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Abstract

Depression is a common mental disorder that presents with depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, low energy, and poor concentration. These problems can become chronic or recurrent and lead to substantial impairments in an individual's ability to take care of his or her everyday responsibilities. At its worst, depression can lead to suicide, a tragic fatality associated with the loss of about 850 000 lives every year.

Study: A Descriptive study to assess depression among elderly population of selected urban community of Cheharta, Amritsar, Punjab.

Objectives:

1. To assess the prevalence of depression among elderly population.

2. To determine association of depression among elderly population with socio-demographic variables.

3. To prepare and distribute the guidelines on stress management.

Methods: The aim of the study is to combat with depression among elderly by preparing and distributing guidelines for prevention of stress. A non-experimental research approach along with descriptive research design was used. Research study was conducted in selected urban community of cheharta, Amritsar, Punjab. Non-Probability sampling technique purposive sampling technique was used for data collection. Socio-demographic profile and Modified Geriatric depression scale was used to assess depression among elderly population of selected urban community of Cheharta, Amritsar, Punjab. The tool was administered to 200 elderly persons of selected urban community. The permission for research was taken from the medical officer of Cheharta. After taking the permission Kartar Nagar an area of Cheharta was chosen for the study. Data for study was collected by door to door visit in selected community. Chi square was employed to determine association of collected data. Result: Results showed that 57(28.5%) of elderly population were from age group of 66-70 years, 110(55%) were females and 151(75.5%) were illiterate. Among the elderly majority 105(52.2%) were having mild level of depression followed by 35(17.5%) who were having moderate depression. It was found that there was significant association of level of depression with age.

Conclusion: It is concluded that mild and moderate depression is more prevalent among elderly in selected urban community of Cheharta, Amritsar.

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Atherosclerotic changes begin in the early ages and progress to great extent during adolescence. Physical inactivity, unhealthy habits, eating fast foods, unhealthy competition and stress make today's adolescents vulnerable to coronary artery disease. WHO in its study has recommended teaching school children about risk factors of coronary artery disease and introduction of early lifestyle modification in school curriculum by identifying risk factors among adolescents. The necessary modification in lifestyle can be introduced early. Coronary artery disease is associated with the habit and lifestyle of people. Any attempt to establish a healthy lifestyle in the population can bring about a reduction in the morbidity and mortality rate due to coronary artery disease.

Statement of problem: A Descriptive study to assess the prevalence of Cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents in selected schools of Banga, District Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar, Punjab.

Aim of study: The aim of the study was to study the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents (13-19 yrs) and prepare an information guide booklet on prevention of cardiovascular disorders.

Objectives :

1. To assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents

2. To assess the level of BMI among adolescents.

3. To assess the level of stress among adolescents.

4. To determine the association of risk factors of developing cardiovascular disorders among adolescents with selected socio-demographic variables.

5. To prepare and distribute the information guideline booklet on prevention of cardiovascular disorders among adolescents.

Method of study : The aim of the study was to study the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents (13-19 yrs) and prepare an information guide booklet on prevention of cardiovascular disorders. The present study assesses the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents in selected schools of Banga, District Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar, Punjab. Stratified cluster sampling technique was followed to select sample. Data was collected by 3 tools Part- A comprises of socio-demographic variable profile i.e. age, gender, dietary pattern, physical activity, BMI, area of residence., life style, type of family, family history of cardiovascular diseases . Part- B comprises of Anthropometric measurement by using measuring tape, weighing machine, stadiometre, body mass index and stress and Part-C was self structured Likert scale on cardiovascular risk factors. Analysis and interpretation of study was done by applying descriptive statistics and chi square findings were represented in forms of table and graphs.

Result: The results showed that among 100 adolescents nearly equal division of adolescent in age group of 13-14 years i.e. 30% in age group of 15-16 32% and in age group 17-19 years is 38%.Majority of adolescent were male 52% and 48% were females. Regarding to BMI majority of adolescents were normal weighted. Majority of adolescents belonged to rural areas 63% and 37% belonged to urban area. Majority of adolescent were vegetarian 59% and 47% were non-vegetarian. About 17% of adolescents were underweight, 33% adolescents were normal, 28% were overweight and 19% were obese class-1 were at risk. Majority (53%) of adolescents were having mild risk and followed by (27 %) having no risk followed by those having moderate risk (13%) and least (7.0%) were having high risk of developing cardiovascular disorders .

Conclusion: With regard to association of cardiovascular risk factors with selected socio-demographic variables such as age (in years),dietary pattern, sex, BMI, area of residence, type of family, family history of cardiovascular diseases, type of family , Association of cardiovascular risk factors with Dietary pattern, BMI , life style, family history of cardiovascular diseases was found statistically significant at p<0.05.

