Indian Journal of Positive Psychology

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Assessment of Functionality in Persons with Schizophrenia and its Impact on Burden and Self-Efficacy of Caregivers


Affiliations
1 Department of Clinical Psychology, Centre of Excellence in Mental Health, PGIMER Dr. RML, Hospital, New Delhi, India
2 Department of Psychiatry, Centre of Excellence in Mental Health PGIMER Dr. RML Hospital, NewDelhi, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric illness affecting millions of people worldwide. This illness itself brings a plethora of symptoms which are not only debilitating to the individual concerned but also affect the family and contribute to caregiver burden. Some factors- such as good functioning of the sufferer- may buffer or protect caregivers from the distressing aspects of caregiving such as their own self-efficacy. We aimed to study the impact of the patients of functionality on the experience of burden and self-efficacy of the caregiver. We recruited 50 consented persons with schizophrenia (DSM-5) and their caregivers. Functional Assessment Battery was applied to assess the functionality of persons with schizophrenia while Burden Assessment Schedule and Self Efficacy Scale were administered to the caregiver. Pearson's correlation and regression analyses were carried out to investigate the relationship between patient's functionality with caregiver's burden and self-efficacy.Caregiver burden was negatively related to caregiver self-efficacy indicating that as the burden increased, there was reduction in the caregiver's self-efficacy to deal with the illness (p=0.01). Caregiver burden was negatively related to patient functionality (p=0.01). Significant positive correlation was found between the functionality of the patient and the self-efficacy of the caregiver (r= 0.311, p= 0.05). We found a significant relationship between functionality of the patient with caregiver burden and self-efficacy, and between caregiver burden and caregiver self-efficacy themselves. Moreover, functionality of the patient was a significant predictor of burden; and burden was found to be a significant predictor of self-efficacy of the caregiver.

Keywords

Caregiver Burden, Self-Efficacy, Functionality, Schizophrenia.
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Addington, J., McCleery, A., & Addington, D. (2005). Three-year outcome of family workin an early psychosis program. Schizophrenia Research, 79,107-116.

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC.

  • Baker, K. L., & Robertson, N. (2008). Coping with caring for someone with dementia: Previewing the literature about men. Aging and Mental Health, 12, 413-422.

  • Brekke, J., Kay, D.D., Lee, K.S., & Green, M.F. (2005). Biosocial pathways to functional outcome in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 80, 213-225.

  • Bowie, C. R., Reichenberg, A., Patterson, T. L., Heaton, R K., & Harvey, P. D. (2006) Determinants of real-world functional performance in schizophrenia subjects: Correlations with cognition, functional capacity, and symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163,418-425.

  • Boydell, J., Onwumere, J., Dutta, R., Bhavsar, V, Hill, N., Morgan, C, & Fearon, P. (2013). Caregiving in first-episode psychosis: Social characteristics associated with perceived burden and associations with compulsory treatment. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 57(2), 135-141. doi:10.1111/eip.l2041

  • Chen, F.P, & Greenberg, J.S. (2004). Apositive aspect of caregiving: The influence of social support on caregiving gains for family members of relatives with schizophrenia. Community Mental Health Journal, 40(5), 423-435.

  • Chien, W.T., Chan, S.W., & Morrissey. J. (2007). The perceived burden among Chinese family caregivers of people with schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16, 1151-1161. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

  • Cohen, C.A., Colantonio, A., & Vernich, L. (2002). Positive aspects of caregiving: rounding out the caregiver experience. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(2), 184-188.

  • Fang-pei, C, & Greenberg, J. S. (2004). Apositive aspect of caregiving: The influence of social support on caregiving gains for family members of relatives with schizophrenia. Community Mental Health Journal, 40(5), 423-435.

  • Farran, C.J., Loukissa, D., Perraud, S., & Paun, O. (2004). Alzheimer's disease caregiving information and skills. Part II: Family caregiver issues and concerns. Research in Nursing and Health, 27, 40-51.

  • Gallagher, D., Ni Mhaolain, A., Crosby, L., Ryan, D., Lacey, L., Coen, R F., & Lawlor. B. A. (2011). Self-efficacy for managing dementia may protect against burden and depression in Alzheimer's caregivers. Aging andMentalHealth, 15, 663-670.

