Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Elucidating the Role of Women From Nature : Nurture to Entrepreneurship


Affiliations
1 Associate Professor, School of Management, Presidency University, Bengaluru, Itgalpura, Rajanakunte, Yelahanka - 560 064, Karnataka, India
2 Research Scholar, School of Management, Presidency University, Bengaluru, Itgalpura, Rajanakunte, Yelahanka - 560 064, Karnataka, India

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


In a larger context, the French word Entrepreneurship means to start a new project or to try a new opportunity. As entrepreneurship evolved in the past centuries, it brought with it innovation in production of goods and services to serve the society world-wide, but the existing literature establishes that traditionally entrepreneurship has been a male-dominated activity. Recent technological advancements coupled with the economic boom of the 1990s witnessed a spurt of women entrepreneurs making rapid strides in this hitherto male-dominated domain. This paper elucidates what makes a woman entrepreneur. Is she a born entrepreneur or trained to become so? This study aimed to explore the nature of inherent traits and the acquired or supporting eternal variables that have led to the success of the sampled women entrepreneurs. To explore further, the following important variables from the literature review were combined into categories that reflect various traits of women entrepreneurs : risk taking ability, initiative taking ability, self-motivation, leadership ability, and entrepreneurial attitude. On studying 401 women entrepreneurs, logistic regression analysis was applied to predict the success of women entrepreneurship to comprehend the prediction of ‘nature’ (internal) variables, and ‘nurture’ (external) variables covered in the research study. There exists further scope for expanding this research across multiple geographies as this data offers fruitful preliminary insights based on a single-country exploration and that too from a sample drawn only from four metros in India.

Keywords

Entrepreneurship, Initiative, Risk, Nature, Nurture, Women in Entrepreneurship

Paper Submission Date : February 5, 2021; Paper Sent Back for Revision : February 20, 2021; Paper Acceptance Date : February 21, 2021.

