along with less SFE (Staking fault energy) values resulted in the formation of increased amount of lath martensite in the fusion zone. Some typical photomicrographs and the related microhardness survey graphs are included in this paper for visual representation of the results.

Keywords


Stainless Steel, Metallurgical Studies, Microhardness Survey, Weld Zones, Lath Martensite.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.22486/iwj.v55i2.212410