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Mental health is on the verge of emerging as one of the most problematic challenges in the world, while depression is estimated to be the second largest cause of disease burden in our country. Depression is a common mental disorder that presents with depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, feeling of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, low energy, and poor concentration. Majority of individuals who suffers from severe depression in old age come from a pool of people who suffer primarily from depressive conditions. So there arises the need for prevention.

Methods: The aim of the study is to assess prevalence of psychosocial deviations and depression among senior citizens of selected rural community. A non-experimental research approach along with Cross-sectional descriptive research design was used. Research study was conducted in selected rural community of Gurdaspur, Punjab. Non-Probability sampling technique purposive sampling technique was used for data collection. The study was delimited to senior citizens residing in selected rural community. It was assumed that the senior citizens may or may not have any psychosocial problems and depression. Socio-demographic variables were age, gender, education, income, self efficacy, employment, years of retirement, life partner alive or expired. Likert scale on psychosocial deviations of senior citizens and Modified Beck's depression inventory was used to assess depression among senior citizen of selected rural community of Gurdaspur , Punjab. The tool was administered to 100 elderly persons of selected rural community. The permission for research was taken from the authorities of selected village. Data for study was collected by door to door visit in selected community. Chi square was employed to determine association of collected data.

Result: According to age of the senior citizen out of 100, majority were in age group of 66-70years (26%). As per educational status most of senior citizens were un-educated (47%). Distribution of study sample according to employment in which maximum were homemakers (74%). Regarding monthly income majority (52%) had family income Rs upto 2000/-. Distribution of study subjects according to self efficacy (61%) of senior citizens belonged to group not self efficate. Regarding gender most of study subjects were male; (59%). Pertaining to years of retirement counted maximum in 1-3 year group (46.%). According to life partner alive or expired maximum (53.%) were living with their life partners.

Conclusion: Hence, it may be concluded that out of 100 study subjects, majority were in age group 66-70 years, were homemakers ,un-educated with monthly income upto 2000/-. (57%) of the subjects had medium level of psychosocial deviations and overall mean was 33.33. (24%) severe level of depression. The overall mean of depression was 16.66. It shows that a significant association was found between psychosocial deviations and depression with age, income, self efficacy, years of retirement, life partner alive or expired.

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Stigma is common toward persons with mental health problems and can be defined as a label that sets a person apart from others, links her or him with undesirable characteristics and leads to avoidance by others in society. To aid in the planning of effective and well-targeted initiatives to reduce stigma we examined in my dissertation the prevalence of stigmatizing attitudes and the factors associated with stigmatizing of school going students with mental disorders.

Statement of the problem: A Correlational Descriptive Study to assess the knowledge and attitude of school student towards mental illness of selected school of Amritsar Punjab.

Objectives of the study: The objectives are to:

1. To assess the knowledge regarding the mental illness of school student.

2. To assess the attitude towards mental illness of school student.

3. To find the correlation between knowledge score and attitude score of school student regarding the mental illness.

4. To determine the association between knowledge and attitude scores of school student regarding the mental illness with selected socio- demographic variables.

Method: A non-experimental research approach along with co-relational descriptive research design was used. Research study was conducted in selected school of Amritsar, Punjab. Probability sampling technique purposive sampling technique was used for data collection. Socio-demographic profile and Self structured Likert scale for knowledge and attitude towards mental illnesses among students of selected school of Amritsar, Punjab. The tool was administered to 100 students. The permission for study was taken from the principal of the school. After taking the permission medical and non-medical students were chosen for the study by stratified random sampling technique. All the students were given explanation about the study and the tools and tools were distributed to fill. Health education was conducted by chart display on mental health in school auditorium.

Results : It shows that majority (37%) of students have average knowledge followed by 35 % who were having poor knowledge, 28% were having good knowledge and majority (56%) of students have negative attitude towards mental illnesses followed by 44 % who were having positive attitude. Coefficient of correlation was 0.52 concluded that knowledge and attitude towards mental illnesses among school students have positive correlation. It was concluded that there was no significant association between gender whereas stream of education and area of residence is associated with knowledge and attitude towards mental illnesses of school students.

Conclusion: It was concluded that there was no significant association between gender where as stream of education and area of residence is associated with knowledge and attitude towards mental illnesses of school students.

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Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is the metabolic disease characterized by increased the level of glucose in the blood resulting from defect in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Diabetes mellitus is the most prevalence disease in the world now a days. Diabetes mellitus is a silent disease and is now recognized as one of the fastest growing threats to public health in almost all countries of the world. Every 5^th person who suffer from diabetes mellitus in the world today is an Indian. The world health organization health report (1998) quotes that in India diabetes directly causes approximately 38, 000 deaths per year and may contribute to as many as 300, 000 deaths annually.

