Indian Journal of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy-An International Journal

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Role of Shoes and Surfaces on Foot Strike Hemolysis During Running: A review


Affiliations
1 College of Physiotherapy, Cherraan’s Institute of Health Sciences, 521, Siruvani Main Road, Telungupalayam Pirivu, Coimbatore - 641039, Tamilnadu, India
2 Department of Sports Medicine and Physiotherapy, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
3 Department of Sports Medicine and Physiotherapy, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Foot strike was found to be the important mechanism causing intravascular hemolysis in long distance runners. Factors other than foot strike can also cause hemolysis such as duration of the event, running surfaces, shoe type, race distance temperature and level of exertion. It has generally been assumed that running related injuries are, to some degree, caused by excessive peaks in the impact phase of the ground reaction force and it has been suggested that shock absorbing insoles reduce the magnitude and rate of loading of the peak forces generated at foot strike during running and walking, and reduce the ground reaction forces across the foot. Shoe cushioning may reduce the hemolytic changes occurring in long distance runners but there exist contradictory evidence which necessitates further research in this area. Low surface impact absorption may result in impact related injuries and it has been suggested that shock attenuation properties of a surface may be important in reducing impact related injuries. Previous research suggests that the amount of foot strike hemolysis may or may not be altered by the changes in surface characteristics. The importance of this phenomena is that the iron deficiency status due to foot strike hemolysis with or without anemia can limit the athlete achieving maximum aerobic power and hence the performance. Long distance runners are more prone to this problem, although the problem after a single hemolytic episode unlikely to cause iron loss of clinical significance, a cumulative effect over a course of period will have a significant effect.
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Aguinaldo A, Mahar A: Impact loading in running shoes with cushioning column systems. J appl biomech. 2003, 19: 1-8

  • Amy E.Kerdok and Thomas A. McMahon. Human running on surfaces of different Stiffnesses. The Journal of Applied Physiology 2002.

  • Benjamin E.J. Spurgeon. Do Running Shoes Protect All Runners? Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2005; 4, 617.

  • Bishop M, Fiolkowski P, Conrad B, Brunt D, Horodyski M: Athletic footwear, leg stiffness, and running kinematics. J Athl Train, 2006, 41(4): 387-392.

  • Clarke TE, Frederick EC, Cooper LB. Effects of shoe cushioning upon ground reaction forces in running. Int JSports Med. 1983 Nov; 4(4):247-51.

  • Cook SD, Kester MA, Brunet ME. Shock absorption characteristics of running shoes. Am J Sports Med. 1985 Jul-Aug; 13(4):248-53.

  • De Paz JA, Villa JG, Lopez P, Gonzalez-Gallego. Effects of long-distance running on serum bilirubin. J Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995 Dec; 27(12):1590-4.

  • Deitrick RW, Intravascular haemolysis in the recreational runner. Br J Sports Med. 1991 Dec; 25(4):183-7.

  • Diane. M. Huse. R.D., nutritional needs. Prevention and treatment of running injuries. 1989; 2, 265-266.

  • Dressendorfer RH, Wade CE, Frederick EC. Effect of shoe cushioning on the development of reticulocytosis in distance runners. Am J Sports Med. 1992 Mar-Apr; 20(2):212-6.

  • Dufaux B, Hoederath A, Streitberger I, Hollmann W, Assmann G: Serum ferritin, transferrin, haptoglobin, and iron in middle- and long-distance runners, elite rowers, and professional racing cyclists. Int J Sports Med. 1981;2(1):43-6

  • Dura. J.V., Hoyos. J.V., Lozano. L. & Martinez. A. (1999). The effect of shock absorbing sports surfaces in jumping. Sports Engineering, 2: 103-108.

  • Ekstrand. J., Timpka. T., & Hagglund. T.M. Risk of injury in elite football played on artificial turf versus natural grass: a prospective two-cohort study. Br J Sports Med, 2006;40: 975–980.

  • Falsetti HL, Burke ER, Feld R D, Frederick E C, Ratering C. Hematological variations after endurance running with hard and soft soled running shoes. Phy Sports Med, 1983; 11(8); 118-127.

  • Fredrick E.C, Clarke T.E, Hamil C.L: The effect of running shoe design on shock attenuation. (1984). In E.C. Fredrick (Ed.) Sports shoes and playing surfaces Champaign, IL: Human kinetics, 190-198.

  • Fuller. C.W., Dick. R.W., Corlette. J., & Schmaltz. R. Comparison of the incidence, nature and cause of injuries sustained on grass and new generation artificial turf by male and female football players. Part 1: match injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(Supplement 1 ):i20-i26

  • Green HJ, Carter S, Grant S, Tupling R, Coates G, Ali M . Vascular volumes and hematology in male and female runners and cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1999 Feb; 79(3):244-50.

  • Guisasola.I. Human – natural sports surface interaction [dissertation]. School of Applied Sciences: Cranfield University; 2008.

  • Hardin E. C. Hamill J. The Influence of Midsole Cushioning on Mechanical and Hematological Responses during a Prolonged Downhill Run, Exercise and Sport 2002; vol. 73, no2, 125-133.

  • Hiroshi I, Yoshihiko Y, Tsugio S et al. Influence of insole material on hemolysis during running. Descente Sports Science. 2004, 25: 158-165.

  • Kaur K, Yadav VS, Sandhu JS. A survey of injuries in field hockey players in relation to playing surface. Indian J Physio Occup Ther 2, 2008.

  • Mairbaurl H, Humpeler E, Schwaberger G, Pessenhofer H J Appl Physiol. 1983 Nov;55(5):1403-7.Trainingdependent changes of red cell density and erythrocytic oxygen transport.

