![Open Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltextgreen.png)
![Restricted Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltextred.png)
![Open Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltextgreen.png)
![Open Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltext_open_medium.gif)
![Restricted Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltextred.png)
![Restricted Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltext_restricted_medium.gif)
Eco-cultural Tourism for Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development of Remote Ecosystems in the Third World.
Subscribe/Renew Journal
Most of the remote areas such as mountains and islands are characterized by the features such as remoteness, fragility, endemism and upland -low land/island-mainland linkages, besides richer biodiversity/indigenous knowledge, thus attracting a large number of quality conscious tourists. However, conventional "top-down", reactive and ad-hock approaches and ill-conceived/unplanned "development" activities such as infrastructure for mass tourism will destroy the very natural/cultural resource base on which the tourism thrives in these areas. These trends have led to the paradigm shifts towards community based, participatory, pro-active management strategies. Appropriate strategies for integrating biodiversity conservation and sustainable livelihoods by regenerating nature and culture for facilitating sustainable development of remote ecosystems in the third world are discussed in this paper.
Keywords
Biodiversity, Eco-cultural Tourism, Indigenous Knowledge, Remote Areas, Sustainable Livelihoods
Subscription
Login to verify subscription
User
Font Size
Information
- Albert, P., (1996) Integrated conservation and development projects. Examples from Africa. BioScience, Vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 845-855.
- Ashley, C, Roe D, and Goodwin. H. (2001) Pro-poor tourism strategies: making tourism work for the poor–a review of experiences. PPT Report No1, ODI/IIED/ CRT, England, pp.54.
- Ashley C, Goodwin H. McNab D., Chaves L., and Scott M. (2006) Making tourism count for the local economy in the caribbean; guidelines for good practice, PPT-P and CTO, April 2006 http://www.propoortourism.org.uk/caribbean/brief3w.pdf, Accessed the 14th of Nov. 2007, at 14:55.
- Azarya, V.,(2004) Globalization and international tourism in developing countries: marginality as a commercial commodity, Current Sociology, Vol.52, no. 6, pp. 949–967.
- Barbier, E.B.,(1990) Alternative approaches to economic-environmental interactions, Ecological Economics, Vol. 2, pp.7-26.
- Barkin, D., (2002) Globalization: love it or leave it, Latin American Perspectives; Vol. 29, pp. 132-135.
- Beardsley, D, Clemmons D, DelliPriscoli M, Kane J, Mader R, Mclaren D, & Wine Brenner C., (2006) Responsible travel handbook, pp.93. http://www.unique-southamerica-travel-experience.com/support-files/responsibletravelhandbook.pdf, Accessed the 24th of Nov 2007, at 10:00.
- Bookbinder, M. P., E. , Dinerstein R., Arun, H. Cauley and Arup R., (1998) Ecotourism’s support of biodiversity conservation, Conserv. Biol., Vol. 12, no. 6, pp.1399–1404.
- Bromley, D.W. and Cernea, M.M.,(1989) The management of common property natural resources: some conceptual and operational fallacies. World Bank Discussion Paper No. 57. pp.66.
- Buckley, R.C.,(2005) In search of the narwhal: ethical dilemmas in ecotourism. Journal of Ecotourism, Vol. 4, no. 2, pp.129-134.
- Burns, P., (2005) Ecotourism planning and policy ‘Vaka Pasifika’? Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development, Vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 155–169.
- Butler, R.W.,(1991) Tourism, environment, and sustainable development, Environmental Conservation, Vol. 18, pp.201-209.
- Cater, E., (2006) Ecotourism as a Western construct. Journal of Ecotourism Vol.5, pp. 23–39.
- CBD/UNEP, (2007) Managing tourism & biodiversity- User’s manual on the CBD guidelines on biodiversity and tourism development, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, February 2007, pp.125.
- Ceballos-Lascurain., (1996) Tourism, eco-tourism and protected areas, IUCN, Gland.