User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • Acs, Z., Szerb, L. and Autio, E. (2014). The global entrepreneurship and development index. The Global Entrepreneurship and Development Institute. www.thegedi.org
  • Ahl, H. (2006). Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 595–621. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6520.2006.00138.x
  • Aidis, R., Welter, F., Smallbone, D., & and Isakova, N. (2007). Female entrepreneurship in transition economies: The case of Lithuania and Ukraine. Feminist Economics, 13(2), 157–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700601184831
  • Akanji, O. O. (2006). Central Bank of Nigeria Economic and Financial Review, 39(4), 111–134.
  • Battistelli, A., Galletta, M., Portoghese, I., & Vandenberghe, C. (2013). Mindsets of commitment and motivation: Interrelationships and contribution to work outcomes. The Journal of Psychology, 147(1), 17–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2012.668146
  • Baughn, C., Chua, B. L., & Neupert, K. E. (2006). The normative context for women’s participation in entrepreneurship: A multi-country study. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 30(5), 687–708. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6520.2006.00142.x
  • Brush, C. G. (1992). Research on woman business owners: Past trends, a new perspective and future decisions. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice,16(4), 5-30. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F104225879201600401
  • Brush, C. G., Carter, N. M., Gatewood, E., Greene, P. G., & Hart, M. M. (2004). Clearing the hurdles: Women building high growth businesses. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Financial Times-Prentice Hall.
  • Caliendo, M., Fossen, F. M., & Kritikos, A. S. (2009). Risk attitudes of nascent entrepreneurs–New evidence from an experimentally validated survey. Small Business Economics, 32(2), 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-007-9078-6
  • Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J., Singh, J., & Drnovsek, M. (2009). The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion. Academy of Management Review, 34(3), 511–532. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.40633190
  • Chell, E. (2013). Review of skill and the entrepreneurial process. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 19(1), 6–31. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551311299233
  • Chelli, F., & Rosti, L. (2009). Self-employment among Italian female graduates. Education and Training, 51(7), 526–540. Quaderni di Dipartimento 090, University of Pavia, Department of Economics and Quantitative Methods. https://ideas.repec.org/p/pav/wpaper/090.html
  • Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G., & Crick, A. C. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00029-3
  • Chiang, Y, Shih, H., & Hsu, C. (2014). High commitment work system, transactive memory system, and new product performance. Journal of Business Research, 67(4), 631–640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.01.022
  • Clercq, D. D., Menzies, T. V., Diochon, M., & Gasse, Y. (2009). Explaining nascent entrepreneurs' goal commitment: An exploratory study. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 22(2), 123–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2009.10593446
  • CMIE. (2013). CMIE Report 2013. https://www.cmie.com/
  • Cohoon, J. M., Wadhwa, V., & Mitchell, L. (2010). The anatomy of an entrepreneur - Are successful women entrepreneurs different from men ? Kauffman: The foundation of entrepreneurship. https://www.kauffman.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/successful_women_entrepreneurs_510.pdf
  • Cooper, A. C., & Gascon-Gimeno, F. J. (1992). Entrepreneurs, processes of founding, and new firm performance. In D. Sexton & L. Ka¬sarda (Eds.) The state of the art in entrepreneurship, (pp. 301–340). Boston, MA: PWS Kent Publishing Co.
  • Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2007). Essential social psychology. London: SAGE Publication.
  • Davidsson, P. (2003). The domain of entrepreneurship research: Some suggestions. Katz, J.A. and Shepherd, D.A. (Ed.). Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth, 6, 315–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7540%2803%2906010-0
  • DeTienne, D., & Chandler, G. N. (2007). The role of gender in opportunity identification. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 31(3), 365–386. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00178.x
  • Dzisi, S. (2008). Entrepreneurial activities of indigenous African women: A case of Ghana. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 2(3), 254–264. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506200810897231
  • Farmer, S. M., Yao, X., & Kate, K. M. (2011). The behavioral impact of entrepreneur identity aspiration and prior entrepreneurial experience. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 35(2), 245–273. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6520.2009.00358.x
  • Galloway, L., Anderson, M., Brown, W., & Wilson, L. (2005). Enterprise skills for the economy. Education and Training, 47(1), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910510580593
  • Gartner, W. B. (1989). “Who is an entrepreneur?” Is the wrong question. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13(4), 47–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225878901300406
  • Gibb, A. (2003). In pursuit of a new 'enterprise' and 'entrepreneurship' paradigm for learning: Creative destruction, new values, new ways of doing things and new combinations of knowledge. International Journal of Management Reviews, 4(3), 233–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2370.00086
  • Gunnerud, B. N. (1997). Gender, place, and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 9(3), 259–268. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08985629700000015
  • Halkias, D., Nwajiuba, C., Harkiolakis, N., & Caracatsanis S. M. (2011). Challenges facing women entrepreneurs in Nigeria. Management Research Review, 34(2), 221–235. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171111102821
  • Harrison, R. T., & Mason, C. M. (2007). Does gender matter? Women business angels and the supply of entrepreneurial finance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 445-472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540 6520.2007.00182.x
  • Haynes, G. W., Rowe, B. R., Walker, R., & Hong, G. (2000). The differences in financial structure between women- and men-owned family businesses. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 21, 209–226. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009481200806
  • Hayton, J. (2015). Leadership and Management Skills in SMEs. Warwick Business School. Department of Business, Industry and Skills.
  • Henry, C., Hill, F., & Leitch, C. (2005). Entrepreneurship education and training: Can entrepreneurship be taught? Part 1. Education + Training, 47(2), 98–111. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910510586524s
  • Hisrich, R. D., Peters, M. P. & Shepherd, D. A. (2007). Entrepreneurship (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Co.Inc Ibru, C. (2009). Growing microfinance through new technologies. Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
  • Itani, H., Sidani, Y. M., & Baalbaki, I. (2011). United Arab Emirates female entrepreneurs: Motivations and frustrations. Equality Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 30(5), 409–424. https://doi.org/10.1108/02610151111150654
