Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

A Review on Bronchial asthma


Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, BharatiVidyapeeth’s College of Pharmacy, Sector-8, C.B.D. Belapur, NaviMumbai-400614, Maharashtra, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Bronchial asthma is chronic inflammatory disorder of the respiratory tract, characterised by increased airway hyper responsiveness to provocative exposures and episodic airflow obstruction. It is an increasing global health burden, especially in the Western world. As we learn more about the cause, pathophysiology, phenotypes and genetics of asthma; treatments will become available to ensure adequate asthma control; even may help in development and implementation of an optimal strategy for its management and prevention. This review article summarizes current pharmacological approaches for the management of asthma, including an update on the definition, types, cause, appropriate diagnostic evaluation, and pathogenesis of bronchial asthma.

Keywords

Bronchial Asthma, Spirometer, Hyper-responsiveness, Pharmacological Management, Inhaled Corticosteroids, Omalizumab
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • The Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. Global Initiative for asthma (GINA) 2012. Available from: http://www.ginasthma.org/.
  • Buist AS. Similarities and differences between asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: treatment and early outcomes. European Respiratory Journal. 21(39) suppl; 2003: 30-35.
  • Greenwood Genetic Centre. Asthma: A multifactorial condition. Available from: http://ggc.org/education/media/index-journalcolumns. html?itemid=156&id=375
  • World Health Organization Fact Sheet. Fact sheet No 307: asthma. 2011. Available from: http://web.archive.org/web/ 20110629035454/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs 307/en/
  • GINA (Global Initiative for Asthma) 2012. pp. 3.
  • Blanc PD et al. The association between occupation and asthma in general medical practice. Chest. 115(5); 1999: 1259-1264.
  • Expert Panel Report: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of asthma. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National asthma education and prevention program. 2003; NIH Publication No. 02-5074.
  • Harsh Mohan. Textbook of pathology. Jaypee brothers medical publishers. New Delhi. 2010; 4th ed: pp. 454-455.
  • Satoskar RS, Bhandarkar SD and Rege NN. Pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics. Popular prakashan. Mumbai. 2009; 21st ed: pp. 353.
  • Rang HP, Dale MM and Ritter JM. Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. China. 2007; 6th ed: pp. 358-359.
  • GINA (Global Initiative for Asthma) 2012. pp. 16. 12. Tarek S. Towards a deep understanding of bronchial asthma. Egyptian Journal of Bronchology. 1(1);2007: 120-124.
  • Allergy testing for asthma: Diagnosing asthma. 2011. Available from: http://asthma.about.com/lw/Health-Medicine/Conditionsand- diseases/Allergy-testing-and-asthma.htm
  • Arterial blood gas. Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. Available from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_blood-gas
  • Milos F and Snezana C. The role of eosinophils in asthma. Medicine and Biology. 8 (1); 2001: 6-10.
  • A.D.A.M. Multimediaencyclopaedia. 2012. Available from:http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId =117&pid=1&gid=000141
  • National Asthma Council Australia. Detection and diagnosis. Available from:http://www.nationalasthma.org.au/handbook/diagnosis-inadults/ detection-and-diagnosis#Diagnostictesting 18. Bele V. Pharmacology. Career publications. Nashik. 2008; 1sted: pp. 226.
  • Proper use of asthma medication. ACAAI (American college of allergy, asthma & immunology). Available from:http://www.acaai.org/allergist/asthma/asthmatreatment/ proper-use-asthmaedication/Pages/default.aspx
  • Asthma treatment options. ACAAI (American college of allergy, asthma & immunology). Available from:http://www.acaai.org/allergist/asthma/asthmatreatment/ Pages/default.aspx
  • TripathiKD. Essentials of medical pharmacology. Jaypee brothers publisher. New Delhi. 2008; 6thed: pp. 93-116.
  • Budhiraja RD. Elementary pharmacology and toxicology. Popular prakashan. Mumbai. 2009; 4thed: pp. 221-227.
  • Johnson M. Beta2-adrenoceptors: mechanisms of action of beta2- agonist. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 2 (1); 2001: 57-62.
  • Johnson M. Molecular mechanisms of beta2-adrenergic receptor function, response, and regulation. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 117(1); 2006: 18-24.
  • Lewis RA et al. Formation of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis in human lung tissue and cells before release. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 140(5); 1974: 1133-1146.
  • Satoskar RS, Bhandarkar SD and Rege NN. Pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics. Popular prakashan. Mumbai. 2009; 21st ed: pp. 355-363.
  • Barar FSK. Essentials of Pharmacotherapeutics. S. Chand & company. New Delhi. 2011; 6th ed: pp. 544-547.
  • Ullman A and Svedmyr N. Salmeterol, a new long acting inhaled beta2adrenoreceptor agonist: comparison with salbutamol in adult asthmatic patients. Thorax. 43(9); 1988: 674-678.
  • Fitzpatrick MF et al. Salmeterol in nocturnal asthma: a double blind, placebo controlled trial of a long acting inhaled beta 2 agonist. British Medical Journal. 301(6765); 1990: 1365- 1368.
