International Journal of Plant Sciences

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Effects of CdCl2 and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) on the Growth and Nutrient Content of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.)


Affiliations
1 Department of Botany, Research and Development Centre, Bharthiyar University, Coimbatore (T.N.), India
2 Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar (T.N.), India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Remediation of sites polluted with toxic metals is mainly challenging, unlike organic compounds, metals cannot be degraded and the cleanup regularly requires their removal. However, this energy-intensive approach can be prohibitively luxurious. In addition, removing process often employs strict physicochemical agents which can dramatically inhibit soil fertility with subsequent negative impacts on the ecosystem. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) affords a gorgeous system to advance plant-based environmental clean-up. The experimental plants black gram were raised in pots, the pot containing 2 kg of soil with AMF various levels of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (control, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mg/kg soil). Five replicates were maintained for each level. Morphological parameters like ischolar_main and shoot length, nodule number, total leaf area and dry weight of ischolar_main and shoot. The nutrient content of TN, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Co, Fe and Mn of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) were recorded in 30th DAS of plants. The Cadmium chloride (CdCl2) treatment at all levels decreased the various growth, and nutrient contents of black gram leaves. The AMF with (CdCl2) treatments plants increased all the parameters. AM-fungi have an important role in promotion of biological and chemical properties of plants under (CdCl2) stressed environment.

Keywords

CdCl2, AMF, Morphological Parameters, Nutrient Content, Black Gram.
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Al-Karaki, G.N. (2006). Nursery inoculation of tomato with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and subsequent performance under irrigation with saline water. Sci. Hort., 109 : 1-7.

  • Alloway, B.J. (1995).Heavy metals in soils. Chapman and Hall, LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM.

  • Auge, R.M. (2001). Water relations, drought and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhiza, 11: 3-42.

  • Barea, J.M. and Jeffries, P. (1995). Arbuscular mycorrhizas in sustainable soil plant systems, pp. 521–560. In: B. Hock and A. Varma (Eds.), Mycorrhiza: Structure, function, molecular biology and biotechnology. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany.

  • Black, C.A. (1965). Methods of soil analysis Part 2. Chemical andMicrobiological properties. In:American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Madison, Wiscosin, 242 pp.

  • Blaylock, M.J. and Huang, J.W. (2000). Phytoextraction of metals. Phytoremediation of toxic metals: using plants to clean up the environment. Eds., Raskin, I. and B.D. Ensley. John Wiley and Sons, Inc, Toronto, 303 pp.

  • Cardoso, I.M. and Kuyper, T.W. (2006). Mycorrhizas and tropical soil fertility. Agri. Ecosys. Environ., 116 : 72-84.

  • Cavagnaro, T.R. (2008). The role of arbuscular mycorrhizas in improving plant zinc nutrition under low soil zinc concentrations: A review. Plant Soil, 304 : 315-325.

  • Citterio, S., Prato, N., Fumagalli, P., Massa, N., Santagostino, A., Sgorbati, S. and Berta, G. (2005). The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae induces growth and metal accumulation changes in Cannabis sativa L. Chemosphere, 59: 21-29.

  • De Vries, M.P.C. and Tiller, K.G. (1980). Routine procedures for determining Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe in plant materials, Common Health Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia, 12 p.

  • Duffus, J. (2002) . Heavy metals: Ameaningless term? Pure Appl. Chem., 74 (5) : 793–807.

  • Fergusson, J.E. (1990). The heavy metal elements: Chemistry, environmental impact and health effects. Pergamon Press: Oxford.

  • Gohre, V. and Paszkowski, U. (2006). Contribution of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis to heavy metal phytoremediation. Planta, 223 : 1115-1122.

  • Gonzalez-Chavezm, M.C., Wright, S.F. and Nichols, K.A. (2004). The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestering potentially toxic elements. Environ. Poll., 130 : 317-323.

  • Gregory P.J. (2006). Plant ischolar_mains, growth, activity and interaction with soils. Blackwell, Oxford.

  • Hildebrandt, U., Regvar, M. and Bothe, H. (2007). Arbuscular mycorrhiza and heavy metal tolerance. Phytochem., 68 : 139-146.