  • Martinez AC, Villa G, Aguilo A, Tur JA, Pons A. Hand Strike- Induced Hemolysis and Adaptations in Iron Metabolism in Basque Ball Players. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2006; 50:206-213.

  • Melanie Ashmore. Mel, Nutrition, Massage, Yoga and Training.2007 [online] available from http:// www.melanieashmore.com/articles/nutrition/ iron_for_oxygen.pdf. [Accessed 2007 Sep 14]

  • Meyers. M.C., & Barnhill. B.S. Incidence, Causes, and Severity of High School Football Injuries on FieldTurf Versus Natural Grass, A 5-Year Prospective Study. Orthop surv sports med. 2004.

  • Miller BJ, Pate RR, Burgess W. Foot impact force and intravascular hemolysis during distance running. Int J Sports Med. 1988 Feb; 9(1):56-60.

  • Nigg BM, Morlock M. The influence of lateral heel flare of running shoes on pronation and impact forces. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987 Jun; 19(3):294-302.

  • O'Toole ML, Hiller WD, Roalstad MS, Douglas PS. Hemolysis during triathlon races: its relation to race distance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988 Jun; 20(3):272-5.

  • Payne. R. B. Low plasma haptoglobin in march haemoglobinuria. J. clin. Path, 1966; 19, 170.

  • Peter P, Brian D, Carmel G, Grant L, Erwin TW, Dorine WS, Debbie T. Training Surface and Intensity: Inflammation, Haemolysis, and Hepcidin Expression. J Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009; 41 (5): 1138-1145.

  • Robert A. Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine, Volume IIA: Biocompatibility, Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, TX, 2003.

  • Rowland TW, Black SA, Kelleher JF. Iron deficiency in adolescent endurance athletes. J Adolesc Health Care. 1987; Jul; 8(4):322-6.

  • Schumacher YO, Schmid A, Grathwohl D, Bultermann D, Berg A. Hematological indices and iron status in athletes of various sports and performances. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002 May; 34(5):869-75

  • Schwellnus NP, Penfold GK, Cilliers JF, Kuyl JM, Vander Heever DP. Intravascular hemolysis in aerobic dancing: the role of floor surface and type of routine. Phys Sportsmed. 1989; 17: 55-67.

  • Selby GB, Eichner ER. Endurance swimming, intravascular hemolysis, anemia, and iron depletion. New perspective on athlete's anemia. Am J Med. 1986 Nov; 81(5):791-4.

  • Steffen. K., Andersen. T. E., & Roald Bahr. Risk of injury on artificial turf and natural grass in young female football players. Br J Sports Med, 2007; 41: i33-i37.

  • Telford, R. D., G. J. Sly, A. G. Hahn, R. B. Cunningham, C. Bryant, and J. A. Smith. Foot strike is the major cause of hemolysis during running. J Appl Physiol. 2003; 94: 38– 42.

  • Tessutti. V., Trombini-Souza. F, Ribeiro. A.P., Nunes. A.L., & Sacco. I.D. (2008). In-shoe plantar pressure distribution during running on natural grass and asphalt in recreational runners. J Sci Med Sport. [Epub ahead of print].

  • Wilkinson JG, Martin DT, Adams AA, Liebman M. Iron status in cyclists during high-intensity interval training and recovery. Int J Sports Med. 2002 Nov; 23(8):544-8.

  • Withnall R, Eastaugh J, Freemantie N: Do shock absorbing insoles in recruits undertaking high levels of physical activity reduce lower limb injury? A randomized controlled trial. J R Soc Med. 2006; 99: 32-37

  • Yung-Hui L, Wei-Hsien H. Effects of shoe inserts and heel height on foot pressure, impact force, and perceived comfort during walking. Appl Ergon. 2005 May; 36(3):355-62.


Abstract Views: 540

PDF Views: 0




  • Role of Shoes and Surfaces on Foot Strike Hemolysis During Running: A review

Abstract Views: 540  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Kamal Janakiraman
College of Physiotherapy, Cherraan’s Institute of Health Sciences, 521, Siruvani Main Road, Telungupalayam Pirivu, Coimbatore - 641039, Tamilnadu, India
Shweta Shenoy
Department of Sports Medicine and Physiotherapy, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
Jaspal Singh Sandhu
Department of Sports Medicine and Physiotherapy, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab, India

Abstract


Foot strike was found to be the important mechanism causing intravascular hemolysis in long distance runners. Factors other than foot strike can also cause hemolysis such as duration of the event, running surfaces, shoe type, race distance temperature and level of exertion. It has generally been assumed that running related injuries are, to some degree, caused by excessive peaks in the impact phase of the ground reaction force and it has been suggested that shock absorbing insoles reduce the magnitude and rate of loading of the peak forces generated at foot strike during running and walking, and reduce the ground reaction forces across the foot. Shoe cushioning may reduce the hemolytic changes occurring in long distance runners but there exist contradictory evidence which necessitates further research in this area. Low surface impact absorption may result in impact related injuries and it has been suggested that shock attenuation properties of a surface may be important in reducing impact related injuries. Previous research suggests that the amount of foot strike hemolysis may or may not be altered by the changes in surface characteristics. The importance of this phenomena is that the iron deficiency status due to foot strike hemolysis with or without anemia can limit the athlete achieving maximum aerobic power and hence the performance. Long distance runners are more prone to this problem, although the problem after a single hemolytic episode unlikely to cause iron loss of clinical significance, a cumulative effect over a course of period will have a significant effect.

References