International Journal of Plant Sciences

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Effect of Seasonal Variations on the Quality and Quantity of the Flower Pigments


Affiliations
1 Department of Botany, Aska Science College, Aska (Odisha), India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


The seasonal variations in the different pigment contents indicate the physiological state of the plant and are related to the seasonal water deficiency, high ambient irradiance during summer and very low temperature in winter. The flower constitutes flavonoid pigments. Flavonoids belong to the polyphenol group, which includes so many colouring pigments i.e. the anthocyanidin, flavones, flavanones, flavonols, etc. Anthocyanin is among the permitted pigments that can be used for food colourants and having been considered a potential replacement for synthetic dye. Some other flavonoids also enhance the colour of the anthocyanin as co-pigment. The objective of this study was to analyze the flower colouring pigments and their associated phytochemicals qualitatively and quantitatively at developmental stage S-4 (fully opened flower) of R. indica, H. rosasinensis, C. ternatea and M. jalapa. Variations in changes in floral pigments (anthocyanin and flavonoids), total sugar and protein content in petals of test flower at S4 stage were analyzed month and season wise. The experimental results noticed at stage 4 the floral pigments (anthocyanin and flavonoids), total sugar and protein content of petal of test flowers were changed their content in different seasons. Regarding seasonal variation, the trend of floral pigment content in petals of test flowers was as follows summer season > winter season > rainy season Among the flowers, the floral pigment content in petal exhibited the following order Clitoria ternatea > Rosa indica > Hibiscus rosasinensis > Mirabilis jalapa. The colour pigments viz., flavonoids, anthocyanins and phenol derivatives, protein, sugar and other nutrients present in petal of test flower might have act as potent colorant, antioxidant and neutraceuticals in food market. The procurement of colour pigments from petal of the flower at appropriate season is highly essential for further processing and manipulation through screening and evaluation.

Keywords

Seasonal Variation, Anthocyanin, Flavonoids, Colour Pigment, Petal.
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Bajguz, A. and Hayat, S. (2009). Effects of brassino steroids on the plant responses to environmental stresses. Plant Physiol. & Biochem., 47 : 1-8.

  • Castaneda, A., Ovando, M, De, L., Pacheco-Hernandez, M. E. and Paez-Hernandez, J.A. (2009). Chemical studies of anthocyanin: A review. Food Chem., 113 : 859-871.

  • Chirbago, C. and Fransis, F.J. (1970).An anthocyanin recovery system from Cranberry pomace. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 9 : 223-223.

  • Cruz, A.P.G. (2008). Avaliacao do efeito da extracao e da microfiltracao do acai sobre sua composicao e atividade antioxidante, Mr. Thesis, Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, pp. 10-11.

  • Davies, K.M. (2004a). Structural variation in plant pigment. In: Plant pigments and their manipulation. Ann. Plant Rev., 14: 02. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK.

  • Davies, K.M. (2004b). The most common pigment types associated with flower and fruit colours in plants. In: Plant pigments and their manipulation. Ann. Plant Rev., 14: 08. Black well Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK.

  • Davies, K.M. (2004c). The Flavonoids. In: Plant pigments and their manipulation. Annual Plant Reviews, 14: pp.92-115. Black well Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK.

  • Fujita, M., Fujita, Y., Noutoshi, Y., Takahashi, F., Narusaka, Y., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. and Shinozaki, K. (2006). Crosstalk between abiotic and biotic stress responses: a current view from the points of convergence in the stress signaling networks. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 9 : 436-442.

  • Fuleki, T. and Francis, F.J. (1968). Quantitative methods for anthocyanins extraction and determination of total anthocyanin in Cranberry juice. J. Food Sci., 33: 72-78.

  • Grotewold, E. (2006a). Flavonoids as nutraceuticals. In: The science of flavonoid, (Eds. Jen-kun lin1 and meng-shih weng) Chapter 8, pp. 213-229. Springer Science business Media, Inc.

  • Grotewold, E. (2006b). Isolation and identification of flavonoids In: The science of flavonoid, (Eds. Maciej Stobiecki and Piotr Kachlicki), Chapter 2, pp. 47-64. Springer Science Business Media, Inc.

  • Grotewold, E. (2006c) (Ed). Transport of flavonoids from cytosolic synthesis to vacuolar accumulation. In: The science of flavonoid, (Eds. Satoshi Kitamura) Chapter-5, pp. 123-140. Springer Science business Media, Inc.

  • Harborne, J.B. (1998). Phenolic compounds. In : Phytochemical methods, a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis, third Edition, Chapter 2: pp.42, 60-83 and 87. Springer International.

