Journal of Natural Remedies

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Antibacterial Activity of Soaps Indigenously Made in Gombe Metropolis, Nigeria


Affiliations
1 Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu, PMB 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
2 Gombe State University, Department of Microbiology, Gombe, Nigeria
 

As part of Federal Government policy on Small Medium Enterprises in Nigeria, a lot of small scale businesses have sprung up including soap making industries using indigenous contents. The ability of indigenously manufactured soaps to remove germs and dirt is paramount. An in vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of twelve randomly collected indigenously made soaps in Gombe metropolis, Nigeria was conducted using agar well diffusion method against strains of reference microbes viz; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia being human skin bacteria, followed by time kill kinetic assay to determine the pharmaco-dynamics of active soaps against susceptible test organisms. The results obtained show that six of the soaps exhibited antibacterial activity with varying degree of zones of inhibition. S. aureus was the most susceptible amongst the organisms while E. coli and P. aeruginosa were the least susceptible microbes. The time kill kinetic assay shows that the bactericidal effect of the soaps is dose and contact time dependent as the susceptible organisms were eliminated after 8 h exposure. The antibacterial activities exhibited by these soaps suggest them as potential candidate in bio-prospecting for antibacterial.

Keywords

Liquid Soaps, Microorganisms, Solid Soaps, Time Kill Kinetics, MIC.
Font Size

User

Notifications
JOURNAL COVERS
  

  • Ahmed OA, Odunukwe NN, Akinwale OP, Raheem TY, Efienemokwu CE, Ogedengbe O. Knowledge and practices of traditional birth attendants in prenatal services in Lagos State, Nigeria. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2012; 34(1):55–58.

  • Aiyegoro OA, Afolayan AJ, Okoh AI. In vitro antibacterial time kill studies of leaves extracts of Helichrysumlongifolium. J Med Plant Res. 2009; 3(6):462–7.

  • Aliyu MS, Hanwa UA, Tijjani MB, Aliyu AB, Ya’u B. Phytochemical and antibacterial properties of leaf extract of Stereospermum kunthianum (Bignoniaceae). Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2009; 17(2):235–9.

  • Aliyu MS, Tijjani MB, Doko MHI, Garba I, Ibrahim MM, Abdulkadir SM. Antimicrobial activity of Sabulun Salo a local traditional medicated Soap. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2012; 20(1):35–8.

  • ASTM Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Method. Timekill test protocol 786-071808E. West Conshohocken; ASTM E 2315–03. p. 3.

  • Cheesebrough M. District laboratory practice in tropical countries part 2. Cambridge University Press; 2000. p. 382–407

  • CLSI. Performance for Sntimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 23rd Informational Suppliment, CLSI document M100-S23, Wayne. Pennsylvania; 2013.

  • Friedman M, Wolf R. Chemistry of soaps and detergents various types of commercial products and their ingredient. Clinical Dermatology. 1996; 14:7–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/0738-081X(95)00102-L

  • Ikegbunam A, Fiss EM, Rule KL, Vikesland PJ. Formation of chloroform and other chlorinated byproducts by chlorination of triclosan-containing antibacterial products. Environ Sci Technol. 2013; 41(7):2387–94.

  • Johnson SA, Goddard PA, Ilife C, Timmens B, Richard AH, Robson G, Handley PS. Comparative susceptibility of resident and transient hand bacteria to para-chlorometa-xylenol and triclosan. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2002; 93(2):336–44. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01691.x PMid:12147083

  • Kimel LS. Hand washing education can decrease illness absenteeism. Journal of School Nursery. 1996; 12:14–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/105984059601200204

  • Lamikanra A. Essential Microbiology for students and practitioner of Pharmacy, Medicine and microbiology. 2nd ed. Amkra Books; 2010.

  • Larson E, McGinley K, Grove GL, Leyden JJ, Talbot GH. Physiologic, microbiologic and seasonal effects of hand washing on the skin of health care personnel. American Journal of Infection control. 1989; 14:5–90.