  • Gilliam, C. M., & Steffen, A. M. (2006). The relationship between caregiving self-efficacy and depressive symptoms in dementia family caregivers. Aging and Mental Health, 10,79-86.

  • Gulseren, L., Cam, B., Karakoc, B., Yigit, T., Danaci, A.E., Cubukcouglu, Z., Tas, C. Gulseren, S., & Mete, L. (2010). The perceived burden of care and its correlates in schizophrenia. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 21(3), 203-212.

  • Gupta, A., Solanki, R.K., Koolwal, G.D., & Gehlot, S. (2014). Psychological well-being and burden in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health, 4(1), 70-76.

  • Hsiao, C.Y., & Van Riper, M. (2009). Individual and family adaptation in Taiwanese families of individuals with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI). Research in Nursing and Health, 32(3), 307-320.

  • Hunt, C. K. (2003). Concepts in caregiver research. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 35(1), 27-32.

  • IBM Corp. BM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.: Released 2012

  • Jablensky, A. (2000). Prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: implications for prevention. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34, S26-S34.

  • Juvang, L., Lambert, C.E., & Lambert, VA. (2007). Predictors of family caregivers' burden and quality of life when providing care for a family member with schizophrenia in the People'sRepublicofChina. Nursing and Health Science 9,19-28.

  • Kheng, S.B. (2005). The impact of schizophrenia: The burden of care. Thesis submitted for the degree of doctor of philosophy, department of social work: National university of Singapore.

  • Kim, H., Chang, M., Rose, K., & Kim, S. (2011). Predictors of caregiver burden in caregivers of individuals with dementia. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(4), 846-855.

  • Knapp, M., Mangalore, R., & Simon, J. (2004). The global costs of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(2), 279-293.

  • Kulhara, P., Kate, N., Grover, S., & Nehra, R. (2012). Positive aspects of caregiving in schizophrenia: A review. World Journal of Psychiatry, 2(3), 43-48. Available from: URL:http://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v2/i3/43.htm. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.5498/wjp.v2.i3.43

  • Lopez, J., Lopez-Arrieta, J., & Crespo, M. (2005). Factors associated with the positive impact of caring for elderly and dependent relatives. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 41(1), 81-94.

  • Magliano, L., Fiorillo, A., Fadden, G., Gair, F., Economou, M., Kallert, T., & Maj, M. (2005). Effectiveness of a psychoeducational intervention for families of patients with schizophrenia: Preliminary results of a study funded by the European commission. World Psychiatry, 4(1), 45-49.

  • Merluzzi, T. V, Philip, E. J., Vachon, D. O., & Heitzmann, C. A. (2011). Assessment of self-efficacy for caregiving: The critical role of self-care in caregiver stress and burnout. Palliative and Supportive Care, 9, 15-24.

  • Parabiaghi, A., Lasalvia, A., Bonetto, C, Cristofalo, D., Marrella, G., Tansella, M., & Ruggeri, M. (2007). Predictors of changes in caregiving burden in people with schizophrenia: A 3-year follow-up study in a community mental health service. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 116,66-76.

  • Pazvantoglu, O., Sarsoy, G.,Boke, O., Aker, A.A., Oztwan, D.D., &Unverdi, E. (2014). The dimensions of caregiver burden in schizophrenia: The role of patient functionality. The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 27, 53-60.

  • Pinquart, M., & Sorensen, S. (2003). Associations of stressors and uplifts of caregiving with caregiver burden and depressive mood: A meta-analysis. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological and Social Sciences, 58(2), 112-128.

  • Raj, L., Kulhara, P., & Avasthi, A. (1991). Social burden of positive and negative schizophrenia. International JournalofSocialPsychiatry, 43, 38-43.

  • Rammohun, A., Rao, K., & Subbakrishna, D.K. (2002). Burden and coping in caregivers of persons with schizophrenia. Indian Journal ofPsychiatry, 44(3), 220-227.

  • Roscoe, L. A., Corsentino, E., Watkins, S., McCall, M., & Sanchez Ramos, J. (2009). Well-being of family caregivers of persons with late stage Huntington's Disease: Lessons in stress and coping. Health Communication, 24, 239-248.

  • Schene, A.H. (1998). Family caregiving in schizophrenia: Domains and distress mental illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(A), 609-618.

  • Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, and M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user's portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, England: NFER NELSON.