  • He, J. and Giusti, M. M. (2010). Anthocyanins: natural colorants with health-promoting properties. Annu Rev. Food Sci. Technol., 1: 163–187.

  • Hoch, W.A., Zeldin, E.L. and McCown, B.H. (2001). Physiological significance of anthocyanins during autumnal leaf senescence. Tree Physiol., 21(1): 1–8.

  • Khatiwora, E., Vaishali , B., Adsul, M., Kulkarni, M., Deshpande, N.R. and Kashalkar, R.V. (2010). Spectroscopic determination of total phenol and flavonoid contents of Ipomoea carnea. Internat. J. Chem. Tech. Res. (IJCRGG), 2(3): 1698-1701

  • Kiranmai, M., Kumar, M. and Mohammed, I. (2011). Comparison of total flavanoid content of Azadirachta indica ischolar_main bark extracts prepared by different methods of extraction. Res. J. Pharmaceu., Biolog. & Chem. Sci., 2: 254-261.

  • Kong, J.M., Chia, L.S., Goh, N.K., Chia, T.F. and Brouillrd, R. (2003). Analysis and biological activities of anthocyanins. Phytochem., 64: 923–933.

  • Krishna, P. (2003). Brassinosteroid-mediated stress responses. J. Plant Growth Regul., 22 : 289-297.

  • Lee, H.S. ( 2002). Characterization of major anthocyanins and the colour of red-fleshed bud blood orange (Citrus sinensis). J. Agril. & Food Chem., 50 : 1243–1246.

  • Mahadevan, A. and Sridhar, R. (1998). In: Methods in physiological plant pathology. 5th Ed. Sivakami Publication, Madras, India.

  • Matile, P.H. (2000). Bio-chemistry of an Indian summer : Physiology of autumnal leaf colouration. Exp. Gerentol., 35 : 145-158.

  • Onslow, M.W. (1925). The anthocyanin pigments of plants, antioxidant activity and stability studies of anthocyanin from Clitoria ternatea flower. Polyphenols Communi., 1: 191-192.

  • Smirnoff, N. (1995). Environment and plant metabolism: flexibility and acclimation. pp. 1-270. Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd, Oxford.

  • Steele Catherine, C. (1949). In: Plant biochemistry, Second Edition pp.63, 82, 102, 190, 97, and 308. G. Bell and Sons, London.

  • Wasim, Shahri, Inayatullah, T., Sheikh, T.I. and Mustaq, A.B. (2011). Physiological and biochemical changes associated with flower develop- ment and senescence in so far unexplored Helleborus orientalis Lam. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants, 17(1): 33–39.


Abstract Views: 323

PDF Views: 0




  • Effect of Seasonal Variations on the Quality and Quantity of the Flower Pigments

Abstract Views: 323  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

S. P. Adhikary
Department of Botany, Aska Science College, Aska (Odisha), India

Abstract


The seasonal variations in the different pigment contents indicate the physiological state of the plant and are related to the seasonal water deficiency, high ambient irradiance during summer and very low temperature in winter. The flower constitutes flavonoid pigments. Flavonoids belong to the polyphenol group, which includes so many colouring pigments i.e. the anthocyanidin, flavones, flavanones, flavonols, etc. Anthocyanin is among the permitted pigments that can be used for food colourants and having been considered a potential replacement for synthetic dye. Some other flavonoids also enhance the colour of the anthocyanin as co-pigment. The objective of this study was to analyze the flower colouring pigments and their associated phytochemicals qualitatively and quantitatively at developmental stage S-4 (fully opened flower) of R. indica, H. rosasinensis, C. ternatea and M. jalapa. Variations in changes in floral pigments (anthocyanin and flavonoids), total sugar and protein content in petals of test flower at S4 stage were analyzed month and season wise. The experimental results noticed at stage 4 the floral pigments (anthocyanin and flavonoids), total sugar and protein content of petal of test flowers were changed their content in different seasons. Regarding seasonal variation, the trend of floral pigment content in petals of test flowers was as follows summer season > winter season > rainy season Among the flowers, the floral pigment content in petal exhibited the following order Clitoria ternatea > Rosa indica > Hibiscus rosasinensis > Mirabilis jalapa. The colour pigments viz., flavonoids, anthocyanins and phenol derivatives, protein, sugar and other nutrients present in petal of test flower might have act as potent colorant, antioxidant and neutraceuticals in food market. The procurement of colour pigments from petal of the flower at appropriate season is highly essential for further processing and manipulation through screening and evaluation.

Keywords


Seasonal Variation, Anthocyanin, Flavonoids, Colour Pigment, Petal.

References