![Open Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltextgreen.png)
![Restricted Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltextred.png)
Phytoextraction and Bioconcentration of Heavy Metals by Spinacia oleracea Grown in Paper Mill Effluent Irrigated Soil
A comparative pot experiment was conducted in 2014 to study heavy metal contamination in soil and bioaccumulation in leaves and ischolar_mains of Spinacia oleracea (spinach) on irrigation with paper mill effluent (PME). Study revealed that there was significant increase in the content of copper (Cu, +81.62 %) at (P<1%), iron (Fe, +79.62 %), zinc (Zn, +90.73 %), cadmium (Cd, +98.99 %), lead (Pb, +95.91 %), nickel (Ni, +98.40 %), chromium (Cr, +97.54 %) at (P<0.1%) in the soil irrigated with PME as compared to soil irrigated with pond water (PW) (control). Increasing PME doses from 10 % (10 % PME + 90 % PW) up to 80 % (80 % PME + 20 % PW) caused a progressive increase in the accumulation of metals, i.e. Fe, Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Cr in the ischolar_mains and leaves of S. oleracea. The metals accumulated in the plant parts (ischolar_main and leaves) of S. oleracea showed significant (p<5%) and a positive correlation with different concentrations of PME. Among various metallic concentrations high values of heavy metals such as Fe (10.97±0.02 mg/kg), Zn (8.45±0.10 mg/kg), Cd (7.63±0.08 mg/kg), Cu (12.12±0.09 mg/kg), Pb (6.47±0.04 mg/kg), Ni (8.48±0.10 mg/kg), and Cr (5.81±0.02 mg/kg) were found in ischolar_mains compared to Fe (9.58±0.06 mg/kg), Zn (6.68±0.06 mg/kg), Cd (5.67±0.01 mg/kg), Cu (10.30±0.11 mg/kg), Pb (4.83±0.03 mg/kg), Ni (6.84±0.02 mg/kg) and Cr (4.50±0.09 mg/kg) in leaves of S. oleracea irrigated with 80 % (80 % PME + 20 % PW) dose. Thus, the practice of using undiluted PME as agro-based organic fertilizer for irrigation increased the concentration of heavy metals which were accumulated in S. oleracea, posing a potential threat to human health from this practice of irrigation. Therefore, proper dilution of PME appears to be necessary for irrigation purpose for the minimum accumulation of heavy metals in soil and plants.
Keywords
Bioaccumulation, Heavy Metals, Paper Mill Effluent, Spinacia oleracea.
User
Font Size
Information
- AOAC 1990. Official Methods of Analyses. Method No. 975.03 metal in plants, AAS method, 15th edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc. USA, pp. 42.
- APHA 2011. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, 21st edition, Washington, DC., pp. 1368.
- Arora, M., Kiran, B., Rani, A., Rani, S., Kaur, B. and Mittal, M. 2008. Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources. Food Chemistry, 111(4): 811-815.
- Awashthi, S. K. 2000. Prevention of food adulteration Act No. 37 of 1954. Central and State Rules as Amended for 1999 (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Ashoka Law House.
- Ayyasamy, P.M., Yasodha, R., Rajakumar, S., Lakshmanaperumalsamy, P., Rahman, PKSM and Sanghoon, Lee. 2008. Impact of sugar factory effluent on the growth and biochemical characteristics of terrestrial and aquatic plants. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 81: 449-454.
- BIS 1991. In: Indian Standards for Drinking Water-Specification (BIS 10500:1991) retrieved on 20th January, 2015 from (http:// www.bis.org.in)
- Bradford, G. R., Page, A. L., Lund, L. J. and Olmstead, W. 1975. Trace element concentrations of sewage treatment plant effluents and sludges: their interactions with soils and uptake by plants. J. Environ. Qual., 4: 123-127.
- Brady, N. C. and Weil, R. R. 2005. The Nature and Properties of Soils, 13th ed., Delhi: Pearson Education.
- Chandra, R., Bharagava, R.N., Yadav, S. and Mohan, D. 2009. Accumulation and distribution of toxic metals in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Indian mustard (Brassica campestris L.) irrigated with distillery and tannery effluents. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 162(2-3): 1514-1521.
