![Open Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltextgreen.png)
![Restricted Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltextred.png)
![Open Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltextgreen.png)
![Open Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltext_open_medium.gif)
![Restricted Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltextred.png)
![Restricted Access](https://i-scholar.in/lib/pkp/templates/images/icons/fulltext_restricted_medium.gif)
Hindi Adaptation of the Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire (MHLq) for Young Adults
Subscribe/Renew Journal
The present study has adapted the English version of the Mental Health Literacy questionnaire (MLHq ) developed by Dias, Campos, Almeida, and Palha (2018) by translating and adapting it into Hindi. This will be helpful as presently no test is available in this language to measure Mental Health Literacy (MHL) of young adults. The questionnaire was translated into Hindi with the help of five experts. All were proficient in both Hindi and English and one was a subject expert. The process of forward and backward translation, the most applied process for questionnaires, was used. The sample totalled 450 respondents who answered the questionnaire facilitated by the internet via Google forms using the non-probability sampling technique. The majority of participants were females (73% ) and were in the age group of 18 to 25 years. Twenty-one years was the mean age of the total sample. For adaptation purposes, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is the method used to understand the factor structure. This was also chosen for the present adaptation of MLHq into the Hindi version. Three indices were utilised to understand how well the adaptation fitted with the original. These were the comparative fit index (CFI), the goodness of fit index (GFI) and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). It was observed that the results support only a few domains of the original model. The psychometric properties of the scale were also assessed using CFA. The differences in the findings of the Hindi adaptation from the original English version could be due to cultural factors. The research recommends a review of the questionnaire items to align with the Indian cultural inputs.
Keywords
adaptation, Hindi, mental health literacy, questionnaire, translation, young adults
Subscription
Login to verify subscription
User
Font Size
Information
- Barik, D., & Thorat, A. (2015). Issues of unequal access to public health in India. Frontiers in Public Health, 3, 245.
- Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (Second Edition). New York: The Guilford Press.
- Campos, L., Dias, P., Palha, F., Duarte, A., & Veiga, E. (2016). Development and psychometric properties of a new questionnaire for assessing mental health literacy in young people. Universitas Psychologica, 15(2), 61-72.
- Cassepp-Borges, V., Balbinotti, M. A. A., & Teodoro, M. L. M. (2010). Tradução e validação de conteúdo: Uma proposta para a adaptação de instrumentos. In L. Pasquali (Ed.), Instrumentação psicológica: Fundamentos e práticas (pp. 506-520). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
- Census of India (2011). New Delhi: Registrar general and census commissioner of India. http://censusindia.gov.in/
- Chandra, P. S., & Satyanarayana, V. A. (2010). Gender disadvantage and common mental disorders in women. International Review of Psychiatry, 22(5), 513-524.
- Dandona, R. (2019). Mind and body go together: the need for integrated care. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(8), 638-639.
- Demyttenaere, K., Bruffaerts, R., Posada-Villa, J., Lepine, J. P., Angermeyer, M. C., Bernert, S., & Chatterji, S. (2004). Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the world health organization world mental health surveys. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291(21), 2581- 2590.
- Depoux, A., Martin, S., Karafillakis, E., Preet, R., Wilder-Smith, A., & Larson, H.(2020). The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than the COVID-19
- outbreak. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(3), taaa031.
- Dias, P., Campos, L., Almeida, H., & Palha, F. (2018). Mental health literacy in young adults: Adaptation and psychometric properties of the mental health literacy questionnaire. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7), 13-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071318
- Epstein, J., Santo, R. M., & Guillemin, F. (2015). A review of guidelines for crosscultural adaptation of questionnaires could not bring out a consensus. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68, 435-441. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.11.021
- Fenn, J., Tan, C. S., & George, S. (2020). Development, validation and translation of psychological tests. BJ Psych Advances, 26(5), 306-315.
- Firth, J., Siddiqi, N., Koyanagi, A., Siskind, D., Rosenbaum, S., Galletly, C., & Stubbs, B. (2019). The lancet psychiatry commission: A blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(8), 675-712.
- Forbes (2020). https://www.forbesindia.com/article/news-by-numbers/hindi-day- 2020-indias-mostspoken-languages-are/62577/1; Published: Sep 14, 2020 01:05:58 PM IS
- Hair, J.P., Black, J.P., Babin, J.P., & Anderson, R.E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis(Eighth Edition). Harlow: Cengage Learning.
- Hernández, A., Hidalgo, M. D., Hambleton, R. K., & Gómez-Benito, J. (2020).International test commission guidelines for test adaptation: A criterion checklist.Psicothema, 32, 390-398. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2019.306
- Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
- Jorm, A., Korten, A., Jacomb, P., Christensen, H., Rodgers, B., & Pollitt, P. (1997). 'Mental health literacy: A survey of the public's ability to recognize mental disorders and their beliefs about the effectiveness of treatment. Medical Journal of Australia, 166, 182-186.
- Jorm, A. (2012). Mental health literacy: Empowering the community to take action for better mental health. American Psychologist, 67(3), 231-243.
- Julian, G. (2020). What are the most spoken languages in the world? Retrieved https://www.fluentin3months.com/most-spoken-languages/ May 29, 2022
- Li, W., Dorstyn, D. S., & Denson, L. A. (2014). Psychosocial correlates of college students' help-seeking intention: A meta-analysis. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 45(3), 163.
