Open Access
Subscription Access
Open Access
Subscription Access
Synthesis of Some Novel Chalcone containing Pyrazole Moeity: Review Article
Subscribe/Renew Journal
A review article carried out on Cholera a diarrheal disease, cholera gravis characterized by passage of voluminous electrolyte – rich rice water stools, It is transmitted through contaminated food or drinking water as well as person to person contact through fecal-oral route. Sanitary conditions in the environment play an important role since the V. cholera bacterium survives and multiplies outside the human body and can spread rapidly where living conditions are crowded and water sources unprotected and where there is no safe disposal of faeces.The various method are carried out which concluded the immunization of recombinant A-B vaccine stimulate prominent vibriocidal antibody responses.
Keywords
V. cholera, El Tor, Vaxchora Vaccine, Inaba, Ogawa, CVD, HLYA.
Subscription
Login to verify subscription
User
Font Size
Information
- Karlsson SL, Thomson N, Mutreja A, et al. Retrospective analysis of serotype switching of vibrio cholera O1 in a cholera endemic region shows it is a non-random process. Plos Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Oct 5; 10:e0005044.
- Bhattacharya SK, Sur D, Ali M, et al. 5 year efficacy of a bivalent killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine in Kolkata, India: a cluster randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013; 13:1050–1056.
- Qadri F, Ali M, Chowdhury F, et al. Feasibility and effectiveness of oral cholera vaccine in an urban endemic setting in Bangladesh: a clusterrandomised open-label trial. Lancet. 2015; 8:10–6736.
- Qadri F, Wierzba TF, Ali M, et al. Efficacy of a single-dose, inactivated oral cholera vaccine in Bangladesh. N Engl J Med. 2016 May; 5 (374):1723–1732.
- Mutreja A, Kim DW, Thomson NR, et al. Evidence for several waves of global transmission in the seventh cholera pandemic. Nature. 2011 Aug; 24(477):462–465.
- Mukhopadhyay AK, Takeda Y, Balakrish NG. Cholera outbreaks in the El Tor biotype era and the impact of the new El Tor variants. Curr Top MicrobiolImmunol. 2014; 379:17–47. DOI:10.1007/82_2014_363.:17-47
- Nair GB, Qadri F, Holmgren J, et al. Cholera due to altered El Tor strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 in Bangladesh. J Clin Microbiol. 2006; 44:4211–4213.
- MartinelliFilho JE, Lopes RM, Rivera IN, et al. Are natural reservoirs important for cholera surveillance? The case of an outbreak in a Brazilian estuary. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2016 Sep; 63:183–188.
- Weissman JB, DeWitt WE, Thompson J, et al. A case of cholera in Texas, 1973. Am J Epidemiol. 1974; 100:487–498.
- Blake PA, Allegra DT, Snyder JD, et al. Cholera–a possible endemic focus in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1980; 302:305– 309.
- Ali M, Nelson AR, Lopez AL, et al. Updated global burden of cholera in endemic countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Jun; 4(9):e0003832.
- Mahon BE, Mintz ED, Greene KD, et al. Reported cholera in the United States, 1992-1994: a reflection of global changes in cholera epidemiology. Jama. 1996 Jul 24;276:307–312. • Cases of travelers’ cholera increase as cholera reaches areas that the US travelers visit frequently.
- Newton AE, Heiman KE, Schmitz A, et al. Cholera in United States associated with epidemic in Hispaniola. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011; 17:2166–2168.
- Taylor DN, Rizzo J, Meza R, et al. Cholera among Americans living in Peru. Clin Infect Dis. 1996; 22:1108–1109.
- Clemens J, Shin S, Ali M. New approaches to the assessment of vaccine herd protection in vaccine trials. Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11:482–7.
- Whitney C, Farley M, Hadler J, et al. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of proteinpolysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:1737– 46.
- Preziosi M, Yam A, Wassilak S, et al. Epidemiology of pertussis in a West African community before and after introduction of a widespread vaccination program. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 155:891– 6.
- McVernon J, Ramsay M, McLean A. Understanding the impact of Hib conjugate vaccine on transmission, immunity and disease in the United Kingdom. Epidemiol Infect 2008; 136:800–12.
- Schlenker T, Baine C, Baaughman A, Hadler S. Measles herd immunity. The association of attack rates with immunization rates in preschool children. 7. Fox J. Herd immunity and measles. J Infect Dis 1983; 5:463–6.
- Miller LW, Older J, Drake J, Zimmerman S. Diphtheria immunization: effect upon carriers and the control of outbreaks. Am J Dis Child 1972; 123:197–9.
- Trotter C, Edmunds W. Re-assessing the cost-effectiveness of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate (MDD) vaccines using a transmission dynamic model. Med Decis Making 2006; 26:39–47.
- Longini I, Nizam A, Ali M, Yunus M, Shenvi N, Clemens JD. Controlling endemic cholera with oral vaccines. PLoS Med 2007; 4:e336.
- Halloran ME, Struchiner CJ, Longini IM Jr. Study designs for evaluating different efficacy and effectiveness aspects of vaccines. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 146:789–803.
Abstract Views: 253
PDF Views: 1