Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Social Competence, Family Resilience, Positive School Climate, and Connectedness Support Resilience in the Context of Parental Incarceration


Affiliations
1 ICSSR Doctoral Fellow, Department of Psychology Bharathiar University, Coimbatore., India
2 Professor, Department of Psychology Bharathiar, University, Coimbatore., India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


The contribution of various risk and protective factors in shaping resilience among adolescents of incarcerated parents could be better understood using a socio-ecological perspective. The present study explores the factors that contribute to psychological resilience among adolescents of incarcerated parents. The participants in this study were recruited based on a survey conducted among 155 adolescents of incarcerated parents who completed Bharathiar University Resilience Scale (BURS). From these 155 respondents, 12 respondents who obtained the top 12 ranks based on their BURS scores representing the highly resilient, and 12 adolescents who obtained the last 12 ranks based on their BURS scores representing the less resilient were recruited to participate in the study. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 24 participants. Thematic analysis was carried out to analyze the data. The findings of the study show that both high and less resilient individuals use protective factors, namely social competence, family resilience, positive school climate, and connectedness with extended family, neighbours and NGOs, to mitigate the effects of risk factors at the individual, family, school, and community levels. The findings of this study can be used to inform policies, practices, and research to promote resilience in adolescents of incarcerated parents.

Keywords

Resilience, psychosocial health, risk factors, protective factors, thematic analysis
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Ali, A., Khan, D. M., & Hussain, M. (2018). Causes of teacher's favouritism and its effects on the university students: A case study. Global Social Sciences Review, 3(2), 369-384.

  • Anish, K. R., Divya, G. S., & Skaria, S. M. (2014). Social competence model for adolescents: reflections from an intervention study. Artha Journal of Social Sciences, 13(2), 1-19.

  • Annalakshmi, N. (2009). Bharathiar University Resilience Scale. In P. Harish and W. Ajay (Eds.), Research methodology tools and techniques (pp. 105-121). Sree Publishers.

  • Arditti, J. A. (2012). Parental incarceration and the family. New York University Press.

  • Borkar, V. N. (2016). Positive school climate and positive education: Impact on students' well-being. Indian Journal of Health and Well-being, 7(8), 861-862.

  • Boyden, J., & Mann, G. (2005). Children's risk, resilience, and coping in extreme situations. In M. Ungar (Ed.), Handbook for working with children and youth: Pathways to resilience across cultures and contexts (pp. 326). Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage Publications.

  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). Ecology of human development. Harvard University Press.

  • Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (2006). 'The bioecological model of human development'. In R. M. Lerner and W. Damon (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (6th ed., pp. 793-828). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.

  • Bronfenbrenner, U., & Ceci, S. J. (1994). Nature-nuture reconceptualized in developmental perspective: A bioecological model. Psychological Review, 101(4), 568-586. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.101.4.568

  • Chen, X., & French, D. C. (2008). Children's social competence in cultural context. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 591-616.

  • Crisp, R., & Robinson, D. (2010). Family, friends and neighbors: Social relations and support in six low-income neighborhoods. Living through Change Research Paper, 9. https://research.shu.ac.uk/cresr/living-through-ten

  • Dallaire, D. H. (2007). Children with incarcerated mothers: Developmental outcomes, special challenges and recommendations. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28(1), 15-24.

  • Farley, J. P., & Spoon, J.K. (2014). The development of adolescent self-regulation: Reviewing the role of parent, peer, friend, and romantic relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 37(4), 433-440.

  • Geller, A., Cooper, C. E., Garfinkel, I., Schwartz-Soicher, O., & Mincy, R. B. (2012). Beyond absenteeism: Father incarceration and child development. Demography, 49(1), 49-76.

  • Groh, A. M., Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Steele, R. D., & Roisman, G. I. (2014). The significance of attachment security for children's social competence with peers: A meta-analytic study. Attachment and Human Development, 16(2), 103-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2014.883636

  • Gutman, L. M., Sameroff, A. J., & Cole, R. (2003). Academic growth curve trajectories from 1st grade to 12th grade: Effects of multiple social risk factors and preschool child factors. Developmental Psychology, 39(4), 777-790. https://doi.org/10. 1037/0012-1649.39.4.777. PMID 12859129.

  • Jowkar, B., Kojuri, J., Kohoulat, N., & Hayat, A. A. (2014). Academic resilience in education: the role of achievement goal orientations. Journal of Advances in Medical Education and Professionalism, 2(1), 33-38.

  • Kuru, N., & Ungar, M. (2020). Refugee children's resilience: A qualitative social ecological study of life in a camp. Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(4), 1-18. https://doi:10.1093/jrs/feaa092

  • Ladd, G. W., & Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. (2016). Research in educational psychology: Social exclusion in school. In P. Riva and J. Eck (Eds.), Social exclusion (pp. 109- 132). Springer, Cham.

  • Lee, H., Porter, L. C., & Comfort, M. (2014). Consequences of family member incarceration: Impacts on civic participation and perceptions of the legitimacy and fairness of government. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 651(1), 44-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716213502920

  • Lee, R. D., Fang, X., & Luo, F. (2013). The impact of parental incarceration on the physical and mental health of young adults. Pediatrics, 131(4), e1188-e1195. Lopoo, L. M., & Western, B. (2005). Incarceration and the formation and stability of marital unions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(3), 721-734.

  • Luthar, S. S. (2006). Resilience in development: A synthesis of research across five decades. In D. Cicchetti and D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 739-795). John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

  • Masten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2016). Resilience in development: Progress and transformation. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, resilience, and intervention (pp. 271-333). John Wiley and Sons, Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy406

  • Miller, K. M. (2006). The impact of parental incarceration on children: An emerging need for effective interventions. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 23(4), 472-486.

