Open Access
Subscription Access
Open Access
Subscription Access
Slow Breathing Training on Cardio-respiratory Control and Exercise Capacity in Persons with Essential Hypertension - a Randomized Controlled Trial
Subscribe/Renew Journal
Background
In Persons with Hypertension there is Decreased Exercise Tolerance and Elevated Total Peripheral Resistance Due to Autonomic Imbalance. Slow Breathing Improves Autonomic Imbalance by Reducing Sympathetic overactivity in Hypertensive Patients.
Aim
To Find the Effect of Slow Breathing Training on Cardiorespiratory Control and Exercise Capacity in Patients with Essential Hypertension.
Setting
Medicine Out-patient Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital. Design Randomized Controlled Trial. Methods forty Persons with Essential Hypertension of Age Group 35 - 60 Years were Recruited and Randomly Allocated in to 2 Groups; Experimental Group (n=20), who Received Slow Breathing Exercises Twice a Week for 4 Weeks along with Pharmacological Treatment and Control Group (n=20), who Received Pharmacological Treatment Alone. after 4 Weeks, Persons in both the Groups were Measured for Outcome Variables Like Submaximal Exercise Capacity by Using 6 Minute Walk Test (6 Mwd), Systolic Blood Pressure (sbp), Diastolic Blood Pressure (dbp), Heart Rate(hr) and Respiratory Rate (rr). Results a Statistically Significant Difference was Found in Exercise Group between Pre and Post Intervention for all the Outcome Variables, whereas for Control Group no Significant Difference was Found between Pre and Post Intervention. between the Exercise and Control Group, a Statistically Significant Difference was Found for the Variables, Hr (p =0.009), Sbp (p =0.012), Dbp (p =0.000) and Rr (p =0.000), but there was no Significant Difference in Mean Difference of 6 Mwd (95% Ci = -4.443, 2.543; P =0.585) between the Groups.
Conclusion
Slow Breathing Training Significantly Improves Cardiorespiratory Control but it Fails to Improve the Exercise Capacity in Patients with Essential Hypertension.
Keywords
- Aram V Chobanian, George L Bakris, Henry R Black, William C Cushman, Lee A Green, Joseph L Izzo et al,. The National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. The seventh Report of Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of High Blood pressure. The JNC-VII report. JAMA 2003; 289(19).
- Ellen A. Hillegass, H. Steven Sadowsky. Essential of Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy. 2nd ed. Saunders an imprint of Elsevier; 2001. p. 286-287.
- Shyamal Kumar Das, Kalyan Sanyal, Arindam Basu. Study of urban community survey in India: growing trend of high prevalence of hypertension in a developing country. Int J Med Sci 2005;2:70-78.
- Suzuki S, Ohta T. Non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension in the elderly. Nippon Rinhso 2005;63(6):1010-5.
- Chacko N. Joseph, Cesare Porta, Gaia Casucci, nadia Casiraghi, Mara Maffeis, Marco Rossi, Luciano Bernardi. Slow breathing improves arterial baroreflex sensitivity and decreases blood pressure in essential hypertension. Hypertension 2005;46:714-718.
- Somers VK, Mark AL, Abboud FM. Potentiation of sympathetic nerve responses to hypoxia in borderline hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 1988;11:608-612.
- Pitt O. Lim, Robert J. MacFadyen, Peter B.M. Clarkson, Thomas M. MacDonald. Impaired exercise tolerance in hypertensive patients. Annals of Internal medicine 1996;124(1):41-55.
- Carolyn Kisner, Lynn Allen Colby. Therapeutic Exercise Foundation and Techniques. 4th ed. New Delhi: JAYPEE Brothers; 2003. p. 749-750.
- Bernardi L, Spadacinin G, Bellwon J, Hajric R, Roskamm H, Frey AW. Effect of breathing rate on oxygen saturation and exercise performance in chronic heart failure. Lancet 1998 May 2;351(9112):1299-300.
- Carlos Hermano da Justa Pinheiro, Renato Antonio Ribeiro Medeiros, Denise Goncalves Moura Pinheiro, Maria de Jesus Ferreira Marinho. Spontaneous respiratory modulation improves cardiovascular control in essential hypertension. Arq. Bras. Cardiol 2007;88(6).
- Luciano Bernardi, Cesare Porta, Lucia Spicuzza, Jerzy Bellwon, Giammario Spadacini, Axel W. Frey, Leata Y.C. Yeung, John E. Sanderson, Roberto Pedretti, Roberto Tramarin. Slow breathing increases arterial baroreflex sensitivity in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation;105;143-145.
- Bernardi L, Gabutti A, Porta C, Spicuzza L. Slow breathing reduces chemoreflex to hypoxia and hypercapnia, and increases baroreflex sensitivity. J Hypertens 2001;19(12):2221-9.
- Montano N, Cogliati C, Porta A, Pagani M, Malliani A, Narkiewicz K, Abboud FM, Birkett C, Somers VK. Central vagotonic effects of atropine modulate spectral oscillations of sympathetic nerve activity. Circulation 1998;98:1294- 1399.
- Somers VK, Mark AL, Abboud FM. Interaction of baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflex control of sympathetic nerve activity in normal humans. J Clin Invest 1991;87:1953-75.
- ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002 Jul 1;166(1):111-7.
- Gordon H. Guyatt, Michael H. Sullivan, Penelope J. Thompson, Ernest L. Fallen, Steward O. Pugsley, D. Wayne Taylor, Leslie B. Berman. The 6 minute walk: a new measure of exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. Can Med Assoc J 1985 April 15;132.
Abstract Views: 770
PDF Views: 0