Open Access
Subscription Access
Open Access
Subscription Access
A Study of Spiritual Intelligence, Depression and Anxiety among Undergraduate Students
Subscribe/Renew Journal
Spiritual intelligence is a relatively new area of interest in the field of psychology. In addition to earlier concepts like IQ and EQ, SQ (Spiritual Quotient) is gaining popularity among behavioral researchers. SQ is an ability to see and evaluate one's life in terms of meaning and value. An unexamined life is not worth living said by Socrates. Spiritual intelligence is a quest for such an examination, a search for meaning and purpose in life. In the present paper researcher has tried to study relationship between spiritual intelligence, depression and anxiety among undergraduate college students. The results show that the students have low level of spiritual intelligence, low level of depression and low level of anxiety. Further, the results show that spiritual intelligence and depression have positive relationship whereas spiritual intelligence and anxiety have negative relationship. Relevant literature has been reviewed to understand the variables under consideration
Keywords
Spiritual Intelligence, Depression, Anxiety.
Subscription
Login to verify subscription
User
Font Size
Information
- Albano, A. M., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (2003). Childhood anxiety disorders. In E. J. Mash and R. A. Barkley (Eds.), Child psychopathology (pp. 279-329). New York: GnilfordPress.
- Baker, M., & Gorsuch, R. (1982). Trait anxiety and intrinsic-extrinsic religiousness. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 21 (2),119-122.
- Bernstein, G. A., & Borchardt, C. M. (1991). Anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence: A critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 20,519-532.
- Bokhorst, K., Goossens, F. A., & de Ruyter, P. A. (2001). Early detection of social anxiety: Reliability and validity of a teacher questionnaire for the identification of social anxiety in young children. Social Behavior a-nd Personality, 29, 787-798.
- Boroumandzadeb, N., & Sani, K.P. (2015). Determination of effectiveness of spiritual skills training on public health and anxiety of high school female students in Tabriz. Journal of Education and Evaluation, 5(31), 9-23.
- Boyd, C. P., Kostanski, M., Gullone, E., Ollendick, T. H., & Shek, D. T. L. (2000). Prevalence of anxiety and depression in Australian adolescents: Comparisons with worldwide data. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 767,479-492.
- Braam, A. W.,Deeg, D. J., Poppelaars, J. L., Beekman,A. T., & Van Tilburg, W. (2007). Prayer and depressive symptoms in a period of secularization: Patterns among older adults in the Netherlands. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 75(4), 273281.
- Branco, K. J. (2007). Religious activities, strength from faith, and social functioning among African American and white nursing home residents. Journal of Religion, Spirituality and Aging, 7P(4), 3-20.
- Costello, E. J.,Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., &Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60,837-844.
- Deb, S. (2001, October). A study on the negative effects of academic stress. Paper presented at the International Seminar on Learning and Motivation, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia
- Donovan, C.L., & Spence, S.H. (2000). Prevention of childhood anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 20,509-531.
- Ebrahimi, M., Jalilabadi, Z., Chenagh, K. G., Amini, F., & Arkian, F. (2015). Effectiveness of training of spiritual intelligence components on depression, anxiety, and stress of adolescents. Journal of Medicine and Life 8(4), 87.
- Eliassen, A. H., Taylor, J., & Lloyd, D. A. (2005). Subjective religiosity and depression in the transition to adulthood. .Joumal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 44(2), 187199.
- Elkins, D.N. (1999). Spirituality: It's what's missing in mental health. Psychology Today, 22(S),AS-A%.
- Elkins, M., & Cavendish, R. (2004). Developing a plan for pediatric spiritual care. Holistic Nursing Practice, 75(4), 179-186.
- Ellison, C. G., & Flannelly, K. J. (2009). Religious involvement and risk of major depression in a prospective nationwide study of African American adults. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 7P7(8), 568-573.
- Essau, C. A., Conradt, J., & Petermann, F. (2000). Frequency, comorbidity and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in German adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14,263-279.
- Farjad, M.H. (2005). Involvement in mental behavioral problems and disorders. Tehran: Bad.
- Frankl, V. E. (1984). SearchforMeaning. Mount Mary College.
- Ganjavi, L. M. S. (2016). Effectiveness oftraining of spiritual intelligence components on consequences of psychological and self-esteem of adolescents. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 2(1), lA.
- Gartner, J., Larson, D. B., & Allen, G. D. (1991). Religious commitment and mental health: A review of the empirical literature .Journal of Psychology and Theology, 19, 6-25.
- Glenn, N. D., & Weaver, C. N. (1978). A multi-variate, multi-survey study of marital happiness. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 40, 269-282.
- Good,B. J.,&Kleinman,A.M. (1985). Culture and anxiety: Cross-cultural evidence for the pattering of anxiety disorder. In H. A. Tuma and J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and anxiety disorders (pp. 297-323). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence ErlbaumAssociates.
- Gottlieb, N. H., & Green, L. W. (1984). Life events, social network, life-style, and health: An analysis of the 1979 national survey of personal health practices and consequences. Health Education Quarterly, 77(1), 91-105.
- Guamaccia, P. J. (1997). A cross-cultural perspective on anxiety disorders. In S. Friedman (Ed.), Cultural issues in the treatment of anxiety (pp. 3-20). New York: Guilford
- Harold, G., & Linda, K. G. (1993). Religion and anxiety disorder: An examination and comparison of associations in young, middle-aged, and elderly adults. Journal of AnxietyH'mnierr, 7,321-342.