  • Green CP and Price JF. Prevention of exercise induced asthma by inhaled salmeterol xinofoate. Achives of Disease in Childhood. 67(8); 1992: 1014-1017.
  • Ducharme FM et al. Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids versus same dose inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12(5); 2010: CD005535.
  • Fanta CH. Asthma. New England Journal of Medicine. 360(10); 2009: 1002-14.
  • Cates CJ and Cate MJ. Regular treatment with salmeterol for chronic asthma: serious adverse events. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 16(3); 2008: CD006363.
  • FDA Drug Safety Communication: New safety requirements for long-acting inhaled asthma medications called Long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs). FDA. Feb 2010. http://www.fda.gov/ Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatients andProviders/ucm213836.htm
  • Barnes PJ. Muscarinic receptor subtypes in airways. Life Sciences. 52(5-6); 1993: 521-527.
  • Chapman KR. History of anticholinergic treatment in airways disease. In Gross NJ, ed. London. Franklin Scientific Publications Ltd. 1993. pp. 9-17.
  • Scullion JE. The development of anticholinergics in the management of COPD. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2(1); 2007: 33-40.
  • Rodrigo G, Rodrigo and Burschtin O. A meta-analysis of ipratropium bromide in adults with acute asthma. The American Journalof Medicine. 107(4); 1999: 363-370.
  • GINA (Global Initiative for Asthma) 2012. pp. 37.
  • Stoodley RG, Aaron SD and Dales RE. The role of ipratropium bromide in the emergency management of acute asthma exacerbation: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Annals of Emergence Medicine. 34(1); 1999: 8-18.
  • Plotnick LH and Ducharme FM. Combined inhaled anticholinergics and beta2-agonists for initial treatment of acute asthma in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4; 2000. CD000060.
  • Barnes PJ. The pharmacological properties of tiotropium. Chest. 117(2 suppl); 2000: 63-66.
  • Barnes PJ and Pauwels RA. The theophylline in the management of asthma: time for reappraisal? European Respiratory Journal. 7(30); 1994: 579-591.
  • Bele V. Pharmacology. Career publications. Nashik. 2008; 1st ed: pp. 223.
  • Golan DE, Tashjian AH, Armstrong EJ and Armstrong AW. Principles of pharmacology: the pathophysiologic basis of drug therapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia. 2008. 2nded: pp. 830-836.
  • Barnes PJ, Greening AP, Neville L, Timmers J, Poole GW. Single dose slow-release aminophylline at night prevents nocturnal asthma. Lancet. 1(8267); 1982: 299-301.
  • WebMd. Asthma Health centre. Inhaled corticosteroids for long-term control of asthma. March 2011. Available from:http://www.webmd.com/asthma/inhaled-corticosteroidsfor- long-term-control-of-asthma
  • Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. National Institutes of Health (2007). National Asthma Education and Prevention Program.NIH Publication No. 08-5846. pp. 216-220. Available from:http:/www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/index.htm.
  • Schlienger RG et al. Inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of adult fractures in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 114(2); 2004: 469-473.
  • Juniper EF et al. Effect of long-term treatment with an inhaled corticosteroid (budesonide) on airway responsiveness and clinical asthma in nonsteroid dependent asthmatics. The American Review of Respiratory Disease. 142(2); 1990: 832-836.
  • Haahtela T et al. Comparison of a 2-agonist, terbutaline, with an inhaled corticosteroid, budesonide, in newly detected asthma.The New England Journal of Medicine. 325; 1991: 388-392.
  • Evans DJ et al. A comparison of low-dose inhaled budesonide plus theophylline and high-dose inhaled budesonide for moderate asthma. The New England Journal of Medicine. 337; 1997: 1412-1418.
  • Laviolette M et al. Montelukast added to inhaled beclomethasone in treatment of asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 160; 1999: 1862- 1868.
  • Rang HP, Dale MM and Ritter JM. Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. China. 2007; 6th ed: pp. 364.
  • Spangler DL. The role of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma treatment: a health economic perspective. The American Journal of Managed Care.18(2 Suppl); 2012: 35-39.
  • Beam DS. Value of inhaled corticosteroid therapy in long term asthma management. Pharmacy& Therapeutics. 35(7); 2010: 377-416.
  • Leach CL et al. Influence of particle size and patient dosing technique on lung deposition of HFA-beclomethasone from a metered dose inhaler. Journal of Aerosol Medicine. 18(4); 2005: 379-385.
  • Lipworth BJ. Leukotriene-receptor antagonists. Lancet. 353(9146); 1999: 57-62.
  • Zuzana D, Eva M and Leif B. Montelukast in the treatment of asthma and beyond. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology. 5(6); 2009: 639-658.
  • Philip G et al. Protection against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction two hours after a single oral dose of montelukast. Journal of Asthma. 44 (3); 2007: 213-217.
  • Dahlen SE et al. Improvement of aspirin-intolerant asthma by Montelukast, a leukotriene antagonist: a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 165(1); 2002: 9-14.
  • Diamant Z et al. the effect of montelukast (MK-0476), a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist, on allergen-induced airway responses and sputum cell counts in asthma. Clinical & Experimental Allergy. 29(1); 1999: 42-51.
