Indian Journal of Science and Technology

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

The Ubiquitousness of Prey-Predator Relationship (PPR), the Law of Purposive Association and Fundamental Questions in Evolution


Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Bhadrak Autonomous College, Bhadrak -756100, Odisha, India
2 Department of Physics, Bhadrak Autonomous College, Bhadrak- 756100, Odisha, India
 

Objectives: To generalize Prey-Predator Relationship (PPR) so that entire evolutionary process can be interpreted as a chain of Prey-Predator Relationships working by a law of mutual purposive association. Methods: Analysis and generalization of Prey-Predator Relationship, Meta-evolutionary analysis of evolution of life as well as of species using generalized Prey-Predator Relationship. Findings: The evolutionary urge proceeding from the cosmic mind manifests in the nonliving resulting in emergence of life and in the living leading to evolution of species. Progressive evolution of humans and beyond the human stage by the generalized Prey-Predator Relationship operating in the domain of the mind to gradually eliminate instinct and intellect leading to evolution of intuition. Successive evolutionary stages are found to be atom-molecule, moleculemacromolecule, macromolecule-life, life-instinct, instinct-intellect and intellect-intuition in that order. Certain important commonalities like common phylum etc. are found to be the bases of purposive association. Both prey and predator evolve through their relationship. Applications/Improvements: We generalize Prey-Predator Relationships to include elimination of qualities or traits rather than mere consumption of prey by the predator. We propose a law of purposive association to explain evolution of life from non-living and the entire course of evolution of species up to the human stage and beyond.
User

  • Koeslag JA. Population homeostasis. South African Medical Journal. 1978 Feb; 53(6):222–4. PMid: 653514.

  • Dash MC. Fundamentals of ecology. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill; 2001. p. 1–525. PMid:17851153.

  • Nilsson KA, Lundback S, Postavnicheva-Harri A, Persson L. Guppy populations differ in cannibalistic degree and adaptation to structural environments. Oecologia. 2011 Oct; 167(2):391–400. PMid: 21516310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-1990-4.

  • Tripathy A, Pradhan RK. A prelude to Metaevolution. International Journal of Science and Technology. 2018.

  • Tripathy A, Pradhan RK. Role of evolutionary urge in epigenetics and Gene culture co-evolution: A meta-evolution Perspective. International Journal of Science and Technology. 2018.

  • Mougi A, Iwasa Y. Evolution towards oscillation or stability in a predator-prey system. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2010 Oct; 277(1697):3163–71.

  • Dobzhansky T. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. The American Biology Teacher. 1973 Mar; 35(3):125–9. https://doi.org/10.2307/4444260.

  • Pattee HH. The complementarity principle in biological and social structures. Journal of Social and Biological Structures. 1978 Apr; 1(2):191–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1750(78)80007-4.

  • Gould SJ. The paradox of the first tier: An agenda for paleobiology. Paleobiology. 1985; 11(1):2–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0094837300011350.

  • Gould SJ. The structure of evolutionary theory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap; 2002.

  • Vermeij GJ. Evolution and escalation. An Ecological History of Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 1987. p. 1–527.

  • Abrams PA. The evolution of predator-prey interactions: Theory and evidence. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 2000 Nov; 31:79–105. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.79.

  • Dawkins R, Krebs JR. Arms races between and within species. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B.1979 Oct; 205(1161):489–511. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1979.0081.

  • Thompson JN. Rapid evolution as an ecological process. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 1998 Aug; 13(8):329–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01378-0.

  • Agrawal AA, Laforsch C, Tollrian R. Transgenerational induction of defences in animals and plants. Nature. 1999 Sep; 401(6748):60–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/43425.

  • Tripathy A, Pradhan RK. Subjective time in neuropsychology vis-a-vis the objective time of physics. Neuro Quantology. 2018.

  • Tripathy A, Pradhan RK. Neural recruitment, information processing and the equation for subjective time. Neuroquantology. 2018.

  • Becker RO, Selden G. The body electric: Electromagnetism and the foundation of life. 1st Ed. New York: Quill, William Morrow; 1998. p. 1–368.