- Epler Wood, Megan.,(2002) Ecotourism: principles, practices & policies for sustainability, UNEP/TIES, I Edition, Vol. 1 & Vol. 2, pp. 32 & 32.
- Christian, CS., Potts TD., Burnett GW., & Lacher TE., (1996) Parrot conservation and Eco tourism in the windward islands, Journal of Biogeography, Vol. 23, pp. 387-393.
- Equations,(1995) Proc. of the Workshop on Alternatives to mainstream Tourism, 9th to 11th June , 1995, Mysore, pp.51.
- Fennell, D and Weaver D.,(2005) The ecotourism concept and tourism-conservation symbiosis , Journal of sustainable tourism, Vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 373-390.
- Font, X, Ronald S., and Elizabeth S., (2003) Research note sustainable tourism and ecotourism certification: raising standards and benefits. Journal of Ecotourism, Vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 213-218.
- Foucat, V.S.A., (2002) Community-based ecotourism management moving towards sustainability in Ventanilla, Oaxaca, Mexico Ocean & Coastal Management, Vol. 45, pp.511–529.
- Gonsalves, Paul., (1991) Alternative tourism: a third world Perspective. Lokayan Bulletin Vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 23-28.
- George., B P., & Poyya moli G., (2007) Tourism and environmental quality: Comparative perspectives, ASEAN Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, Vol. 6, no. 1, pp.29-44.
- Goodwin, H,.Kent I., Parker K., and Walpole. M., (1998), Tourism, conservation and sustainable development: case studies from Asia and Africa. Wildlife and development series no. 11, IIED, London, pp.88.
- Gosling, S., (1999) Ecotourism: a means to safeguard biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Ecol. Econ., Vol. 29, pp. 303–320.
- Greathouse, L., (1997) Ethnic, cultural and ecotourism. American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 936–943.
- Gupta, A. K., (2002) WIPO-UNEP study on the role of intellectual property rights in the sharing of benefits arising from the use of biological resources and associated traditional knowledge. Ahmadabad, India: WIPO Publication Number: 769, WIPO/UNEP, pp. 326.
- Harry, D., (2001) Biopiracy and globalisation: indigenous peoples face a new wave of colonialism. Splice 7(2&3): www.ipcb.org/publications/other art/globalization.html, accessed 20 December 2005.
- Honey, M., and Rome A.,(2001) Protecting paradise: certification programs for sustainable tourism and eco-tourism. Inst. For Policy analysis, Press Release 29-10-2001, accessed at http://www.ips.dc.org/ecotourism/protectingparadise.
- Honey, M., (2002) Ecotourism and certification: setting standards in practice, island press. inskeep, e.,(1991), tourism planning – an integrated and sustainable development approach, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., London, pp.252.
- Kaimowitz D., and Sheil1 D., (2007) COMMENTARY- conserving what and for whom? why conservation should help meet basic human needs in the tropics, BIOTROPICA, Vol. 39, no. 5, pp.567–574.
- Kinnane, S., (2002) Recurring visions of Australindia. In A. Gaynor, M. Trinca and A. Haebich (eds.), Country: visions of land and people in Western Australia (pp. 21-31).
- Perth, WA: Museum of Western Australia and the Centre for Studies in Western Australian History, University of Western Australia.
- Kontogeorgopoulos, N.,(2005) Community-based ecotourism in Phuket and Ao Phangnga, Thailand: partial victories and bittersweet remedies , Journal Of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 4-23.
- Kothari, A.,(1999) Incentives for biodiversity conservation at the local community level, Kalpavriksh, New Delhi pp.14.
- Leitmann J., (1998) Policy and practice- options for managing protected areas: lessons from international experience Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Vol. 41, no.1, pp.129-144.
- Lindberg, K., Enriquez, J., and Sproule, K., (1996) Ecotourism questioned: case studies from Belize, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.23, pp. 543–562.
- Louisa M. Greathouse-Amador.,(1997) Ethnic, cultural, and eco tourism, American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 40, pp.936-943.
- Louisa M. Greathouse-Amador., (2005) Tourism and policy in preserving minority languagesand culture: the Cuetzalan experience, Review of Policy Research, Vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 49-58.