  • Leff JA et al. Montelukast, a leukotriene-receptor antagonist, for the treatment of mild asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. The New England Journal of Medicine. 339 (3); 1998: 147-152.
  • Villaran C et al. Montelukast versus salmeterol in patients with asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. TheJournal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 104(3.1); 1999: 547- 553.
  • Edelman JM et al. Oral montelukast compared with inhaled salmeterol to prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Annals of Internal Medicine. 132(2); 2000: 97-104.
  • Storms W et al. A comparison of the effects of oral montelukast and inhaled salmeterol on response to rescue bronchodilatation after challenge. Respiratory Medicine. 98(11); 2004: 1051- 1062.
  • Bell RL et al. The discovery and development of zileuton: an orally active 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 14(3); 1992: 505-510.
  • Israel E et al. The effect of inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase by zileuton in mild to moderate asthma. Annals of Internal Medicine. 119(11); 1993: 1059-1066.
  • Wenzel SE et al. Effect of 5-lipoxygenase inhibition on bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation in nocturnal asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 152(3); 1995: 897-905.
  • Israel E et al. Effect of treatment with zileuton, a 5- lipoxygenase inhibitor, in patients with asthma. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 275(12); 1996: 931-936.
  • Krawiec ME and Wenzel SE. Use of leukotriene antagonist in childhood asthma. Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 11(6); 1999: 540-554.
  • Jamaleddine G et al. Leukotriene antagonists and the Churg- Strauss syndrome. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 31(4); 2002: 218-227.
  • Wechsler ME et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome in patients receiving montelukast as treatment for asthma. Chest. 117(3); 2000: 708-713.
  • Drug information online. Drugs.com. Respiratory inhalant products: Mast cell stabilizers. Available from:http://www.drugs.com/drug-class/mast-cellstabilizers. html
  • Palo Alto Medical Foundation. Sutter Health. Inhaled medications: Mass cell Stabilizers. Available from: http://www.pamf.org/asthma/medications/inhaled/mastcell.html
  • Tasche MJ et al. Inhaled disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) as maintenance therapy in children with asthma: a systemic review. Thorax. 55(11); 2000: 913-920.
  • Moss GF et al. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of disodium cromoglycate after inhalation by human volunteers. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 20(2); 1971:147-156.
  • Bernstein IL et al. A controlled study of cromolyn sodium sponsored by the Drug Committee of the American Academy of Allery. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 50(4); 1972: 235-245.
  • Howarth PH et al. Influence of albuterol, cromolyn sodium and ipratropium bromide on the airway and circulating mediator responses to allergen bronchial provocation in asthma. The American Review of Respiratory Disease. 132(5); 1985: 986- 992.
  • Hughes D, Mindorff C and Levison H. The immediate effect of sodium cromoglycate on the airway. Annals of Allergy. 48(1); 1982: 6-8.
  • Businco L et al. Effectiveness of oral sodium cromoglycate (SCG) in preventing food allergy in children. Annals of Allergy. 51(1.1); 1983: 47-50.
  • Sorri M, Jokinen K and Palva A. Disodium cromoglycate therapy in perennial rhinitis. ActaOto-laryngologica. 86(360Suppl); 1978: 30-32.
  • Pelikan Z. The effects of disodium cromoglycate and beclomethasone diproprionate on the late nasal mucosa response to allergen challenge. Annals of Allergy.49(4); 1982: 200-212.
  • Douglas W. Histamine and serotonin and their antagonists. In: Goodman L, Gilman A, Rall T, Murad F, ed. The pharmacologic basis of therapeutics. Macmillan. New York. 7thed: 1985: 605-638.
  • Shields RL et al. Inhibition of allergic reactions with antibodies to IgE. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 107(1-3); 1995: 308-312.
  • Liu J et al. Characterization of complex formation by humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibody and monoclonal human IgE. Biochemistry. 34(33); 1995: 10474-10482.
  • MacGlashan DW et al. Down-regulationof Fc?RI expression on human basophils during in vivo treatment of atopic patients with anti-IgE antibody. TheJournal of Immunology. 158(3); 1997: 1438-1445.
  • Fahy JV et al. The effect of an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody on the early –and late-phase responses to allergen inhalation in asthmatic subjects. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 155; 1997: 1828-1834.
  • Mazer B. Omalizumab reduced inhaled corticosteroid use and exacerbations in childhood allergic asthma. ACP Journal Club. 136 (1); 2002: 16.
  • Milgrom H et al. Treatment of allergic asthma with monoclonal anti-IgE antibody. The New England Journal of Medicine 341(26); 1999: 1966-1973.
  • Humbert M et al. Benefits of Omalizumab as add on therapy in patients with severe persistent asthma who are inadequately controlled despite best available therapy (GINA 2002 step 4 treatment): INNOVATE. Allergy. 60; 2005: 306-316.
  • Soler M et al. The anti-IgE antibody Omalizumab reduces exacerbations and steroid requirement in allergic asthmatics. The European Respiratory Journal. 18 (2); 2001: 254-261.

