International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Tourism Entrepreneurship: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach to Understand its Role in Peacebuilding


Affiliations
1 Sr. Assistant Professor, Department of Tourism, Hospitality & Leisure Studies, University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, India
2 Assistant Professor, Tourism Management, Directorate of Distance Education, University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir,, India
3 Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, India
4 Sr. Assistant Professor, Tourism Management, Central University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


The purpose of this paper is to understand the structural relation that can exist among attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control that explain the Theory of Planned behavior as its antecedents. This approach can help to explicate as to how tourism entrepreneurship can offer support in peace building process in the Kashmir Region. The study uses Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modelling for investigating the multivariable relationship. The study finds that attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control are significant in measuring the intentions of entrepreneurs towards peace building process. The study offers research inputs to the academia, industry and policy makers to evolve fresh interventions to mitigate the impact of a long standing conflict in the region. The area under study falls in one of the high risk conflict-prone regions of the world that involves two nuclear armed nations and poses substantial threat to the entire region of South Asia. The study pools a fresh narrative from entrepreneurial perspective that can have a mediating effect on the peace process in the region.

Keywords

Attitude, Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavioral Control, Tourism Entrepreneurship, Peace Building, Kashmir
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Acs, Z. J., & Amorós, J. E. (2008). Entrepreneurship and competitiveness dynamics in Latin America. Small Bus Econ, 31(3), 305-322. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11187-008-9133-y Adeleke, B. O. (2008). Peace and tourism in Nigeria. Paper commissioned for.

  • Ajzen, I. (1987). Attitudes, traits, and actions: Dispositional prediction of behavior in personality and social psychology, pp. 1-63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065 -2601(08)60411-6 Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior.

  • Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978 (91)90020-t Ajzen, I. (2011). The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. Psychology & Health, 26(9), 1113-1127. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.613995

  • Alesina, A., & Perotti, R. (1996). Income distribution, political instability, and investment. European Economic Review, 40(6), 1203-1228.

  • Altinay, L., Biçak, H. A., & Altinay, M. (2002). Economic integration and the tourism industry of North Cyprus. Tourism Economics, 8(3), 325-335. doi:https://doi.org/10.5367/000000002101298151

  • Altinay, L. (2000). Possible impacts of a federal solution to the Cyprus problem on the tourism industry of North Cyprus. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 19(3), 295-309.

  • Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471-499. doi:https:// doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939

  • Banfield, J., Barbolet, A., Goldwyn, R., & Killick, N. (2005). Conflict-sensitive business practice: Guidance for extractive industries. London, UK.

  • Barbara, J. (2006). Nation building and the role of the private sector as a political peace-builder: Opinion. Conflict, Security & Development, 6(4), 581-594.

  • Bartlett, M. S. (1954). Significance test for sphericity of a normal n-variate distribution. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 16, 296-298.

  • Baumol, W. J. (1993). Entrepreneurship, management, and the structure of payoffs.

  • Bevernage, B. (2012). History, memory, and state-sponsored violence: Time and justice. NewYork:Routledge Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 442-453.

  • Bygrave, W. D. (1993). Theory building in the entrepreneurship paradigm. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(3), 255280. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(93)90031-y

  • Carr, J. C., & Sequeira, J. M. (2007). Prior family business exposure as intergenerational influence and entrepreneurial intent: A theory of planned behavior approach. Journal of Business Research, 60(10), 1090-1098. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.12.016

  • Causevic, S., & Lynch, P. (2011). Phoenix tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(3), 780-800. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.12.004

  • Chari, P. R., Chandran, D. S., & Akhtar, S. (2011). Tourism and peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir. US Institute of Peace.

  • Cook, W. J. (1990). The effect of terrorism on executives’ willingness to travel internationally (Doctoral dissertation). City University of New York.

  • Colomb, C., & Novy, J. (Eds.). (2016). Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Routledge.

  • Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281.

  • Davidsson, P. (1995). Culture, structure and regional levels of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 7(1), 41-62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08985629500000003

  • Deitelhoff, N., Feil, M., Fischer, S., Haidvogl, A., Wolf, K. D., & Zimmer, M. (2010). Business in zones of conflict and global security governance: What has been learnt and where to from here? In Corporate Security Responsibility? (pp. 202-226). Palgrave Macmillan, London.

  • Fletcher, J., & Morakabati, Y. (2008). Tourism activity, terrorism and political instability within the commonwealth: The cases of Fiji and Kenya. Int. J.Tourism Res., 10(6), 537-556. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ jtr.699

  • Ganson, B. (2014). Business in fragile environments: Capabilities for conflict prevention. Negotiation Confl Manage Res, 7(2), 121-139. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ ncmr.12028

  • Gerson, A. (2001). Peace building: The private sector’s role. Am. J. Int’l L., 95, 102.

  • Gündüz, C., Vaillant, C., & Banfield, J. (2006). Addressing the economic dimensions of peacebuilding through trade and support to private enterprise.

  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis: Pearson new international edition. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.