  • Semiatin, A.M., & O'Connor, M.K. (2012). The relationship between self-efficacy and positive aspects of caregiving in Alzheimer's disease caregivers. Aging and Mental Health, 16(6), 683-688. DOL10.1080/13607863.2011.651437.

  • Sharma, N., Chakrabarti, S., & Grover, S. (2016). Gender differences in caregiving among family-caregivers of people with mental illnesses. World Journal of Psychiatry, 6(1),7-17.http://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v6.iL7

  • Sharma, PK. (2014). Burden in care of patients with schizophrenia: To which extent caregiversuffers. JournalofPharmaceuticalandScientific Innovation, 3(6), 522-528.

  • Steffen, A.M., McKibbin, C, Zeiss, A.M., Gallagher-Thompson, D., & Bandura, A. (2002). The Revised Scale for caregiving self-efficacy: Reliability and validity studies. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57(1), 74-86.

  • Thara, R., Padmavathi, R., Kumar, S., & Srinivasan, L. (1998). Burden assessment schedule: Instrument to assess burden on caregivers of chronic mentally ill. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 21-29.

  • Velligan, D.I., Fredrick, M., Mintz, J., Li, X., Rubin, M., Dube, S., Deshpande, S.N., Trivedi, J.K., Gautam, S, Avasthi, A, Kern, R.S., & Marder, S.R (2014). The reliability and validity of the Marries functional assessment battery. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(5), 1047-1052.

  • Yazici, E., Karabulut, U., Yildiz, M., Tekes, S.B., Inan, E., Cakir, U., Bosgelmez, S., & Turgut, C. (2016). Burden on caregivers of patients with schizophrenia andrelated factors. Now PsikiyatrArs, 53(2), 96-101.

  • Yamashita, M. (1998). Family coping with mental illness: A comparative study. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 5(6), 515-523.


Abstract Views: 331

PDF Views: 0




  • Assessment of Functionality in Persons with Schizophrenia and its Impact on Burden and Self-Efficacy of Caregivers

Abstract Views: 331  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Shefalika Sahai
Department of Clinical Psychology, Centre of Excellence in Mental Health, PGIMER Dr. RML, Hospital, New Delhi, India
Rushi
Department of Clinical Psychology, Centre of Excellence in Mental Health, PGIMER Dr. RML, Hospital, New Delhi, India
Ram Pratap Beniwal
Department of Psychiatry, Centre of Excellence in Mental Health PGIMER Dr. RML Hospital, NewDelhi, India
Smita N. Deshpande
Department of Psychiatry, Centre of Excellence in Mental Health PGIMER Dr. RML Hospital, NewDelhi, India
Triptish Bhatia
Department of Psychiatry, Centre of Excellence in Mental Health PGIMER Dr. RML Hospital, NewDelhi, India

Abstract


Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric illness affecting millions of people worldwide. This illness itself brings a plethora of symptoms which are not only debilitating to the individual concerned but also affect the family and contribute to caregiver burden. Some factors- such as good functioning of the sufferer- may buffer or protect caregivers from the distressing aspects of caregiving such as their own self-efficacy. We aimed to study the impact of the patients of functionality on the experience of burden and self-efficacy of the caregiver. We recruited 50 consented persons with schizophrenia (DSM-5) and their caregivers. Functional Assessment Battery was applied to assess the functionality of persons with schizophrenia while Burden Assessment Schedule and Self Efficacy Scale were administered to the caregiver. Pearson's correlation and regression analyses were carried out to investigate the relationship between patient's functionality with caregiver's burden and self-efficacy.Caregiver burden was negatively related to caregiver self-efficacy indicating that as the burden increased, there was reduction in the caregiver's self-efficacy to deal with the illness (p=0.01). Caregiver burden was negatively related to patient functionality (p=0.01). Significant positive correlation was found between the functionality of the patient and the self-efficacy of the caregiver (r= 0.311, p= 0.05). We found a significant relationship between functionality of the patient with caregiver burden and self-efficacy, and between caregiver burden and caregiver self-efficacy themselves. Moreover, functionality of the patient was a significant predictor of burden; and burden was found to be a significant predictor of self-efficacy of the caregiver.

Keywords


Caregiver Burden, Self-Efficacy, Functionality, Schizophrenia.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.15614/ijpp%2F2018%2Fv9i4%2F181023