Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Investigation on Silver Retention in Different Organs and Oxidative Stress Enzymes in Male Broiler Fed Diet Supplemented with Powder of Nano Silver


Affiliations
1 Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch, Kurdistan, Iran, Islamic Republic of
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


This research was carried out to investigation of retention silver (Ag) in different organs and faeces of broiler chicks. A total of 160 one-day-old male broiler allocated in a randomized completely design (CRD) with four group (60 birds), four replicates and 10 broiler in each experimental pens. Experimental diets were included: A) Control (without nano-silver), B) control+5ppm nano-Ag/kg, C) control+1 Oppm nano-Ag/kg and D) control+l5ppm nano-Ag/kg and nano-Ag added to basal diet of broilers throughout research (21-42 days). At the end of study, from any treatments one bird with means's treatment selected and take sampling blood from wing vein and then slaughtered. Immediately after slaughtered, Visceral organs such as: Liver, heart, gizzard, spleen, pancreas, thymus, lungs and tight and breast muscle. Also, to determine rate of Ag in bird's faeces, samples were weekly taken during study and then dried, stored until analysis. Silver concentration in different tissues by using gamma radioactivity method has measured and Ag of rate expressed as ppb (Parts per billion) into different organs and feces. Results showed no significant difference among treatment point of view time saturation of tissues with silver and seem to be quickly distributed by blood circulation. Examination of different organs showed that Ag was accumulated in different tissues of broiler. The highest concentrations Ag were found in breast and leg muscles, spleen, pancreas, faeces, thymus and heart of muscles in the ranking order. We had significantly observed increasing trend concentration of Ag in different tissues corresponding to increase level of nano-silver among control and other group (p<0.01).

Keywords

Broiler, Oxidative Stress Enzyme, Silver Retention, Different Organs.
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • British Standards Institution (BSI). 2007. PAS136 Terminology for nanomaterials. Accessed from the website: http://www.bsiglobal.com. 33

  • Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risk (SCENIHR). Opinion on: The scientific aspects of the existing and proposed definitions relating to products of nanoscience and nanotechnologies. European Commission Health&Consumer Protection Directorate-General. Directorate C-Public Health and Risk Assessment, 2008, C7-Risk Assessment.

  • Cheng, D.J. Yang and Y. Zhao,2004. Antibacterialmaterialsofsilvernanoparticles application in medical appliances and appliances for daily use. Chin. Med. Equip., 4: 26-32.

  • Kreuter, J. and S. Gelperina, 2008. Use of nano particles force rebralcancer. Tumori., 94: 271-277.

  • Su, J., Zhang, L. Liu, Y, Huang and R.P. Mason, 2008. Exploring feasibility of multicolored Cd Tequantum dots for invitro and in vivo lfuorescent imaging. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 8: 1174-1177.

  • Tan, W.B., S. Jiang and Y. Zhang, 2007. Quantum-dot based nanoparticles for targeted silencing of HER2/neugene via RNA interference. Biomaterials., 28:1565-1571.

  • Yoon, K.Y., J. Hoon, Byeon, J.H. Park and J. Hwang, 2007. Susceptibility constants of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis silver and copper nanoparticles. Sci. Total Environ., 373: 572-575.

  • Hussain, S.M., K.L. Hess, J.M. Gearhart, K.T. Geiss and J.J. Schlager, 2005. In vitro toxicity of nanoparticles in BRL 3A rat liver cells. Toxicol in vitro., 19: 975-983.

  • Hsi, Y.H., C.F. Chen, S. Huang, T.S. Shih, P.S. Lai and P.J. Chueh, 2008. The effect of nanosilver is mediated by a ROS-and JNK-dependent mechanism involving the mitochondrial pathway in NIH3T 3 cells, Toxicol. Lett., 179: 130-139.

  • Kim, S., J.E. Choi, J. Choi, K.H. Chung, K. Park, J. Yi and D.Y. Ryu, 2009. Oxidative stress dependent toxicity of silver nanoparticles in human hepatomacells. Toxicol. In vitro., 23: 1076-1084.