  • Hall, C. M. (2002). Travel safety, terrorism and the media: The significance of the issue-attention cycle. Current Issues in Tourism, 5(5), 458-466. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500208667935

  • Hall, C. M., & O-Sullivan, V. (1996). Tourism, political stability and violence. Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, 105-121.

  • Issa, I. A., & Altinay, L. (2006). Impacts of political instability on tourism planning and development: The case of Lebanon. Tourism Economics, 12(3), 361-381. doi:https://doi.org/10.5367/000000006778493664

  • Isaac, R. K. (2010). Alternative tourism: New forms of tourism in Bethlehem for the Palestinian tourism industry. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(1), 21-36.

  • Jimmieson, N. L., Peach, M., & White, K. M. (2008). Utilizing the theory of planned behavior to inform change management. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44(2), 237-262. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886307312773

  • Jong-A-Pin, R. M. (2008). Essays on political instability: Measurement, causes and consequences. PPI Publishers.

  • Joras, U. (2007). Companies in peace processes. doi:https:// doi.org/10.14361/9783839406908 Kaiser, M. O. (1974). Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure for identity correlation matrix. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 52, 296-298.

  • Kautonen, T., van Gelderen, M., & Fink, M. (2015). Robustness of the theory of planned behavior in predicting entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(3), 655-674. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12056

  • Kolvereid, L. (1996). Prediction of employment status choice intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 21(1), 47-58.

  • Kolvereid, L., & Isaksen, E. (2006). New business start-up and subsequent entry into self-employment. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(6), 866-885.

  • Krueger Jr, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5-6), 411-432.

  • Lewis, R., & Green, S. (1998). Planning for stability and managingchaos: The case of Alpine ski resorts. In E. Laws, B. Faulkner, & G. Moscardo (Eds.), Embracing and Managing Change in Tourism: International Case Studies (pp. 138-160). London: Routledge.

  • Linan, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and crosscultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617.

  • Lortie, J., & Castogiovanni, G. (2015). The theory of planned behavior in entrepreneurship research: What we know and future directions. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(4), 935-957.

  • Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172.

  • Mack, A. (2004). A signifier of shared values. Security Dialogue, 35(3), 366-367.

  • Macko, A., & Tyszka, T. (2009). Entrepreneurship and risk taking. Applied Psychology, 58(3), 469-487.

  • Matta, S., Appleton, S., & Bleaney, M. (2018a). The microeconomic impact of political instability: Firm-level evidence from Tunisia. Rev Dev Econ, 22(4), 1590-1619. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12388

  • Mattoo, D., & Qureshi, R. A. (2016). Impact of political stability on foreign tourist arrivals in Kashmir. In Verma, S. M., Panwar, S. K., & Chourasia, B. (Eds.), Challenges and Opportunities in Tourism & Hospitality Sector (pp.108-119, 13). Bharti Publications.

  • Mei, H., Zhan, Z., Fong, P. S. W., Liang, T., & Ma, Z. (2016). Planned behaviour of tourism students' entrepreneurial intentions in China. Applied Economics, 48(13), 12401254. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2015.10960 06

  • Morrison, J. (2006). The international business environment. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20957-2 Nassar, M. A. (2012). Political unrest costs Egyptian tourism dearly: An ethnographical study. International Business Research, 5(10), 166.

  • Nelson, B. (2000). Book reviews. 17(1), 90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0737-6782(99)00024-7 Neumayer, E. (2004). The impact of political violence on tourism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(2), 259-281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002703262358

  • Nishimura, J. S., & Tristán, O. M. (2011). Using the theory of planned behavior to predict nascent entrepreneurship. Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración, (46), 55-71.

  • O'connor, N., Stafford, M. R., & Gallagher, G. (2008). The impact of global terrorism on Ireland's tourism industry: An industry perspective. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(4), 351-363.

  • Pizam, A., & Smith, G. (2000). Tourism and terrorism: A quantitative analysis of major terrorist acts and their impact on tourism destinations. Tourism Economics, 6(2), 123-138. doi:https://doi.org/10.5367/ 000000000101297523

  • Prieto, L. C., Phipps, S. T., & Friedrich, T. L. (2012). Social entrepreneur development: An integration of critical pedagogy, the theory of planned behavior and the ACS model. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 18(2).

  • Rawski, F., & Sharma, M. (2012). A comprehensive peace? Lessons from human rights monitoring in Nepal. Nepal in Transition: From People's War to Fragile Peace, 175-200.

  • Reynolds, P. D. (2000). National panel study of US business startups: Background and methodology. Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth, 4(1), 153-227.

  • Richter, L. K. (1999). After political turmoil: The lessons of rebuilding tourism in three Asian countries. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 41-45.

  • Robinson, G. (2010). State-sponsored violence and secessionist rebellions in Asia. In The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies.

  • Rodrik, D. (2014). The past, present, and future of economic growth. Challenge, 57(3), 5-39.