- Mansfield, R., Patalay, P., & Humphrey, N. (2020). A systematic literature review of existing conceptualisation and measurement of mental health literacy in adolescent research: Current challenges and inconsistencies. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-14.
- O'Connor, D. B., Aggleton, J. P., Chakrabarti, B., Cooper, C. L., Creswell, C., Dunsmuir,S., & Armitage, C. J. (2020). Research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: A call to action for psychological science. British Journal of Psychology, 111(4), 603-629.
- Ogorchukwu, J. M., Sekaran, V. C., Nair, S., & Ashok, L. (2016). Mental health literacy among late adolescents in South India: What they know and what attitudes drive them. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 38(3), 234-241.
- O'Rourke, N., & Hatcher, L. (2013). A step-by-step approach to using SAS for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Cary: SAS Institute Inc Padilla, M. A., & Divers, J. (2015). A comparison of composite reliability estimators. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 76(3), 436-453. doi:10.1177/0013164415593776
- Patel, V., Ramasundarahettige, C., Vijayakumar, L., Thakur, J. S., Gajalakshmi, V., Gururaj, G., & Million Death Study Collaborators (2012). Suicide mortality in India: A nationally representative survey. The Lancet, 379(9834), 2343-2351.
- Patel, V., Saxena, S., Lund, C., Thornicroft, G., Baingana, F., Bolton, P., & UnÜtzer, J.(2018). The lancet commission on global mental health and sustainable development.The Lancet, 392(10157), 1553-1598.
- Platform SDK (2022). Sustainable development goal 3: Ensure healthy lives andpromote well-being for all at all ages. Available from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg3. Accessed 1 May 2022
- Reddy, C., Malik, Y. K., Singh, M., Jindal, A., Shukla, S., & Singh, S. M. (2021). Mental health literacy and familiarity with the term schizophrenia in a community health care setting in North India. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 55, 102528.
- Rezaee, F., & Jafari, M. (2016). Dynamic capability in an under-researched cultural environment. Management Science Letters, 6(2), 177-192.
- Sagar, R., Dandona, R., Gururaj, G., Dhaliwal, R. S., Singh, A., Ferrari, A., & Dandona, L. (2020). The burden of mental disorders across the states of India: The global burden of disease study 1990-2017. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(2), 148-161.
- Saraceno, B., van Ommeren, M., Batniji, R., Cohen, A., Gureje, O., & Mahoney, J., (2007). Barriers to improvement of mental health services in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet, 370, 1164-1174.
- Saraf, G., Chandra, P. S., Desai, G., & Rao, G. N. (2018). What adolescent girls know about mental health: Findings from a mental health literacy survey from an urban slum setting in India. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 40(5), 433-439.
- Saxena, S., Funk, M., & Chisholm, D. (2014). WHO's mental health action plan 2013- 2020: What can psychiatrists do to facilitate its implementation? World Psychiatry, 13(2), 107-109.
- Srivastava, K., Chatterjee, K., & Bhat, P. S. (2016). Mental health awareness: The Indian scenario. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 25(2), 131.
- Srivastava, K., Chatterjee, K., & Bhat, P. S. (2016). Mental health awareness: The Indian scenario. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 25(2), 131-134. https://doi.org/1 0.4103/ipj .ipj_45_17
- Thirunavukarasu, M. (2011). Closing the treatment gap. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 53(3), 199.
- Thornicroft, G., Chatterji, S., Evans-Lacko, S., Gruber, M., Sampson, N., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., & Kessler, R. C. (2017). Under-treatment of people with major
- depressive disorder in 21 countries. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 210(2), 119-124.
- Ursin, J., Hyytinen, H., Silvennoinen, K., & Toom, A. (2022). Linguistic, contextual,and experiential equivalence issues in the adaptation of a performance-based assessment of generic skills in higher education. Frontiers in Education, 7, 885825.
- Van Widenfelt, B. M., Treffers, P. D., De Beurs, E., Siebelink, B. M., & Koudijs, E.(2005). Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of assessment instruments used in psychological research with children and families. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8(2), 135-147.
- Venkataraman, S., Patil, R., & Balasundaram, S. (2019). Why mental health literacy still matters: A review. International Journal Community Medicine Public Health, 6(6),2723-2729.
- Venkataraman, S., Patil, R., & Balasundaram, S. (2019). Why mental health literacy still matters: a review. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 6(6), 2723-2729. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/
- Volpe, U., Mihai, A., Jordanova, V., & Sartorius, N. (2015). The pathways to mental healthcare worldwide: A systematic review. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 28(4),299-306.
- Wei, Y., McGrath, P. J., Hayden, J., & Kutcher, S. (2016). Measurement properties of tools measuring mental health knowledge: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry,16(1), 1-16.
- Wei, Y., McGrath, P. J., Hayden, J., & Kutcher, S. (2017). Measurement properties of mental health literacy tools measuring help-seeking: A systematic review. Journal of Mental Health, 26(6), 543-555.
- WHO (2017). Mental health atlas. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- World Health Organization (2016). World health statistics. Geneva 27, Switzerland:World Health Organization.
- Yu, D. S., Lee, D. T., & Woo, J. (2004). Psychometric testing of the Chinese version of the medical outcomes studies social support survey (MOS-SSS). Research in Nursing and Health, 27(2), 135-143.
![](https://i-scholar.in/public/site/images/abstractview.png)
Abstract Views: 157
![](https://i-scholar.in/public/site/images/pdfview.png)
PDF Views: 0