  • Vigneshwaran, N., A.A. Kathe, P.V. Varadarajan, R.P. Nachane, Y. and R.H. Balasubramanya,2007. Functional finishing of cotton fabricsusing silvernanoparticles. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 7: 1893-1897.

  • WHO, Silver, 1996. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality; Volume 2, Geneva, New York., pp: 338-343.

  • EPA, 1980. Ambient water quality criteria for silver. Washington, DC. EPA., 5/80/071. Am-Euras. J. Toxicol. Sci., 3 (1): 28-35, 2011

  • Sjoblom, K.L. and J. Ojala, 1981. Initial experience with aquatic environmental monitoring programmes around Finnish nuclear power plants. IAEA-SM- 248/110., pp: 515-532.

  • Smith, D.R., M.D. Stephenson and A.R. Flegal, 1986. Trace metals in mussels transplanted to San Francisco Bay. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 5: 129-138.

  • George, S.G., B.J.S. Pirie, A. Calabrese and D.A. Nelson, 1986. Biochemical and ultrastructural observations of long-term silver accumulation in the mussel, Mytilus edulis. Mar. Environ. Res., 18: 255-265.

  • Topcuoglu, S., E. Birol and M.Y. Unlu, 1987. Factors affecting the accumulation and elimination of silver (I IOmAg) in marine isopods. Mar. Environ. Res., 21: 189-198.

  • Grosell, M. and C.M. Wood, 2001. Branchial versus intestinal silver toxicity and uptake in the marine teleost Paraphrys vetulus. J. Comp. Physiol.(B)., 171: 585-594.

  • Webb, N.A. and C.M. Wood, 2002. Bioaccumulation and distribution of silver in four marine teleost and two marine elasmobranches: influence of exposure duration, concentration and salinity. Aquatic Toxicol., 49: 111-129.

  • Furchner, J.E., C.R. Richmond and G.A. Drake, 1968. Comparative metabolism of radionuclides in mammals. IV. Retention of silver-110m in the mouse, rat, monkey and dog. Health Phys., 55: 398-401.

  • Beresford, N.A., 1989. The transfer of Ag -110m to sheep tissues. Sci. Total Environ., 85: 81-90.

  • Saeki, K., M. Nakjimi, T. Loughlin, D.C. Calkins, N. Baba, M. Kiyota and R. Tatsukawa, 2001. Accumulation of silver in the liver of three species of pinnipeds. Environ. Pollut., 112: 19-25.

  • Lansdown, A.B.G. Silver, 2002. Toxicity in mammals and how its products aid wound repair. J. Wound Care., 11: 173-177.

  • Rungby, J., 1990. An experimental study on silver in the nervous system and on aspects of its general cellular toxicity. Danish Med. Bull., 37: 442-449.

  • Stoltenberg, M., S. Juhl, E.H. Poulsen and E. Ernst, 1994. Autometallographic detection of silver in hypothalamic neurones of rats exposed to silver nitrate. J. Appl. Toxicol., 14: 275-280.

  • Van Vleet, J.F. and V.J. Ferrans, 1992. Etiologic factors and pathologic alterations in selenium-vitamin E deficiency and excess in animals and humans. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 33: 1-21. 34

  • Toop, J., R.E. Burke, Dum, R.P. M.J. O'Donovan and C.B. Smith, 1982. 2-Deoxyglucose autoradiography of single motor units: labelling of individual acutely active muscle fibers. Neuro Sci. Methods, 5: 283-289.

  • Kalachniuk, H.I., M. Marounek, L.H. Kalachniuk and O.H. Savka, 1994. Rumen bacterial metabolism as affected by extracellular redox potential (Metabolizm bakterii rubtsia za dii zovnishn'oklitynnoho redoks- potentsialu). Ukr. Biokhim. Zh., 66: 30-40.

  • Rosenman, K.D., N. Seixas and I. Jacobs, 1987. Potential nephrotoxic effects of exposure to silver. Br. J. Ind. Med., 44: 267-272.

  • NRC. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th ed. National Academy of Science, Washington, DC. 31. SAS Institute. 1996. User's Guide SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.

  • Humphreys, S.D.M. and P.A. Routledge, 1998. The toxicology of silver nitrate. Adverse Drug React. Toxicol. Rev., 17: 115-143.