  • Iqbal, M.Z. and Mehmood, T. (1991). Influence of cadmium toxicity on germination and growth of some common trees. Paistan J. Scient. & Indust. Res., 34 (4): 140-142.

  • Iqbal, M.Z., Shafiq, M. and Ali, S.F. (1994). Effect of automobile pollution on seed germination and branch length of some plants. Turkish J. Botany, 18 : 475-479.

  • Jackson, M.L. (1958). Soil chemical analysis, Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, pp. 22-31.

  • Jamal, A., Ayub, N., Usman, M. and Khan, A.G. (2002). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance zinc and nickel uptake from contaminated soil by soyabean and lentil. Internat. J. Phytoremed., 4 : 205-221.

  • Jeffries, P., Gianinazzi, S., Perotto, S., Turnau, K. and Barea, J.M. (2003). The contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable maintenance of plant health and soil fertility. Biol. Fert. Soils, 37 : 1-16.

  • Joner, E.J., Briones, R. and Leyval, C. (2000). Metal-binding capacity of arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelium. Plant Soil, 226 : 227-234.

  • Joner, E.J. and Leyval, C. (1997). Uptake of 109Cd by ischolar_mains and hyphae of a Glomus mosseae/Trifoliumsub terraneum mycorrhiza from soil amended with high and low concentrations of cadmium. New Phytol., 135 : 353-360.

  • Kabir, Z. and Koide, R.T. (2000). The effect of dandelion or a cover crop on mycorrhiza inoculum potential, soil aggregation and yield of maize. Agric. Eco. Environ., 78 : 167-174.

  • Kaldorf, M., Kuhn, A.J., Schroder, W.H., Hildebrandt, U. and Bothe, H. (1999). Selective element deposits in maize colonized by a heavy metal tolerance conferring arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. J. Plant Physiol., 154: 718-728.

  • Kalra, G.S. and Dhima, S.D. (1977). Determination of leaf area of wheat plants by rapid methods. J. Indian Bot. Soc., 56 : 261-264.

  • Khan, A.G., Kuek, C., Chaudhry, T.M., Khoo, C.S. and Hayes, W.J. (2000). Role of plants, mycorrhizae and phytochelators in heavy metal contaminated land remediation. Chemosphere, 41: 197-207.

  • Killham, K. and Firestone, M.K. (1983). Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal mediation of grass response to acidic and heavy metal deposition. Plant Soil, 72: 39-48.

  • Lasat, M.M. (2002). Phytoextraction of toxic metals: A review of biological mechanisms. J. Environ. Qual., 31: 109-120.

  • Leyval, C., Berthelin, J., Schontz, D., Weissenhorn, I. and Morel, J.L. (1991). Influence of endomycorrhizas on maize uptake of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd applied as mineral salts or sewage sludge, pp. 204-207. In: J.G. Farmer (Ed.), Heavy metals in the environment, CEP Consultants, Edinburgh, UK.

  • Leyval, C. and Joner, E.J. (2001). Bioavailability of heavy metals in the mycorrhizosphere, pp. 165-185. In :G.R. Gobran, W.W. Wenzel, and E. Lombi (Eds.), Trace elements in the rhizosphere. CRC, Boca Raton, FL.

  • Leyval, C., Turnau, K. and Haselwandter, K. (1997). Effect of heavy metal pollution on mycorrhizal colonization and function: Physiological, ecological and applied aspects. Mycorrhiza, 7 : 139-153.

  • Liasu, M.O., Azeez, M.A. and Atayese, M.O. (2002). Influence of AM fungal inoculation on performance of three cultivars of maize during late seasons in a savanna soil. Sci. Focus, 2 : 62-66.

  • Liu, J., Maldonado-Mendoza, I., Lopez-Meyer, M., Cheung, F., Town, C.D. and Harrison, M.J. (2007). Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is accompanied by local and systemic alterations in gene expression and an increase in disease resistance in the shoots. Plant J., 50 : 529-544.

  • Malcova. R., Vosatka, M. and Gryndler, M. (2003). Effects of inoculation with Glomus intraradices on lead uptake by Zea mays L. and Agrostis capillaris L., Appl. Soil Ecol., 23(1) : 255-267.