  • Roe, M. J., & Siegel, J. I. (2011). Political instability: Effects on financial development, roots in the severity of economic inequality. Journal of Comparative Economics, 39(3), 279-309. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2011.02.001

  • Russell, R., & Faulkner, B. (1999). Movers and shakers: Chaos makers in tourism development. Tourism Management, 20(4), 411-423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/ s02615177(99)00014-x

  • Saha, S., & Yap, G. (2014). The moderation effects of political instability and terrorism on tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 53(4), 509-521. doi:https:// doi.org/10.1177/0047287513496472

  • Schlaegel, C., & Koenig, M. (2014). Determinants of entrepreneurial intent: A meta-analytic test and integration of competing models. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(2), 291-332. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ etap.12087

  • Selvanathan, S. (2007). The effect of war and other factors on Sri Lankan tourism. Applied Economics Letters, 14(1), 35-38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850500425576

  • Sen, A. (2006). Identity & Violence.

  • Singh, L. (2000). Political prisoners in India. Indian Historical Review, 27(1), 127-128.

  • Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, 72-90.

  • Shook, C. L., & Bratianu, C. (2010). Entrepreneurial intent in a transitional economy: An application of the theory of planned behavior to Romanian students. Int Entrep Manag J, 6(3), 231-247. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-008-0091-2

  • Shook, C. L., Priem, R. L., & Mcgee, J. E. (2003). Venture creation and the enterprising individual: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management, 29(3), 379-399.

  • Shumetie, A., & Watabaji, M. D. (2019). Effect of corruption and political instability on enterprises' innovativeness in Ethiopia: pooled data based. J Innov Entrep, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-019-0107-x

  • Soliman, D. M. (2011). Entrepreneurial intention among tourism undergraduate students in Egypt. Tourism

  • Analysis, 16(4), 471-481.

  • Stacey, R. (1992). Managing chaos: Dynamic business strategies in an unpredictable world. Kogan Page.

  • Stenholm, P. (2011). Innovative behavior as a moderator of growth intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 49(2), 233-251.

  • Tang, C. F., & Abosedra, S. (2014). The impacts of tourism, energy consumption and political instability on economic growth in the MENA countries. Energy Policy, 68, 458-464.

  • Tiago, T., Faria, S., Couto, J. P., & Tiago, F. (2015). Fostering innovation by promoting entrepreneurship: From education to intention. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 175, 154-161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1186

  • Tripathi, S., Gündüz, C., & Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. (2008). A role for the private sector in peace processes? Examples, and implications for third-party mediation. HD Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue.

  • Van Gelderen, M., Brand, M., Van Praag, M., Bodewes, W., Poutsma, E., & Van Gils, A. (2008). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions by means of the theory of planned behaviour. Career Development International.

  • Verma, V. (2008, October 31). Terrorism through prism of non-violence. Daily Excelsior. Retrieved from Tourism: A tool for crafting peace process in Kashmir, J&K, India.

  • Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of Black Psychology, 44(3), 219-246.

  • Wennmann, A. (2011). The political economy of peacemaking. doi:https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203835173

  • Weir, D. (2005). Restoring tourism destinations in crisis: A strategic marketing approach: D. Beirman; Cabi Publishing, Wallingford, 2003, price £22.95 paperback, ISBN: 0-85199-729-5. Tourism Management, 3(26), 475-476.

  • Wieviorka, M. (2004). The making of terrorism. University of Chicago Press.

  • Willebrands, D., Lammers, J., & Hartog, J. (2012). A successful businessman is not a gambler: Risk attitude and business performance among small enterprises in Nigeria. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(2), 342-354.

  • Yasarata, M., Altinay, L., Burns, P., & Okumus, F. (2010). Politics and sustainable tourism development - Can they co-exist? Voices from North Cyprus. Tourism Management, 31(3), 345-356. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.03.016

  • Chauhan and Khanna (2008) tourism: A tool for crafting peace process in Kashmir J&K, India


Abstract Views: 207

PDF Views: 0




  • Tourism Entrepreneurship: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach to Understand its Role in Peacebuilding

Abstract Views: 207  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Reyaz A. Qureshi
Sr. Assistant Professor, Department of Tourism, Hospitality & Leisure Studies, University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, India
Zubair Ahmad Dada
Assistant Professor, Tourism Management, Directorate of Distance Education, University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir,, India
Danish Mattoo
Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, India
Ramjit
Sr. Assistant Professor, Tourism Management, Central University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, India

Abstract


The purpose of this paper is to understand the structural relation that can exist among attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control that explain the Theory of Planned behavior as its antecedents. This approach can help to explicate as to how tourism entrepreneurship can offer support in peace building process in the Kashmir Region. The study uses Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modelling for investigating the multivariable relationship. The study finds that attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control are significant in measuring the intentions of entrepreneurs towards peace building process. The study offers research inputs to the academia, industry and policy makers to evolve fresh interventions to mitigate the impact of a long standing conflict in the region. The area under study falls in one of the high risk conflict-prone regions of the world that involves two nuclear armed nations and poses substantial threat to the entire region of South Asia. The study pools a fresh narrative from entrepreneurial perspective that can have a mediating effect on the peace process in the region.

Keywords


Attitude, Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavioral Control, Tourism Entrepreneurship, Peace Building, Kashmir

References