Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Anti Leech Activity of Chitosan and Chitosan Chlorhydrate against Placobdella Emydae


Affiliations
1 Department of Biopharmaceutics, Government College of Pharmacy, Karad, (M.S.), India
2 G. E.S.'s Gourishankar Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Limb, Satara, (M.S.), India
 

Background: In different National Pharmacopeias drug for treating complications with leech are not registered.

Methods: Antileech activity of Chitosan and Chitosan chlorhydrate (CCH) on Placobdella emydae was examined and compared with Albendazole and Mebendazole as control and distilled water as placebo in terms of mean paralyzing time and mean death time.

Results: DSC displayed absence of endothermic peak and glass transition temperature; depicting amorphous nature of Chitosan and CCH. Both Chitosans showed dose dependent activity. Albendazole most effectively killed leeches after 32.5±3.62 min at 2% concentration while 2% Mebendazole took 46.5±3.64 min. Chitosan (2, 3 and 4%) and CCH (1%, 1.5% and 2%) showed 3+ antileech impacts. While Chitosan (5%) and CCH (2.5% + and 3%) showed 4 impact indicating antileech activity. 1% of Albendazole, Mebendazole and 3% CCH showed statistically similar results (p<0.001).

Conclusion: High affinity to in-vivo macromolecules might be cause of antileech property possessed by Chitosan products. Both Chitosan forms were amorphous leading to easily enter in parasite body. Possible reason for better performance of CCH could be better transcuticular absorption into parasite.

Future Research Implications: Chitosan and CCH can be checked for veterinary application as a de wormer in cattle, pigs and sheep.

Socia Implications: Being biodegradable, biocompatible, non toxic, physiologically inert and in amorphous form, CCH can be used as de worming product or as an effective supplement for medicinal products.

Originality/Value of Paper: Being not having any effective drug, without side effect and cost benefits; CCH proves to be a solution.


Keywords

Antileech Activity, Chitosan, Albendazole, Mebendazole, Biodegradable Polymers.
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Ralph B, Mildred B, John P, & Vicki P. Animals Without Backbone (3rd ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1987. 312–317.

  • Haycox, C.L., Odland P.B., Clotrea M.D. and Raugi G.J., Indicaitons and complications of medicinal leech therapy, J Am Acad Dermatol., 1995. 33: 1053-5.

  • Madill, J. and Hovingh P., Freshwater leech (Annelida: Hirudinida) distribution in the Canadian Province of New found land and Labrador and adjacent regions: check-list, new records, new pigmentation forms and Pleistocene refugia. Magnolia Press, Zootaxa, 2007. 121.

  • Schenkova, J., Sychra J. and Kubova B., The freshwater leeches (Clitellata: Hirudinida) of the Czech Republic – list of taxa and remarks on rare and endangered species. Dpartment of Zoology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska, 2005. 2(6): 11-37.

  • Awad EL, Patil K., Heamate-mesis due to leech infestation. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1990.10: 61-62.

  • Bilgen, C., Karci B. and Uluoz U., A nasopharyngeal mass: Leech in the nasopharynx. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2002. 64: 73-76.

  • Narendranathan, M.,. Leeches and hepatitis B. The Lancet 1992, 339(8805); 339-345..

  • Nehili, M., Iik C., Mehlhorn H., Ruhnau K., Dick W. and Njayou M., Experiments on the possible role of leeches as vectors of animals and Human pathogens: a light and electron microscopy study. Parasitol Res., 1994.80: 277-90.

  • Notizen A., Gebiete N. Und H. Syphilis communicated by leeches, 1828. The Lancet, 10 (240): 14-29.

  • Vera B and Torres M., Leeches, today and yesterday Rev Chilena Infectol, 2005. 22: 32-7.

  • Mandal C.K., Annelida Leeches, Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series,. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 2013, 21 : 51-55,

  • Litch, J.A. and Bishop R.A., Saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution for the removal of leeches. Trop Doct., 2000. 30: 102-109.

  • Surinder P. C, Sweetie R. K, Sharma A. K. Chitosan. Polysaccharides .Springer International Publishing, 2015, 219-246.

  • Gholami-Ahangaran M., Bahmani M. and Zia-Jahrom N., In vitro Anti-Leech Effects of Vitis vinifera L., Niclosamide and Ivermectin on Mature and Immature Forms of Leech Limnatis nilotica. Global Veterinaria, 2012.8: 229-232.

  • Kini AG, Dixit M, Kulkarni PK. Enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water soluble drug by spray drying using different grade of Chitosan. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2011 3, 2; 231-235.

  • Aucamp M, Odendaal R, Liebenberg W, Hamman J. Amorphous azithromycin with improved aqueous solubility and intestinal membrane permeability. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2015;41(7):1100-8


Abstract Views: 248

PDF Views: 75




  • Anti Leech Activity of Chitosan and Chitosan Chlorhydrate against Placobdella Emydae

Abstract Views: 248  |  PDF Views: 75

Authors

Yogeshkumar Nanasaheb Gavhane
Department of Biopharmaceutics, Government College of Pharmacy, Karad, (M.S.), India
Adhikrao Vyankatrao Yadav
G. E.S.'s Gourishankar Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Limb, Satara, (M.S.), India

Abstract


Background: In different National Pharmacopeias drug for treating complications with leech are not registered.

Methods: Antileech activity of Chitosan and Chitosan chlorhydrate (CCH) on Placobdella emydae was examined and compared with Albendazole and Mebendazole as control and distilled water as placebo in terms of mean paralyzing time and mean death time.

Results: DSC displayed absence of endothermic peak and glass transition temperature; depicting amorphous nature of Chitosan and CCH. Both Chitosans showed dose dependent activity. Albendazole most effectively killed leeches after 32.5±3.62 min at 2% concentration while 2% Mebendazole took 46.5±3.64 min. Chitosan (2, 3 and 4%) and CCH (1%, 1.5% and 2%) showed 3+ antileech impacts. While Chitosan (5%) and CCH (2.5% + and 3%) showed 4 impact indicating antileech activity. 1% of Albendazole, Mebendazole and 3% CCH showed statistically similar results (p<0.001).

Conclusion: High affinity to in-vivo macromolecules might be cause of antileech property possessed by Chitosan products. Both Chitosan forms were amorphous leading to easily enter in parasite body. Possible reason for better performance of CCH could be better transcuticular absorption into parasite.

Future Research Implications: Chitosan and CCH can be checked for veterinary application as a de wormer in cattle, pigs and sheep.

Socia Implications: Being biodegradable, biocompatible, non toxic, physiologically inert and in amorphous form, CCH can be used as de worming product or as an effective supplement for medicinal products.

Originality/Value of Paper: Being not having any effective drug, without side effect and cost benefits; CCH proves to be a solution.


Keywords


Antileech Activity, Chitosan, Albendazole, Mebendazole, Biodegradable Polymers.

References