  • Drasch, G., H.J. Gath, E. Heissler, I. Schupp and G. Roider, 1995. Silver concentrations in human tissues. Their dependence on dental amalgam and other factors. J. Trace. Elem. Med. Biol., 9: 82-87.

  • Kai, H.O. Pelkonen,Helvi, Heinonen-Tanski, O.P. Osmo and Hanninen, 2003. Accumulation of silver from drinking water into cerebellum and musculus soleus in Mice. Toxicol., 186: 151-157.

  • Ahmadi, F. and F. Rahimi, 2011. The Effect of Different Levels of Nano Silver on Performance and retention of Silver in Edible Tissues of Broilers. World Appl. Sci. J., 12: 01-04.

  • Hultman, P., U. Lindh and P. Horsted-Blinslev, 1998. Activation of immune system and systemic immune- complex deposits in Brown Norway rats with dental amalgam restorations. J. Dent. Res., 77: 1415-1425.

  • Brooking, J., S.S. Davis and L. Fungus, 2001. Transport of nanoparticles across the rat nasal mucosa. J. Drug Targeting., 9: 267-279.

  • Hoet, P.H., I. Bruske-Hohlfeld and O.V. Salata, 2004. Nanoparticles known and unknown health risks.

  • Oberdorster, E., 2004. Manufactured nanomaterials (fullerenes, C60) induce oxidative stress in the brain of juvenile largemouth bass. Environ. Health Perspect., 112: 1058-1062.

  • Rungby, J. and G. Danscher, 1984. Hypoactivity in silver treated mice. ActaPharmacol. Toxicol. Copenh., 55:398-401.

  • Sarin, H., 2008. Effective transvascular delivery of nanoparticles across the blood-brain tumor barrier into malignant glioma cells. J. Transl. Med., 6: 80. Am-Euras. J. Toxicol. Sci., 3 (1): 28-35, 2011

  • Muthu, M.S. and S. Singh,2009. Targeted nanomedicines. Effective treatment modalities for cancer, AIDS and brain disorders. Nanomedicine (Lond.), 4: 105-118.

  • Tang, M., 2008. Unmodified Cd Se quantum dots induce elevation of cytoplasmic calcium levels and impairment of functional properties of sodium channels in rat primary cultured hippocampal neurons. Environ. Health Perspect, 116: 915-922.

  • Au, C., L. Mutkus, A. Dobson, J. Riffle and J. Lalli, 2007. Aschner, M. Effects of nanoparticles on the adhesion and cell viability on astrocytes. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 120: 248-256.

  • Sharma, H.S. and A. Sharma, 2007. Nanoparticles aggravate heat stress induced cognitive deficits, blood-brain barrier disruption, edema formation and brain pathology. Prog. Brain Res., 162: 245-273.

  • Beresford, N.A., R.W. Mayes, N.M. Crout, Howard and B.J. Kanyar, 1994. Dynamic behaviour of 110mAg in sheep tissues. Health Phys., 66: 420-426.

  • Webb, N.A. and C.M. Wood, 2002. Bioaccumulation and distribution of silver in four marine teleost and two marine elasmobranches: influence of exposure duration, concentration and salinity. Aquatic Toxicol. 49: 111-129.

  • Wataha, J.C., P.E. Lockwood, A. Schedle, M. Noda and S. Bouillaguet, 2002. Ag, Cu, Hg Ni ions alter the metabolism of human monocytes during extended low-dose exposures. J. Oral Rehabil., 29: 133-139.

  • Hanson, S.R., S.A. Donley and M.C. Linder, 2001. Transport of silver in virgin and lactating rats and relation to copper. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 15: 243-253.

  • Oberdorster, G., Z. Sharp, V. Atudorei, A. Elder, R. Gelein, W. Kreyling and C. Cox,2004. Trans location of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain. Inhal Toxicol., 16: 437- 445.

  • Takenaka S., E. Karg, C. Roth, H. Schulz, A. Ziesenis, U. Heinzmann, P. Schramel and J. Heyder, 2001. Pulmonary and systemic distribution of inhaled ultrafine silver particles in rats. Environ Health Perspect., 109(Suppl. 4): 547-551.