  • Jamali, D. (2009). Constraints and opportunities facing women entrepreneurs in developing countries: A relational perspective. Gender in Management. An International Journal, 24(4), 232–251. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542410910961532
  • Jennings, J. E., & Brush, C. G. (2013). Research on women entrepreneurs: Challenges to (and from) the broader entrepreneurship literature? Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), 663–715. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2013.782190
  • Johnson, B. (2005). Overcoming “Doom and gloom”: Empowering students in courses on social problems, injustice, and inequality. Teaching Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092055X0503300104
  • Karim, N. A. (2001). Jobs, gender and small enterprises in Bangladesh: Factors affecting women entrepreneurs in small and cottage industries in Bangladesh. International Labour Office, Geneva and ILO, Dhaka, Bangladesh. https://www.ilo.org/empent/Publications/WCMS_113774/lang--en/index.htm
  • Kantor, P. (2002). Gender, microenterprise success and cultural context: The case of South Asia. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225870202600408
  • Keh, H. T., Foo, M. D., & Lim, B. C. (2002). Opportunity evaluation under risky conditions: The cognitive processes of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00003
  • Klyver, K., and Terjesen, S. (2007). Gender differences in entrepreneurial networking: A process perspective. Women in Management Review, 22(8), 682–688.
  • Krueger, N. (1993). The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(1), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879301800101
  • Kuzilwa, J. A. (2005). The role of credit for small business success: A study of the national entrepreneurship development fund in Tanzania. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 131–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097135570501401204
  • Lakwo, A. (2006). Microfinance, rural livelihoods, and women's empowerment in Uganda. Universiteit Leiden. African Studies Centre Research. https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/11945
  • Lin, N. (1999). Building a network theory of social capital connections, 22, 28–51. http://www.insna.org/PDF/Connections/v22/1999_I-1-4.pdf
  • Martin, T. G. (1999). Socio-economic impacts of microenterprise credit in the informal sector of Managua, Nicaragua. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33279
  • Mordi, C., Simpson, R., Singh, S. and Okafor, C. (2010). The role of cultural values in understanding the challenges faced by female entrepreneurs in Nigeria. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 25(1), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411011019904
  • Ngunjiri, I. (2010). Corruption and entrepreneurship in Kenya. Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa, 2(1), 93–106. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jolte/article/view/51993
  • North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808678
  • Okpukpara, B. (2009). Microfinance paper wrap-up: Strategies for effective loan delivery to small scale enterprises in rural Nigeria. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 1(2), 41–48. https://www.microcapital.org/microfinance-paper-wrap-up-strategies-for-effective-loan-delivery-tosmall scale-enterprises-in-rural-nigeria-by-benjamin-okpukpara/
  • Olu, O. (2009, November 14 –15). Impact of microfinance on entrepreneurial development: The case of Nigeria. The International Conference on Economics and Administration, Faculty of Administration and Business, University of Bucharest, Romania. https://www.findevgateway.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/mfg-en-paper-impact-of-microfinance on-entrepreneurial-development-the-case-of-nigeria-nov-2009.pdf
  • Palifka, B., & Bonnie, J. (2006). Corruption and entrepreneurship in Brazil [150-mile Conference Edinburg, Texas]. https://www.academia.edu/8126010/Corruption_and_Entrepreneurship_in_Brazil
  • Papagiannidis, S., & Li, F. (2005). Skills brokerage: A new model for business startups in the networked economy. European Management Journal, 23(4), 471–482.
  • Peter, B. K. (2001). Impact of credit on women-operated microenterprises in UASIN GISHU district, Eldoret, Kenya. In P. O. Alila & P. O. Pedersen (eds.) 2001. Negotiating social space: East African microenterprises.
  • Rae, D. (2004). Practical theories from entrepreneurs' stories: discursive approaches to entrepreneurial learning. Journal of Small Business Enterprise Development, 11(2), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000410537137
  • Rajani, N. (2008). Management training needs of women entrepreneurs. The Anthropologist, 10(4), 277–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2008.11891062
  • Remi-Alarape, A. A., Adetayo, E. D., & Nassar, M. L. (2009). Understanding entrepreneurial orientation of small medium enterprises in Nigeria and implication for SME development.
  • Reynolds, P. D. (1992). Sociology and entrepreneurship: Concepts and contributions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(2), 47–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879201600205
  • Shane, S. (2003). A general theory of entrepreneurship: The individual-opportunity nexus. UK: Edward Elgar.
  • Shane, S., & Cable, D. (2003). Network ties, reputation, and the financing of new ventures. Management Science, 48(3), 364–381. https://www.jstor.org/stable/822571
  • Shaver, K. G., & Scott, L. R. (1992). Person, process, choice: The psychology of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(2), 23–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879201600204
  • Shell Tameer. (2003). Women entrepreneurs in Pakistan: How to improve their bargaining power. Retrieved October, 29, 2011 from http://www.tameer.org.pk/images/Women%20Entrepreneurs%20in%20Pakistan.pdf
  • Simon, M., & Houghton, S. M. (2002). The relationship among biases, misperceptions, and the introduction of pioneering products: Examining differences in venture decision contexts. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(2), 105–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00002
  • Sleuwaegen, L., & Onkelinx, J. (2014). International commitment, post-entry growth and survival of international new ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(1),106–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.01.001
  • Steyaert, C., & Katz, J. (2004). Reclaiming the space of entrepreneurship in society: Geographical, discursive and social dimensions. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16(3), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/0898562042000197135
  • Stuetzer, M., Obschonka, M., Davidsson, P., & Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2013). Where do entrepreneurial skills come from? Applied Economics Letters. 20(12), 1183–1186. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2013.797554
  • The Global Entrepreneurship and Development Institute. (2015). 2015 Female Entrepreneurship Index (FEI) press release. Entrepreneurial Consulting Services | GEDI. https://thegedi.org/2015-femaleentrepreneurship index-press-release/
  • Welter, F. (2011). Contextualizing entrepreneurship: Conceptual challenges and ways forward. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), 165–184. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6520.2010.00427.x
  • Williams, C. C. (2009). Informal entrepreneurs and their motives: A gender perspective. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 1(3), 219–25. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566260910990900