- Kaczorowski, J. M. (1989). Spiritual well-being and anxiety in adults diagnosed with cancer. The Hospice Journal, 5(3-4), 105-116.
- Khaleghkhah, A., & Menghari, M. M. B. (2016). The relationship between religious attitude, spiritual intelligence and anxiety among medical students. Journal of Research and IHealth SocialDevelopment and IHealth Promotion Research Center, 6(A), 397-404. DOI: 10.7508/jrh.2016.04.004
- Koenig, H.G., King, D.E., & Carson, V.B. (2012). ^Handbook of Religion and Health (2nd ed.). New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press.
- Koenig, H. G. (2007). Religion and remission of depression in medical inpatients with heart failure/pulmonary disease. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 795(5), 389-395.
- Krause, N. (2009). Religious involvement, gratitude, and change in depressive symptoms over time. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 79(3), 155-172.
- Martin, J. E., & Carlson, C. R. (1988). Spiritual dimensions of health psychology. In W. R. Miller and J. E. Martin (Eds.), 12agefocus editions, behavior therap;y and religion: Integrating spiritual and behavioral approaches to change (Vol. 98, pp. 57-110). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.
- Maton, K. I. (1989). The stress-buffering role of spiritual support: Cross-sectional and prospective investigations. .Joumalfor the Scientific Study of Religion, 28(2), 310323.
- Maton, K. I., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1992). Psychological predictors of substance abuse among urban black male aAoXcsccnXs. Drugs and Society, 6(1-2), 79-114.
- Mayo, C. C., Puryear, H. B., & Richek, H. G. (1969). MMPI correlates of religiousness in late adolescent college students. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 149, 381-385.
- McLoone, J., Hudson, J.L., & Rapee, R. (2006). Treating anxiety disorders in a school scXiing. Education and Treatment of Children, 29,219-242.
- Payman, V., George, K., & Rybum, B. (2008). Religiosity of depressed elderly inpatients. IntemationalJoumal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23(1), 16-21.
- Rapee, R.H., Kennedy, S., Ingram, M., Edwards, S., & Sweeney, L. (2005). Prevention and early intervention of anxiety disorders in inhibited preschool children. .Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73,488-497.
- Razali, S. M., Hasanah, C. I., Aminah, K., & Subramaniam, M. (1998). Religious sociocultural psychotherapy in patients with anxiety and depression. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 32(6), 867-872.
- Rogalski, S., & Paisey, T. (1987). Neuroticism versus demographic variables as correlates of self-reported life satisfaction in a sample of older a.ACiXs. Personality and Individual Differences, 3(3), 397-401.
- Safavi, M., Yahyavi, S. H., Fatehi, N. H., & Yahyavi, S. T. (2015, June 5-6). Relation between spiritual intelligence and depression coping style i-npatients 'with cancer in university hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Science. Paper presented at International Conference of Social Science, Medicine and Nursing (SSMN-2015) Istanbul (Turkey)/Retrievedfromhttp://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IICBE.C0615075
- Sajid,A. K., Vijayshri, &Frah (2014). A study of religiosity in relation to spirituality and anxiety. Sultana Farooqi International Journal of Advancements in Research and Technology, 3(4), 269.
- Sturgeon, R. S., & Hamley, R. W. (1979). Religiosity and anxiety. The Journal of Social Psychology, 108,137-138. doilO.1080/00224545.1979.9711977.
- Tabarsa, N., & Jalaei, H. R. (2015). The relationship between spiritual intelligence with mental health and job burnout. International Research Journal of Management Sciences, 3(2), 85-89.
- Van Voorhees,B. W.,Paunesku,D.,Kuwabara, S. A.,Basu,A., Gollan, J.,Hankin,B. L., & Reinecke, M. (2008). Protective and vulnerability factors predicting new-onset depressive episode in a representative of US adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(6), 605-616.
- Wei, D., & Liu, E. Y. (2013). Religious involvement and depression: Evidence for curvilinear and stress-moderating effects among young women in rural China. Joumal_for the Scientific Study of Religion, 52(2), 349-367.
- Webster, N. (1942). Webster's new twentieth century dictionary of the English language: Being the unabridged dictionary. Publishers Guild.
- Weeks, M., Coplan, R. J., & Kingsbury, A. (2009). The correlates and consequences of early appearing social anxiety in young children. Journal of Anxiety disorders, 23, 965-972. Google Scholar, Crossref, Medline, ISI
- Witter, R. A., Stock, W. A., Okun, M. A., & Haring, M. J. (1985). Religion and subjective well-being in adulthood: A quantitative synthesis. Review of Religious Research, 26, 332-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3511048.
- Wright, L. S., Frost, C. J., & Wisecarver, S. J. (1993). Church attendance, meaningfulness of religion, and depressive symptomatology among adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 22(5),559-568.
- Zimmerman, M. A., & Maton, K. I. (1992). Life-style and substance use among male African American urban adolescents: A cluster analytic approach. American .Journal of Community Psychology, 20(1), 121-138.
- Zohar, D., Marshall, I., & Marshall, I. N. (2000). SQ: Connecting with our spiritual intelligence. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
Abstract Views: 409
PDF Views: 0