Abstract Views: 589

PDF Views: 2




  • A Review on Bronchial asthma

Abstract Views: 589  |  PDF Views: 2

Authors

Punita R. Maurya
Department of Pharmacology, BharatiVidyapeeth’s College of Pharmacy, Sector-8, C.B.D. Belapur, NaviMumbai-400614, Maharashtra, India
Yadunath M. Joshi
Department of Pharmacology, BharatiVidyapeeth’s College of Pharmacy, Sector-8, C.B.D. Belapur, NaviMumbai-400614, Maharashtra, India
Vilasrao J. Kadam
Department of Pharmacology, BharatiVidyapeeth’s College of Pharmacy, Sector-8, C.B.D. Belapur, NaviMumbai-400614, Maharashtra, India

Abstract


Bronchial asthma is chronic inflammatory disorder of the respiratory tract, characterised by increased airway hyper responsiveness to provocative exposures and episodic airflow obstruction. It is an increasing global health burden, especially in the Western world. As we learn more about the cause, pathophysiology, phenotypes and genetics of asthma; treatments will become available to ensure adequate asthma control; even may help in development and implementation of an optimal strategy for its management and prevention. This review article summarizes current pharmacological approaches for the management of asthma, including an update on the definition, types, cause, appropriate diagnostic evaluation, and pathogenesis of bronchial asthma.

Keywords


Bronchial Asthma, Spirometer, Hyper-responsiveness, Pharmacological Management, Inhaled Corticosteroids, Omalizumab

References