  • Martin, F., Perotto, S. and Bonfante, P. (2007). Mycorrhizal fungi: A fungal community at the interface between soil and ischolar_mains, pp. 201-236. In: R. Pinton, Z. Varanini, and P. Nannipieri (Eds.), The rhizosphere: Biochemistry and organic substances at the soil-plant interface. Marcel Dekker, NEWYORK, U.S.A.

  • Mertz, W. (1981). The essential trace elements. Sci., 213 : 1332-1338.

  • Rufyikiri, G., Declerck, S. and Dufey, J.E. (2000). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi might alleviate aluminium toxicity in banana plants, New Phytol., 148(2) : 343-352.

  • Rufyikiri, G., Huysmans, L., Wannijn, J., van Hees, M., Leyval, C. and Jakobsen, I. (2004). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can decrease the uptake of uranium by subterranean clover grown at high levels of uranium in soil, Environ. Poll., 130 : 427-436.

  • Selvaraj, T. and Chellappan, P. (2006). Arbuscular mycorrhizae. A diverse personality. J. Central Eur. Agric., 2: 349-358.

  • Smith, S.E. and Read, D.J. (1997).Mycorrhizal symbiosis, 2nd edn, Academic, London.

  • Taylor, J. and Harrier, L.A. (2001). A comparison of development and mineral nutrition of micropropagated Fragaria × ananassa cv. ELVIRA (strawberry) when colonized by nine species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Appl. Soil Ecol., 18: 205-215.

  • Trotta, A., Varese, G.C., Gnavi, E., Fusconi, A., Sampo, S. and Berta, G. (2006). Interactions between the soilborne ischolar_main pathogen Phytophthoranicotianae var. parasiticaand the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseaein tomato plants. Plant Soil, 185: 199-209.

  • Williams, C.H. and Twine, V. (1960). In: K. Peach and M.V. Tracey (eds.), Modern methods of plant analysis, 5, Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 3-5.

  • Wood, J.M. (1974). Biological cycles for toxic elements in the environment. Sci., 183 : 1049-1052.

  • Yoshida, S., Fordo, D., Cork, J. and Gomez, K. (1972). Laboratory manual for physiological studies of rice 3rdedn., The International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, pp. 11-23.

  • Yu, X., Cheng, J. and Wong, M.H. (2004). Earthwormmycorrhiza interaction on Cd uptake and growth of ryegrass. Soil Biol. Biochem., 37 : 1-7.

  • Yu, Y., Zhang, S., Huang, H., Luo, L. and Wen, B. (2009). Arsenic accumulation and speciation in maize as affected by inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. J Agric Food Chem., 57(9) : 3695-37701.


Abstract Views: 284

PDF Views: 1




  • Effects of CdCl2 and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) on the Growth and Nutrient Content of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.)

Abstract Views: 284  |  PDF Views: 1

Authors

A. Krishnan
Department of Botany, Research and Development Centre, Bharthiyar University, Coimbatore (T.N.), India
P. S. Sharavanan
Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar (T.N.), India

Abstract


Remediation of sites polluted with toxic metals is mainly challenging, unlike organic compounds, metals cannot be degraded and the cleanup regularly requires their removal. However, this energy-intensive approach can be prohibitively luxurious. In addition, removing process often employs strict physicochemical agents which can dramatically inhibit soil fertility with subsequent negative impacts on the ecosystem. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) affords a gorgeous system to advance plant-based environmental clean-up. The experimental plants black gram were raised in pots, the pot containing 2 kg of soil with AMF various levels of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (control, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mg/kg soil). Five replicates were maintained for each level. Morphological parameters like ischolar_main and shoot length, nodule number, total leaf area and dry weight of ischolar_main and shoot. The nutrient content of TN, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Co, Fe and Mn of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) were recorded in 30th DAS of plants. The Cadmium chloride (CdCl2) treatment at all levels decreased the various growth, and nutrient contents of black gram leaves. The AMF with (CdCl2) treatments plants increased all the parameters. AM-fungi have an important role in promotion of biological and chemical properties of plants under (CdCl2) stressed environment.

Keywords


CdCl2, AMF, Morphological Parameters, Nutrient Content, Black Gram.

References