  • Moilanen, K. L., Shaw, D. S., & Maxwell, K. L. (2010). Developmental cascades: Externalizing, internalizing, and academic competence from middle childhood to early adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 22(3), 635-653.

  • Mulvey, K. L., Gönültaş, S., Irdam, G., Carlson, R. G., DiStefano, C., & Irvin, M. J. (2021). School and teacher factors that promote adolescents' bystander responses to social exclusion. Frontiers in Psychology, 3776. https://doi.org/10.3 389/fpsyg.2020.581089

  • Murray, J., & Farrington, D. P. (2008). The effects of parental imprisonment on children. Crime and Justice, 37(1), 133-206.

  • Nichols, E. B., Loper, A. B., & Meyer, J. P. (2016). Promoting educational resiliency in youth with incarcerated parents: The impact of parental incarceration, school characteristics, and connectedness on school outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(6), 1090-1109.

  • Parke, R., & Clarke-Stewart, K. A. (2002, January). Effects of parental incarceration on young children. In National Policy Conference. From Prison to Home: The Effect of Incarceration and Reentry on Children, Families, and Communities. Http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/60691/410627-Effects-of- Parental-Incarceration-on-Young-Children.PDF

  • Poehlmann, J., Dallaire, D., Loper, A. B., & Shear, L. D. (2010). Children's contact with their incarcerated parents: Research findings and recommendations. The American psychologist, 65(6), 575-598. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020279

  • Randall, E. V. (1992). Private scools and state regulation. The Urban Lawyer, 24(2), 341-378. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27894761

  • Reed, R. V., Fazel, M., Jones, L., Panter-Brick, C., & Stein, A. (2012). Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in low-income and middle-income countries: Risk and protective factors. The Lancet, 379(9812), 250-265.

  • Rubenstein, B. Y., Toman, E. L., & Cochran, J. C. (2019). Socioeconomic barriers to child contact with incarcerated parents. Justice Quarterly, 38(4), 725-751.

  • Rutter, M. (1985). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(3), 316-331. Https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939- 0025.1987.tb03541.x

  • Rutter, M., Dunn, J., Plomin, R., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Maughan, B., Ormel, J., Meyer, J., & Eaves, L. (1997). Integrating nature and nurture: Implications of person-environment correlations and interactions for developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 9(2), 335-364. Https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579497002083. Luthar, S. S. (2006). Resilience in development: A synthesis of research across five decades. In D. Cicchetti and D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 739-795). John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

  • Sang, B., Ding, X., Coplan, R. J., Liu, J., Pan, T., & Feng, X. (2018). Assessment and implications of social avoidance in Chinese early adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 38(4), 554-573. Received April 29, 2022

  • Silberberg, S. (2001). Searching for family resilience. Family Matters, 58, 52-57.

  • Ungar, M. (2011). The social ecology of resilience: Addressing contextual and cultural ambiguity of a nascent construct. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(1), 1-17.

  • Ungar M. (2013). Family resilience and at-risk youth. In D. Becvar (Ed.), Handbook of family resilience. Springer, New York, NY. Https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614- 3917-2_9

  • van de Weijer, S. G., Besemer, K. L., & Dennison, S. M. (2021). Family member incarceration and physical health problems: A longitudinal study among Australian households. SSM-Population Health, 14, 100810.

  • Walsh, F. (2012). Facilitating family resilience: Relational resources for positive youth development in conditions of adversity. In M.Ungar (Ed.), The social ecology of resilience. A handbook of theory and practice (pp. 173-185). Springer.

  • Yamamoto, Y., & Holloway, S. D. (2010). Parental expectations and children's academic performance in socio-cultural context. Educational Psychology Review, 22(3), 189- 214. Walsh, F. (2012). Facilitating family resilience: Relational resources for positive youth development in conditions of adversity. In M.Ungar (Ed.), The social ecology of resilience. A handbook of theory and practice (pp. 173-185). Springer. Ungar M. (2013). Family resilience and at-risk youth. In D. Becvar (Ed.), Handbook of family resilience. Springer, New York, NY. Https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614- 3917-2_9 Revision received May 5, 2022

  • Zhao, W., Young, R. E., Breslow, L., Michel, N. M., Flett, G. L., & Goldberg, J. O. (2015). Attachment style, relationship factors, and mental health stigma among adolescents. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 47(4), 263.


Abstract Views: 247

PDF Views: 0




  • Social Competence, Family Resilience, Positive School Climate, and Connectedness Support Resilience in the Context of Parental Incarceration

Abstract Views: 247  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Ashmitha P
ICSSR Doctoral Fellow, Department of Psychology Bharathiar University, Coimbatore., India
Annalakshmi N
Professor, Department of Psychology Bharathiar, University, Coimbatore., India

Abstract


The contribution of various risk and protective factors in shaping resilience among adolescents of incarcerated parents could be better understood using a socio-ecological perspective. The present study explores the factors that contribute to psychological resilience among adolescents of incarcerated parents. The participants in this study were recruited based on a survey conducted among 155 adolescents of incarcerated parents who completed Bharathiar University Resilience Scale (BURS). From these 155 respondents, 12 respondents who obtained the top 12 ranks based on their BURS scores representing the highly resilient, and 12 adolescents who obtained the last 12 ranks based on their BURS scores representing the less resilient were recruited to participate in the study. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 24 participants. Thematic analysis was carried out to analyze the data. The findings of the study show that both high and less resilient individuals use protective factors, namely social competence, family resilience, positive school climate, and connectedness with extended family, neighbours and NGOs, to mitigate the effects of risk factors at the individual, family, school, and community levels. The findings of this study can be used to inform policies, practices, and research to promote resilience in adolescents of incarcerated parents.

Keywords


Resilience, psychosocial health, risk factors, protective factors, thematic analysis

References