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Causes of Child Labour in Different Sectors: A Case study of Urban Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh


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1 Department of Economics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
     

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India has been undergoing the problem of child labor since its birth like other developing countries is deep ischolar_mained with poverty. Present research concentrates to analyze the extent of child labour participation in different sectors along with investigating the main causes of child labour. According to Census of India - 2001, there were 12.26 million working children in the age group of 5-14 years as compared to 11.3 million in 1991 revealing an increasing trend in absolute numbers though the work participation rates of children (5-14) has come down from 5.4 percent during 1991 to 5 percent during 2001. The recent round of the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) estimates suggest that the child labour in the country is around 8.9 million in 2004-05 with a workforce participation rate of 3.4 per cent (NSSO 2004-05). Data used in this research was obtained from the children aged 5- 15 years in Visakhapatnam City of Andhra Pradesh who were working at Construction, Departmental Stores, Hotels and Mechanical workshops. Interview Schedule was designed to measure the demographic characteristics in different sectors of the child labour. A convenience sample is obtained by selecting 'convenient' population units. Chi-square test was applied to measure the extent and direction of relationship between the study variables. From the analysis, it was concluded that gender of child, level of education, religion, caste of the family and migration are the main reasons of child labour and age of the children has no relationship. In this respect both government and non-government organizations should take some concrete steps for provision of education for children, and equitable employment opportunities should be adopted to control the menace of child labour.
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  • United Nations Children’s Fund, “The State of the World’s Children”, Oxford University Press, United Kingdom, 2006.

  • International Labour Organization, “The End of the Child Labour within Reach”, Report of the Director General, Report 1(B), Geneva.

  • R.N. Tagore (Nobel Laureate), quoted from R. Kumar (1988), Child Development in India – Health, Welfare and Management, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi, 1998, p. 21.

  • George Eliot, quoted from Pramila Pandit Barooah (1998), Children in Quotes Publications Divisions, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, p.103.

  • Subba Rao, "Social Justice and Law", p.110, quoted from Mehra and Jaswal (1996), Child Labour and the Law, Deep & Deep Publications, New Delhi, p. l.

  • Sudesh Kumar Sharma, "Child and Constitution: An Appraisal in Distributive Justice Perspective", Supreme Court Journal, May 1989, Vol. 2, Part-I, pp: 9-10.

  • Kulshrestha J.C, “Child Labour in India”, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi, 1978, p. 12.

  • Kulshreshta J.C, op. cit., pp: 14-17.

  • Rodgers, A and Williamson, J (1982): Migration and Urbanization and Third World Development an Overview”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, No. 30, pp: 468.

  • Uppal R.K and Rimpi Kaur, “Child Labour in India: Current Status of Government Policies and Strategies to Control Over” in Child Labour - Issues, Causes and Interventions (Ed.)

  • Babita Agarwal, Mahamaya Publishing House, New Delhi, 2008, p. 80-81.

  • Gupta, S.P. (1997): Statistical Methods, Sultan Chand & Sons Publications, New Delhi.

  • Gupta, S.P. (1997): op. cit.


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  • Causes of Child Labour in Different Sectors: A Case study of Urban Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

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Authors

S. Marulu Reddy
Department of Economics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
E. Abbulu
Department of Economics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract


India has been undergoing the problem of child labor since its birth like other developing countries is deep ischolar_mained with poverty. Present research concentrates to analyze the extent of child labour participation in different sectors along with investigating the main causes of child labour. According to Census of India - 2001, there were 12.26 million working children in the age group of 5-14 years as compared to 11.3 million in 1991 revealing an increasing trend in absolute numbers though the work participation rates of children (5-14) has come down from 5.4 percent during 1991 to 5 percent during 2001. The recent round of the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) estimates suggest that the child labour in the country is around 8.9 million in 2004-05 with a workforce participation rate of 3.4 per cent (NSSO 2004-05). Data used in this research was obtained from the children aged 5- 15 years in Visakhapatnam City of Andhra Pradesh who were working at Construction, Departmental Stores, Hotels and Mechanical workshops. Interview Schedule was designed to measure the demographic characteristics in different sectors of the child labour. A convenience sample is obtained by selecting 'convenient' population units. Chi-square test was applied to measure the extent and direction of relationship between the study variables. From the analysis, it was concluded that gender of child, level of education, religion, caste of the family and migration are the main reasons of child labour and age of the children has no relationship. In this respect both government and non-government organizations should take some concrete steps for provision of education for children, and equitable employment opportunities should be adopted to control the menace of child labour.

References