International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Travel Behavior: the Hidden En-gendered Dynamics.


Affiliations
1 Tourism, MTA, IVS, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, H.P., India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Travel and tourism has become one leisure pursuit in which both genders have started enjoying unparallel freedom in terms of near equal participation. In a phenomenon earlier dominated by males, now women form an important segment primarily on account of the progressive social changes in the interest of women favoring their social interest. Though there has been a significant restructuring of social roles with times it has been difficult to completely erase the strict traditional 'doing gender' associated with males and females regardless of advancement and progress in societies. While fusion of gender roles can be seen to a significant extent in advanced societies, the strictly patriarchal, male dominated developing societies still remain tinctured with a deep essence of gender segregation. This exploratory study is aimed at investigating if 'doing gender' is manifest in travel behavior of males and females. With the aim of understanding the relationship between gender and certain dimensions of travel, the study aims to find out if the genders abide by and carry out strict traditional gender roles in the domain of travel. A further comparison of tourist of Foreign and Indian origin is made to understand if the travel behavior of either gender is characterized by segregation or fusion of gender roles which can indicate the extent to which the societal context patterns the that roles males and females play in travel.

Keywords

Gender, Travel, Responsibilities
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Anderson, M.L. (1993). Thinking About Women: Sociological Perspectives on Sex and Gender, (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

  • Bem, S.L. (1993). The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

  • Bose, C.E. (1987). Dual spheres. In Beth B. Hess and Myra M. Ferree (Eds.). Analyzing Gender: A Handbook of Social Science Research, Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 267-285.

  • Christensen, A., & Heavey, C.L. (1990). Gender and social structure in the demand/withdraw pattern of marital conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(1), 73-81.

  • Chodorow N.J. (1997). Gender, relations and difference in psychoanalytic perspective. In Meyers D. T. (Ed.). New York Feminist Social Thought- A Reader, New York: Routledge, 7-18.

  • Coltrane, S. (1989). Household labor and the routine production of gender. Social Problems, 36, 473-490.

  • Commuri, S. (2000). Husbands play 'Men:' Feminist interpretation of women’s participation in preserving male stereotypes. In Jonathan Schroeder and Cele C. Otnes (Eds.), Gender, Marketing and Consumer Behavior, Urbana-Champaign, IL: Association for Consumer Research, 101-102.

  • Cross, S. E., & Markus, H. R. (1993). Gender in thought, belief, and action: a cognitive approach. In: Beall A. E., and Sternberg R.J. (Eds.). The psychology of gender, New York: Guilford Press, 52-98.

  • Davis, K. (1991). Critical sociology and gender relations. In Davis, K. and Oldersma, M.N. (Eds.), The gender of power. Sage Publications: New Delhi.

  • Deem, R. (1986). All Work and No Play? The Sociology of Women and Leisure, Milton Keynes. Open University Press.

  • Deutsch, F.M. (2007). Undoing gender. Gender and Society, 21(1), 106-127.

  • Easlea, B. (1986). The masculine image of science with special reference to Physics: How much does gender really matter?. In J. Harding (Ed.). Perspectives on Gender and Science, Philadelphia: Falmer, 132-158.

  • Ferree, M. M. (1990). Beyond separate spheres: Feminismand family research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 866-884.

  • Fox, K. M. (1992). Choreographing differences in the dance of leisure: The potential of feminist thought. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(4), 333-347.

  • Green, E., Hebron, S., & Woodward, D. (1990). Women's Leisure: What Leisure? London: Macmillan.

  • Henderson, K.A. (1994). Perspectives on analyzing gender, women and leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 26(2): 119-137.

  • Henderson. K.A., Stalnaker, D., & Taylor, G. (1988). The relationship between barriers to recreation and gender-role personality traits for women. Journal of Leisure Research, 20(1), 69-80.

  • Keller, E. F. (1983). Feminism and science. In E. Abel and E. Abel (Eds.). The Signs Reader: Women, Gender, and Scholarship, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 109-122.

  • Kramer, L. (2004). The Sociology of Gender: A Basis of Introduction, Jaipur: Rawat Publications.

  • Lerner, G. (1986). The Creation of Patriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press.

  • Lindsey, L. L. (1994). Gender roles – A Sociological Perspective, (2nd Ed.), New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.