- Marinova D and Raven M., (2006) indigenous knowledge and intellectual property: a sustainability agenda, Journal of Economic surveys, Vol. 20, no. 4, pp.587-605.
- McNeely J. A., (2006) Systems or species? Approaches to conservation for the 21st Century, Integrative Zoology, Vol. 2, pp.86-95.
- Meletis Z A. and Campbell L M., (2007) Call it consumption! re-conceptualizing ecotourism as consumption and consumptive, Geography Compass, Vol. 1/4, pp.850–870.
- Mutsuddi R and Mutsuddi I., (2007) Role of eco-tourism in redefining economic development The ICFAI Journal of Environmental Economics, Vol. 5, no. 3, pp.26-36.
- Neto, F., (2003) A new approach to sustainable tourism development: moving beyond environmental protection, Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 27, pp.212-22.
- Novelli, M., Barnes, J. I., and Humavindu, M., (2006) The other side of the ecotourism coin: consumptive tourism in Southern Africa. Journal of Ecotourism, Vol.5, pp. 62–79.
- Odero, KK., (2004) Community-based enterprises: their role in sustainable natural resource management and rural livelihoods in Zimbabwe, Paper Prepared for the Tenth Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of common Property (IASCP), Oaxaca, México, 9 - 13 August 2004, pp.19.
- Poyyamoli, G., (2007) Community based eco tourism as connecting thread for ensuring environmental, cultural, economic and social sustainability in India (The International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic and Social Sustainability, Volume 3, no. 4, pp.191-198.
- Roe, D., Leader-Wiliams N., and Dalal-Clayton B.,(1997) Take only photographs, leave only footprints: The environmental impacts of wildlife tourism, Wildlife and development series, No.10, IIED, London, pp.83.
- Roe, D and Jack M., (2001) Stories from Eden case studies of community-based wildlife management, Evaluating Eden Series No 9, IIED, London,UK pp.66.
- Roe, D., Jones B., Bond I., and Bhat S., (2006) Local actions global aspirations; the role of community conservation in achieving international goals for environment and development, Natural Resources Issues Series No 4, IIED, London, UK pp.68.
- Russel, A and Wallace, G., (2004) Irresponsible Eco tourism, Guest editorial, Anthropology today, 20(3)1-2.
- Saberwal V, Rengarajan M., and Kothari A., (2001) People, parks and wild life – towards co-existence, Orient Longman, New Delhi.
- Salm, R.V., Clark J., and Siirila E., (2000) Marine and coastal protected areas: a guide for planners and managers. Washington, DC: IUCN – The World Conservation Union. xxi + pp.371.
- Schuler, P.(2004) Biopiracy and commercialisation of ethnobotanical knowledge. In J. M. Finger and P. Schuler (Eds.), Poor People’s Knowledge: Promoting Intellectual Property in Developing Countries (pp. 159–182). Washington, DC: World Bank and Oxford University Press.
- Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, (2004) guidelines on biodiversity and tourism development: international guidelines for activities related to sustainable tourism development in vulnerable terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems and habitats of major importance for biological diversity and protected areas, including fragile riparian and mountain ecosystems. (CBD Guidelines) Montreal, Secretariat of the CBD pp.29.
- Seely, M. K., Zeidler J., Henschel J. R., & Barnard P., (2003) Creative problem solving in support of biodiversity conservation, Journal of Arid Environments, Vol.54, pp.155–164.
- Sekhsaria, P., (2007) Conservation in India and the need to think beyond ‘tiger vs. tribal.’ Biotropica, 39(5): 575–577.
- Singh, S, Sankaran V., Mander H., and Worah S., (2000) Strengthening conservation cultures – local communities and Biodiversity conservation, MAB, UNESCO, Paris, November, 2000, pp.211.
- Singh, T.V, Theuns L., and Frank G., (Eds.) (1989) Towards appropriate Tourism: The case of developing countries. European University studies, Band 11, Frankfurt, Bern New York, Paris.