  • Oberdorster, G., E. Oberdorster and J. Oberdorster, 2005. Nanotoxicology: An emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ. Health Perspect., 113: 823-839.

  • Lovric, J., H.S. Bazzi, Y. Cuie, GR. Fortin, F.M. Winnik and D. Maysinger, 2005. Differences in subcellular distribution and toxicity of green and red emitting CdTe quantum dots. J. Mol. Med., 83:377-385.

  • Ji, J.H., J.H. Jung, S.S. Kim, J.U. Yoon, J.D. Park, B.S. Choi, Y.H. Chung, I.H. Kwon, J. Jeong, B.S. Han, J. H. Shin, J.H. Sung, K.S. Song and IS. Yu, 2007. Twenty-eight-day inhalation toxicity study of silver nanoparticles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Inhal Toxicol., 19: 857-871.

  • Braydich-Stolle, L., S. Hussain, J.J. Schlager and M.C. Hofmann,2005. In vitro cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in mammalian germ line stem cells. Toxicological Sci., 88: 412-419.

  • Hussain, S.M., A.K. Javorina, A.M. Schrand, H.M. Duhart, S.F. All and J.J. Schlager, 2006. The interaction of manganese nano-particles with PC-12 cells induces dopamine depletion. Toxicol. Sci., 92: 456-63.

  • Almofti, M.R., T. Ichikawa, K. Yamashita, H. Terada and Y. Shinohara, 2003. Silver ion induces a cyclosporine a-insensitive permeability transition in rat liver mitochondria and release of apoptogenic cytochrome. C. J. Biochem., 134: 43-49.

  • Sokol, R.J., M.W. Devereaux and M.G. Traber, 1989. Copper toxicity and lipid peroxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes: effect of vitamin E. Pediatr Res., 25:55-62.

  • Zhang, S.S., M.M. Noordin and S.O. Rahman, 2000. Effects of copper overload on hepatic lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense in rats. Vet Hum Topical., 2000, 42, 261-264.

  • Pourahmad, J. and P.S. oBrien, 2000. A comparison of hepatocyte cytotoxic mechanisms for Cu" and Cd2'. Toxicol., 143: 263-273.


Abstract Views: 479

PDF Views: 2




  • Investigation on Silver Retention in Different Organs and Oxidative Stress Enzymes in Male Broiler Fed Diet Supplemented with Powder of Nano Silver

Abstract Views: 479  |  PDF Views: 2

Authors

Farhad Ahmadi
Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch, Kurdistan, Iran, Islamic Republic of
Ardeshir Hafsy Kordestany
Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch, Kurdistan, Iran, Islamic Republic of

Abstract


This research was carried out to investigation of retention silver (Ag) in different organs and faeces of broiler chicks. A total of 160 one-day-old male broiler allocated in a randomized completely design (CRD) with four group (60 birds), four replicates and 10 broiler in each experimental pens. Experimental diets were included: A) Control (without nano-silver), B) control+5ppm nano-Ag/kg, C) control+1 Oppm nano-Ag/kg and D) control+l5ppm nano-Ag/kg and nano-Ag added to basal diet of broilers throughout research (21-42 days). At the end of study, from any treatments one bird with means's treatment selected and take sampling blood from wing vein and then slaughtered. Immediately after slaughtered, Visceral organs such as: Liver, heart, gizzard, spleen, pancreas, thymus, lungs and tight and breast muscle. Also, to determine rate of Ag in bird's faeces, samples were weekly taken during study and then dried, stored until analysis. Silver concentration in different tissues by using gamma radioactivity method has measured and Ag of rate expressed as ppb (Parts per billion) into different organs and feces. Results showed no significant difference among treatment point of view time saturation of tissues with silver and seem to be quickly distributed by blood circulation. Examination of different organs showed that Ag was accumulated in different tissues of broiler. The highest concentrations Ag were found in breast and leg muscles, spleen, pancreas, faeces, thymus and heart of muscles in the ranking order. We had significantly observed increasing trend concentration of Ag in different tissues corresponding to increase level of nano-silver among control and other group (p<0.01).

Keywords


Broiler, Oxidative Stress Enzyme, Silver Retention, Different Organs.

References