Co-Operation as an Evolutionary Consequence

The term 'co-operation' signifies, "an outcome that, despite individual cost, is good in some appropriate sense for the members of a group of two or more individuals, and whose achievement requires collective action" (Mesterton and Dugatkin, 1992). From the essence of Darwin's (1859) revolutionary theory "survival of the fittest", imperial forces of the society gave two words undue importance, that is, "competition" and "struggle", until Kropotkin (1902) proposed that not only competition but co-operation is also there. Thus according to neo-Darwinian concept "an animal acts co-operatively only if it does things that benefit its fitness (in terms of survival and reproduction) both for itself and the recipient of its action" (Hamilton, 1964). At least four different forms of co-operation could easily be emphasized - 'Altruism', 'Kin selection', 'Reciprocal altruism' and 'Game theory', which are thoroughly discussed in the proper text. Co-operations are seen among a lot of individuals in activities like 'hunting', 'breeding', 'anti-predator behavior', etc, in this animal kingdom among which "co-operative hunting" and "co-operative breeding" are mostly noteworthy to support the fact.