- Chaoui, A., Mazhoudi, S., Ghorbal, M.H. and Ferjani, E. 1997. Cadmium and zinc induction of lipid peroxidation and effect on antioxidant enzyme activities in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant Sci., 127: 139-147.
- Charman, P. E. V. and Murphy, B. W. 1991. Soils: Their properties and management. In: Soil Conservation Handbook for New South Wales. Sydney University Press, Sydney.
- Chaturvedi, R. K. and Sankar, K. 2006. Laboratory manual for the physicochemical analysis of soil, water and plant. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun., pp. 97.
- Chonker, P. K., Datta, S. P., Joshi, H. C. and Pathak, H. 2000. Impact of industrial effluents on soil health and agriculture-Indian experience Part-I: distillery and paper mill effluents. J. Scientific Ind. Res., 59: 350-361.
- Chopra, A. K. and Pathak, Chakresh 2012. Bioaccumulation and translocation efficiency of heavy metals in vegetables grown on long-term wastewater irrigated soil near Bindal river, Dehradun. Agric. Res., 1(2): 157-164.
- Codex Alimentarious Commission 1984. Contaminants, Joint FAO/WHO Food standards Program (Vol. XVII, 1st ed.). Geneva: Codex Alimentarious.
- Ghosh, A. K. Bhatt, M. A. and Agrawal, H. P. 2011. Effect of long-term application of treated sewage water on heavy metal accumulation in vegetables grown in Northern India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(2): 1025-1036.
- Gu, C., Bai, Y., Tao, T., Chen, G. and Shan, Y. 2012. Effect of sewage sludge amendment on heavy metal uptake and yield of ryegrass seedling in a Mudflat soil. J. Environ. Qual., 42(2): 421-428.
- Gupta, S., Satpati, S., Nayek, S. and Garai, D. 2010. Effect of waste water irrigation on vegetables in relation to bioaccumulation of heavy metals and biochemical changes. Environ. Monitoring and Assessment., 165: 169-177.
- Hall, L. 2002. Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification and tolerance. Journal of Exp. Biol., 53: 1-11.
- Ismail, B. S., Farihah, K. and Khairiah, J. 2005. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in vegetables from selected agricultural areas. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 74: 320-327.
- Jackson, M. L. 1973. Soil Chemical Analysis. New Delhi, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., pp. 189.
- Kashyap, Rachit, Verma, K.S. and Hukam, Chand 2015. Heavy metal contamination and their seasonal variations in Rewalsar lake of Himachal Pradesh, India. Ecoscan, 9(1&2): 31-36.
- Kaushik, A., Bala, R., Kadyan, S. and Kaushik, C. P. 1996. Sugar mill effluent effects on growth and photosynthetic pigments and nutrients uptake in wheat seedlings in aqueous vs soil medium. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 87: 39-46.
- Kimberly, M. F. H. and William, H. 1999. Trace metals in Montreal urban soils and the leaves of Teraxacum officinale. Can. J. Soil Sci., 79: 385-387.
- Kumar, V. and Chopra, A.K. 2012. Fertigation effect of distillery effluent on agronomical practices of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek). Environ. Monit. Assess., 184: 1207-1219.
- Liss, S. N., Bicho, P.A. and Saddler, J. N. 1997. Microbiology and biodegradation of resin acids in pulp mill effluents: a minireview. Can. J. Microbiol., 43(7): 599-611.
- Malla, L. and Mohanty, B. K. 2005. Effect of paper mill effluent on germination of green gram (Ph Roxb.) and growth behaviour of it’s seedlings. Journal of Environmental Biology, 26(2): 379-382.
- Mapanda, F., Mangwayana, E. N., Nyamangara, J. and Giller, K. E. 2005. The effect of long term irrigation using wastewater on heavy metal contents of soils under vegetables in Harare, Zimbabwe. Agricultural Ecosystem and Environment, 107: 151-165.
- Merwin, H. D. and Peech, P. M. 1951. Exchangeability of soil calcium in the sand by nature of complimentary exchangeable cation. Proc. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am., 15: 125-128.
- Mishra, A. and Tripathi, B. D. 2008. Heavy metal contamination of soil, and bioaccumulation in vegetables irrigated with treated waste water in the tropical city of Varanasi, India. Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 90(5): 861-871.