- Spiteri, A., and Nepal S. K., (2006) Incentive-based conservation programs in developing countries: A review of some key issues and suggestions for improvement. Environ. Manage., Vol. 37, pp.1–14.
- Tapper, R., & Cochrane, J., (2005) Forging links between protected areas and the tourism sector: how tourism can benefit conservation, UNEP, Paris.
- TIES., (2002) Marine Ecotourism Guidelines: Impacts Guidelines and Best practices. The Nature Conservancy, http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/washu/washuw99003/13-Halpenny.pdf, accessed the 24th of Nov 2007, at 10:00.
- TIES.,(2007) Oslo Statement on Ecotourism, August 2007, The International Ecotourism Society, Washington, www.ecotourism.org, accessed the 24th of Nov 2007, at 10:20.
- Turton, S M.,(2005) Managing environmental impacts of recreation and tourism in rainforests of the wet tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area, Geographical Research Vol.43, no. 2, pp.140–151.
- TWN, (1999) Globalisation and tourism: deadly mix for indigenous peoples, Third World Resurgence No. 103, March 1999, http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/chavez-cn.htm on 24th Nov 2007 at 0945.
- TWN (2007) Eco-tourism: A new “green revolution” in the third world, clearinghouse for reviewing ecotourism, No.2, accessed at http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/eco2.htm, on 24th Nov 2007 at 1030.
- Udaya sekhar, nagothu., (2000) Decentralized natural re source management: from state to co-management in India, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 43(1), 123-138.
- UN., (1996) Indicators of sustainable development: framework and methodologies. New York, United Nations. pp.428.
- UN., (1999) Guidelines on integrated planning for sustainable tourism development Economic and social commission for Asia and the pacific, pp.175.
- UNESCO., (2007) World heritage challenges for the millennium, UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Paris, France pp.200.
- Van den Berghe, P. L. (1994) Quest for the other: Ethnic tourism in San Cristóbal, Mexico. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
- Vaughan, D., (2000) Tourism and biodiversity – a convergence of interests? International affairs, Vol.76, no. 2, pp. 283-297.
- Wallace G., & Russell A.,(2004) Eco-cultural tourism as a means for the sustainable development of culturally marginal and environmentally sensitive regions, Tourist Studies, Vol. 4, pp. 235-254.
- Weaver, D.,(2002) Asian ecotourism: patterns and themes, Tourism Geographies, Vol.4, no. 2, pp.153–172.
- Weinberg, A, Bellows S., and Ekster D., (2002) Sustaining Ecotourism: insights and implications from two successful case studies, Society and Natural Resources, Vol. 15, pp. 371-380.
- Wilson P C., (2003) Ethnographic museums and cultural commodification: indigenous organizations, NGOs as a resource in Amazonian Ecuador, Latin American perspectives, Vol. 30, pp.162-180.
- Woodley, A., (1993) Tourism and sustainable development: The community perspective. In J.G. Nelson, R. Butler, and G. Wall (Eds.) Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning, Managing (pp. 135–48). Waterloo, Canada: University of Waterloo.
- WTTC, WTO and Earth council., (1996). Agenda 21 for the travel and the tourism industry: towards Environmentally sustainable tourism, WTTC and WTO, London and Madrid.
- WWF, International., (2001) Guidelines for community based Ecotourism development, WWF, International, UK, pp.28.
- Zeppel, H., (1997) Ecotourism and indigenous peoples, research fellow in cultural tourism Charles Sturt University, 10 January 1997, website http://www.lorenz.mur.csu.edu.au/ecotour/EcotrHme.html, accessed the 24th of Nov 2007, at 10:40.
- Zimmerer, K S., (2006) Cultural ecology: at the interface with political ecology - the new geographies of environmental conservation and globalization, Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 30, pp.63-78.
![](https://i-scholar.in/public/site/images/abstractview.png)
Abstract Views: 578
![](https://i-scholar.in/public/site/images/pdfview.png)
PDF Views: 0