Abstract Views: 309

PDF Views: 0




  • Elucidating the Role of Women From Nature : Nurture to Entrepreneurship

Abstract Views: 309  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Pratika Mishra
Associate Professor, School of Management, Presidency University, Bengaluru, Itgalpura, Rajanakunte, Yelahanka - 560 064, Karnataka, India
Aurobindo K. S.
Research Scholar, School of Management, Presidency University, Bengaluru, Itgalpura, Rajanakunte, Yelahanka - 560 064, Karnataka, India

Abstract


In a larger context, the French word Entrepreneurship means to start a new project or to try a new opportunity. As entrepreneurship evolved in the past centuries, it brought with it innovation in production of goods and services to serve the society world-wide, but the existing literature establishes that traditionally entrepreneurship has been a male-dominated activity. Recent technological advancements coupled with the economic boom of the 1990s witnessed a spurt of women entrepreneurs making rapid strides in this hitherto male-dominated domain. This paper elucidates what makes a woman entrepreneur. Is she a born entrepreneur or trained to become so? This study aimed to explore the nature of inherent traits and the acquired or supporting eternal variables that have led to the success of the sampled women entrepreneurs. To explore further, the following important variables from the literature review were combined into categories that reflect various traits of women entrepreneurs : risk taking ability, initiative taking ability, self-motivation, leadership ability, and entrepreneurial attitude. On studying 401 women entrepreneurs, logistic regression analysis was applied to predict the success of women entrepreneurship to comprehend the prediction of ‘nature’ (internal) variables, and ‘nurture’ (external) variables covered in the research study. There exists further scope for expanding this research across multiple geographies as this data offers fruitful preliminary insights based on a single-country exploration and that too from a sample drawn only from four metros in India.

Keywords


Entrepreneurship, Initiative, Risk, Nature, Nurture, Women in Entrepreneurship

Paper Submission Date : February 5, 2021; Paper Sent Back for Revision : February 20, 2021; Paper Acceptance Date : February 21, 2021.


References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.17010/amcije%2F2021%2Fv4i1%2F159226