- Mishra, V. K., Upadhyay, A. R. and Tripathi, B. D. 2009. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and tow organochlorine pesticides (DDT and BHC) in crops irrigated with secondary treated wastewater. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 156: 99-107.
- Pathak, C., Chopra, A.K., Kumar, V. and Sharma, S. 2011. Effect of sewagewater irrigation on physico-chemical parameters with special reference to heavy metals in agricultural soil of Haridwar city. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 3: 108-113.
- Pathak, H., Joshi, H. C., Chaudhary, A., Chaudhary, R., Kalra, N. and Dwiwedi, M. K. 1999. Soil amendment with distillery effluent for wheat and rice cultivation. Water Air Soil Pollut., 113: 133-140.
- Porra, R. J. 2002. The chequered history of the development & use of simultaneous equations for the accurate determination of chlorophylls a and b. Photosynthesis Research, 73: 149-156.
- Rattan, R. K., Datta, S. P., Chandra, S. and Saharan, N. 2002. Heavy metals and environmental quality: Indian scenario. Fertility News, 47: 21-40.
- Raverkar, K. P., Ramana, S., Singh, A. B., Biswas, A. K. and Kundu, S. 2000. Impact of post methanated spent wash (PMS) on the nursery raising, biological Parameters of Glyricidia sepum and biological activity of soil. Ann. Plant Research, 2(2): 161-168.
- Roy, P. Ratna, Jagdish Prasad and Joshi, A. P. 2007. Effect of sugar factory effluent on some physico-chemical properties of soils- a case study. Journal of Environ. Science & Engg., 49(4): 277-282.
- Sawidis, T., Chettri, M. K., Papaionnou, A., Zachariadis, G. and Stratis, J. 2001. A study of metal distribution from lignite fuels using trees as biological monitors. Ecotoxicology and Environment Safety, 48: 27-35.
- Sharma, R. K., Agrawal, M. and Marshall, F. 2006. Heavy metals contamination in vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated areas of Varanasi, India. Journal of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 77: 312-318.
- Sharma, R. K., Agrawal, M. and Marshall, F. M. 2007. Heavy metals contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi, India. Ecotoxicology & Environmental Safety, 66(2): 258-266.
- Singh, A., Sharma, R. K., Agrawal, M. and Marshall, F. M. 2010. Risk assessment of heavy metal toxicity through contaminated vegetables from waste water irrigated area of Varanasi, India. Tropical Ecology, 51(2S): 375-387.
- Singh, P. 2007. Sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent in pilot scale bioreactor. Journal of Environmental Biology, 28(1): 77-82.
- Singh, S. and Kumar, M. 2006. Heavy metal load of soil, water and vegetables in periurban Delhi. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 120(1-3): 71-79.
- Subhash, G.P., Virbhadrappa, S.R. and Vasant, O.K. 2010. Spinacia oleracea L.: A pharmacognostic and pharmacological overview. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy, 1: 78-84.
- Sun, Y. B., Zhou, Q. X. and Diao, C. Y. 2008. Effects of cadmium and arsenic on growth and metal accumulation of Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. Bioresour. Technol., 99: 1103-1110.
- Vinod, Kumar, Chopra, A.K., Chakresh Pathak and Sachin Pathak 2010. Agro-potentiality of paper mill effluent on the characteristics of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek). New York Science Journal, 3(5): 68-77.
- Walkley, A. and Black, I. A. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37: 29-38.
- Wenzel, W. and Jackwer, F. 1999. Accumulation of heavy metals in plants grown on mineralized soils of the Austrian Alps. Environment Pollution, 104: 145-155.
- Zalawadia, N. M. and Raman, S. 1994. Effect of distillery wastewater with graded fertilizer levels on sorghum yields and soil property. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 42: 575-579.
- Zarcinas, B. A., Pongsakul, P., Mclaughlin, M.J. and Cozens, G. 2004. Heavy metal in soils and crops in Southeast Asia 2 Thailand. Environ. Geochem. Health, 26: 359-371.
![](https://i-scholar.in/public/site/images/abstractview.png)
Abstract Views: 221
![](https://i-scholar.in/public/site/images/pdfview.png)
PDF Views: 0