  • Lorber, J. (1999). Embattled terrain: Gender and sexuality. In Ferree, M.M., Lorber, J., Hess, B.B., (Eds.), Revisioning Gender, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 416-448.

  • Lorber, J. (2005). Breaking the Bowls: Degendering and Feminist Change, New York: W.W. Norton and Co. Inc.

  • March, R., & Voodside, A.G (2005). Tourism Behaviour: Travellers Decisions and Actions, CABI Publishing.

  • Meyers-Levy, J. (1988). The influence of sex roles on judgment. Journal of Consumer Research, 14, 522-530.

  • Miller, Casey, & Kate Swift (1991). Words and Women: New Language in New Times, New York: Harper Collins.

  • Perkins, H. W., & DeMies, D.K. (1996). Gender and family effects on the second-Shift domestic activity of college educated young adults. Gender and Society, 10, 78-93.

  • Richter, K.L. (1994). Exploring the political role of gender in tourism research. In Theobald W, (Ed.). Global Tourism – The Next Decade, Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 146-157.

  • Risman, B. J. (1986). Can men 'Mother? Life as a single father. Family Relations, 35, 95-102.

  • Risman, B. J. (1998). Gender Vertigo: American Families in Transition, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

  • Risman, B. J. (2004). Unpacking the gender system: A theoretical perspective on gender beliefs and social relations. Gender & Society, 18, 510-531.

  • Robinson, J. (1990). Wayword Women: A Guide to Women Travelers, London: Oxford University Press.

  • Rybczynski, W. (1991). Waiting for The Weekend, London: Viking Penguin.

  • Shaw, S.M. (1994). Gender, leisure and constraint: Toward a framework for analysis of women’s leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 26(1), 8-22.

  • Sudha Rao V. & Dutt, Devi G. (1999). Gender bias and socialization throughout primary school curriculum in Karnataka. In Indira, R, Behera, D.K, ( Eds.). Gender and Society in India – Theme Papers and Urban Studies, New Delhi: Manak Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1, 141-154.

  • Swain, M.B. (1995). Gender in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 22, 247-266.

  • Swain, M.B., & Momsen J. H. (Eds.). (2002). Gender/ tourism/fun?. New York: Cognizant Communication Corporation.

  • Thompson, L., & Alexis W. (1989). Gender in families. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 845-871.

  • Timothy, D. J. (2001). Gender relations in tourism: Revisiting patriarchy and underdevelopment. In Yorghos Apostolopoulos, Sevil Sonmez and Dollen J, Timothy (Eds.), Women as Producers and Consumers of Tourism in Developing Regions, Connecticut, USA: Praeger Publishers, 235-247.

  • Weinreich-Haste, H. (1986). Brother sun, sister moon: Does rationality overcome a dualistic world view. In. J. Harding (Ed.). Perspectives on Gender and Science, 113-131. Philadelphia: Falmer.

  • West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender and Society 1(2), 125-151.


Abstract Views: 400

PDF Views: 6




  • Travel Behavior: the Hidden En-gendered Dynamics.

Abstract Views: 400  |  PDF Views: 6

Authors

Sonia Khan
Tourism, MTA, IVS, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, H.P., India

Abstract


Travel and tourism has become one leisure pursuit in which both genders have started enjoying unparallel freedom in terms of near equal participation. In a phenomenon earlier dominated by males, now women form an important segment primarily on account of the progressive social changes in the interest of women favoring their social interest. Though there has been a significant restructuring of social roles with times it has been difficult to completely erase the strict traditional 'doing gender' associated with males and females regardless of advancement and progress in societies. While fusion of gender roles can be seen to a significant extent in advanced societies, the strictly patriarchal, male dominated developing societies still remain tinctured with a deep essence of gender segregation. This exploratory study is aimed at investigating if 'doing gender' is manifest in travel behavior of males and females. With the aim of understanding the relationship between gender and certain dimensions of travel, the study aims to find out if the genders abide by and carry out strict traditional gender roles in the domain of travel. A further comparison of tourist of Foreign and Indian origin is made to understand if the travel behavior of either gender is characterized by segregation or fusion of gender roles which can indicate the extent to which the societal context patterns the that roles males and females play in travel.

Keywords


Gender, Travel, Responsibilities

References