Objectives: To assess the level knowledge of selected community residents regarding diabetes mellitus. To determine the association of level of knowledge of the selected community residents regarding diabetes mellitus with selected demographic variables. To prepare and distribute the pamphlets regarding prevention of diabetes mellitus. Methods: A Non-Experimental, Quantitative Research Approach And Univariant Descriptive Research design was used in present study to assess the knowledge regarding diabetes mellitus among selected rural community residents. A self structured checklist was used to assess the knowledge regarding diabetes mellitus and convenience sampling was used. Results: The result of present study revealed that out of 100 community people, 90% have average knowledge, 9% have good knowledge and only 1% have poor knowledge. The mean score of good level of knowledge was 21.77 with standard deviation ±0.56, the mean score of average knowledge was 16.97 with standard deviation ±0.35 and mean score of poor level of knowledge was 10 with standard deviation 0. The association between the level of knowledge regarding Diabetes Mellitus of residents of selected rural community with their demographic variables. The result revealed that there was a significant association found with the age, education, and occupation at the level of significance <0.05 and there was no significant association found between the level of knowledge and their Gender, Type of Family, Presence of Disease, Duration of Disease, Type of Medication and Source of Information. Interpretation And Conclusion: The analysis of the data regarding the assessment level of the knowledge regarding diabetes mellitus among the residents of community. The result of present study revealed that out of 100 community people, 90% have average knowledge, 9% have good knowledge and only 1% have poor knowledge.

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Sexual abuse, referred to as molestation, is forcing undesired sexual behavior by one person upon another. When that force is immediate, of short duration, or infrequent, it is called sexual assault. The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser or (often pejoratively) molester. The present study was carried out to assess the level of knowledge regarding awareness of sexual abuse among adolescent girls in selected school of District Gurdaspur, Punjab. and to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding awareness of sexual abuse in terms of knowledge of adolescent girls.

The objective for study was:

1. To assess the pre-test knowledge regarding awareness about sexual abuse among adolescents studying in selected school.

2. To assess the post-test knowledge regarding awareness about sexual abuse among adolescents studying in selected school.

3. To compare the pre-test post-test knowledge regarding awareness about sexual abuse among adolescents studying in selected school.

4. To determine the association of pre-test and post-test knowledge score regarding awareness about sexual abuse among adolescents studying in selected school with selected socio-demographic variables.

Methods: The Pre- Experimental, quantitative approach was used to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme regarding awareness about sexual abuse among adolescents studying in selected school. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on the level of knowledge regarding awareness about sexual abuse among adolescents studying in selected school. Purposive Sampling technique was adopted to draw the sample sample size of 60 adolescents. The study was delimited to adolescents; between the age group of 13-19years.The adolescents who are present at time of data collection in school. The tool consist of self structured questionnaire to assess the knowledge of adolescents studying in selected schools regarding awareness about sexual abuse. The permission for study was obtained from principal of Marigold Academy Aliwal road Batala, Gurdaspur. The data was collected from the adolescents present at that time of data collection and willing to be part of study by means of the self structured questionnaire.

Result: Regarding the age group of adolescents, the majority of them belongs to 15-16 years (51%), 17-18 (33%), 13-14 (10%) and 19(5%).There is no significant association found between the level of knowledge related to adolescents with their age in pre and post test. Regarding gender of adolescents, 50% were females and 50% were males. There is no significant association found between the level of knowledge related to adolescents with their gender in pre and post test. Regarding class 25(42%) Of them are of 10^th class, 22(37%) Of them are of 11^th, 13 (22%) Of them are of 12 and 0(0%) of 9^th class. There is no significant association found between the level of knowledge related to adolescents with class in pre interventional and post interventional have no significant association with class. Regarding education of father, 10^th 31(51%), 12^th 22(37%), primary educated 4(7%), and graduated are 3(5%). There is significant association found between the levels of knowledge related to adolescents with father's education. Regarding education of mother, 10^th 27(45%), 12^th 25(42%), primary educated are 5(8%), graduated are 3(5%). There is no significant association found between the levels of knowledge related to adolescents with mother's education. Regarding type of family, nuclear 39(65%), joint families 21(35%), extended are 0(0%).there is no significant association found between the levels of knowledge related to adolescents with type of family. Regarding source of income, 5000-10, 000Rs. 33(55%), Less then 5000Rs. 12(20%), Above 20, 000Rs. 11(18%), 10001-20, 000Rs. 4(7%). There is significant association between the knowledge related to adolescents with source of income. Regarding source of information, parents 21(35%), school 20(34%), mass media 11(18%), Others 8(13%). There is significant association found between the levels of knowledge related to adolescents with source of information.

Conclusion: Significant association was found between the level of knowledge related to education of father, family income, source of information at p<0.05 and there was no significant association found between level of knowledge related to adolescents with their age, gender, class, education of mother and types of family. Hypothesis i.e. There will be a significant difference between pretest and post-test knowledge of adolescents regarding awareness about sexual abuse was accepted at p<0.05.

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