  • Burr HS, Northrop ESC. The electrodynamic theory of life. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 1935 Sep; 10(3):322–33. https://doi.org/10.1086/394488.

  • Pockett S. The electromagnetic field theory of consciousness: A testable hypothesis about the characteristics of conscious as opposed to non-conscious field. Journal of Consciousness Studies. 2012 Dec; 19(11-12):191–223.

  • Sheldrake R. The presence of the past: Morphic resonance and the habits of nature. London: Vintage Press; 1988. p. 1–391.

  • Tripathy A, Pradhan RK. A critical analysis on unusual prey predator relationships with regard to their exclusive evolutionary advantages. 2018.

  • Kitchell JA. Biotic interactions and siliceous marine phytoplankton: An ecological and evolutionary perspective. Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossils Benthic Communities. New York: Plenum; 1983. p. 285–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0740-3_7.

  • Signor PWG, Vermeij GJ. The plankton and the benthos: Origins and early history of an evolving relationship. Paleobiology. 1994; 20(3):297–319. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0094837300012793.

  • Verity PG, Smetacek V. Organism life cycles, predation and the structure of marine pelagic ecosystems. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 1996 Jan; 130:277–93. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps130277.

  • Butterfield NJ. Plankton ecology and the Proterozoic– Phanerozoic transition. Paleobiology. 1997; 23(2):247–62. https://doi.org/10.1017/S009483730001681X.

  • Smetacek V. A watery arms race. Nature. 2001 Jun; 411(6839):1–745. PMid: 11459035. https://doi.org/10.1038/35081210.

  • Lee DH, Severin K, Ghadiri MR. Autocatalytic networks: The transition from molecular self-replication to molecular ecosystems. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 1997 Dec; 1(4):491–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-5931(97)80043-9.

  • Nathan MJ. Molecular ecosystems. Biology and Philosophy. 2014 Jan; 29(1):101–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539013-9400-4.

  • Chignola R, Dai Pra P, Morato L, Siri P. Proliferation and death in a binary environment: A stochastic model of cellular ecosystems. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology. 2006 Oct; 68(7):1661–80. PMid: 16967258. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11538-006-9078-8.

  • Balinsky BI. An introduction to embryology. 5th Ed. Cengage Learning. 2012. PMid: 21800038.

  • Tripathy A, Pradhan RK. Methylation-assisted epigenetic evolution and the psycho-biology of human experiences. Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development. 2018.


Abstract Views: 269

PDF Views: 0




  • The Ubiquitousness of Prey-Predator Relationship (PPR), the Law of Purposive Association and Fundamental Questions in Evolution

Abstract Views: 269  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Asima Tripathy
Department of Zoology, Bhadrak Autonomous College, Bhadrak -756100, Odisha, India
Rajat Kumar Pradhan
Department of Physics, Bhadrak Autonomous College, Bhadrak- 756100, Odisha, India

Abstract


Objectives: To generalize Prey-Predator Relationship (PPR) so that entire evolutionary process can be interpreted as a chain of Prey-Predator Relationships working by a law of mutual purposive association. Methods: Analysis and generalization of Prey-Predator Relationship, Meta-evolutionary analysis of evolution of life as well as of species using generalized Prey-Predator Relationship. Findings: The evolutionary urge proceeding from the cosmic mind manifests in the nonliving resulting in emergence of life and in the living leading to evolution of species. Progressive evolution of humans and beyond the human stage by the generalized Prey-Predator Relationship operating in the domain of the mind to gradually eliminate instinct and intellect leading to evolution of intuition. Successive evolutionary stages are found to be atom-molecule, moleculemacromolecule, macromolecule-life, life-instinct, instinct-intellect and intellect-intuition in that order. Certain important commonalities like common phylum etc. are found to be the bases of purposive association. Both prey and predator evolve through their relationship. Applications/Improvements: We generalize Prey-Predator Relationships to include elimination of qualities or traits rather than mere consumption of prey by the predator. We propose a law of purposive association to explain evolution of life from non-living and the entire course of evolution of species up to the human stage and beyond.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst%2F2018%2Fv11i32%2F131052