  • Lucet JC. Mination before and after different hygiene techniques: A randomized clinical trial. J Hosp Infect. 2009; 50:276–280. https://doi.org/10.1053/jhin.2002.1202 PMid:12014900

  • Mwambete KD, Lyombe F. Antimicrobial Activity of Medicated Soaps Commonly Used By Dar es Salaam Residents in Tanzania. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2011; 73:92–98. https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.89765 PMid:22131630 PMCid:PMC3224419

  • Nebedum J, Ajaeigbe K, Nwobodo E, Uba C, Adesanya O, Fadare O, Ofusori D. Soap and ointment made from Casia Alata, Walnut-Juglan nigra, Ocimum bacilicum and Aloe vera. J Med Plant. 2009; 3:23–8

  • Ogunwonyi IH, Ntsikelelo M, Leonard M, Elvis N, Ezekiel G, David AA, Ademola OO, Anthony IO. In vitro time-kill studies of antibacterial agents from putative marine streptomyces species isolated from the Nahoon beach, South Africa. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2010; 4(12):908–916

  • Oladosu P, Isu NR, Ibrahim K, Okolo P. Oladepo DK. Time kill-kinetics antibacterial study of Acacia nilotica. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2013; 7(46):5248–52. DOI: 10.5897/ISSN 1996-0808

  • Osborne RC, Grube J. Hand disinfection in dental practice. Journal of Clinical Preview. 1982; 4:11–15.

  • Poole K. Mechanisms of bacterial bioade and antibiotic resistance. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2002; 92:555–64. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.92.5s1.8.x

  • Richards MJ, Edwards JE, Culver DH, Gaynes RP. Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United States. National Nosocomial infections surveillance system. Critical Care Medicine Journal. 1999; 27:887–92. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199905000-00020

  • Saba R, Muhammad F, Shahida H, Naveed Ak. Antibacterial and Cytoxicity of Acacia nilotica Lam (Mimosaceae) Methanol extracts against extended spectrum Beta- lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species. Trop J Pharm Res. 2009; 10(6):785–91.

  • Strateva T, Yordanov D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa- A phenomenon of bacterial resistance. J Med Microbiol. 2009; 58(9):1133–1148. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.009142-0 PMid:19528173

  • Ugbogu OC, Onyeagba RA, Chigbu OA. Lauric acid content and inhibitory effect of palm kernel oil on two bacterial isolates and C. albicans. African J. 2006; 5(11):1045–7.

  • White DG, McDermolt PF. Biocides, Drug resistance and Microbial evolution. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 2001; 4:313–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5274(00)00209-5


Abstract Views: 310

PDF Views: 160




  • Antibacterial Activity of Soaps Indigenously Made in Gombe Metropolis, Nigeria

Abstract Views: 310  |  PDF Views: 160

Authors

Peters O. Oladosu
Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu, PMB 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
Y. A. Umar
Gombe State University, Department of Microbiology, Gombe, Nigeria
A. Salawudeen
Gombe State University, Department of Microbiology, Gombe, Nigeria
K. Izebe
Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu, PMB 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria
M. T. Adamu
Gombe State University, Department of Microbiology, Gombe, Nigeria
M. Aboh
Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu, PMB 21, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria

Abstract


As part of Federal Government policy on Small Medium Enterprises in Nigeria, a lot of small scale businesses have sprung up including soap making industries using indigenous contents. The ability of indigenously manufactured soaps to remove germs and dirt is paramount. An in vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of twelve randomly collected indigenously made soaps in Gombe metropolis, Nigeria was conducted using agar well diffusion method against strains of reference microbes viz; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia being human skin bacteria, followed by time kill kinetic assay to determine the pharmaco-dynamics of active soaps against susceptible test organisms. The results obtained show that six of the soaps exhibited antibacterial activity with varying degree of zones of inhibition. S. aureus was the most susceptible amongst the organisms while E. coli and P. aeruginosa were the least susceptible microbes. The time kill kinetic assay shows that the bactericidal effect of the soaps is dose and contact time dependent as the susceptible organisms were eliminated after 8 h exposure. The antibacterial activities exhibited by these soaps suggest them as potential candidate in bio-prospecting for antibacterial.

Keywords


Liquid Soaps, Microorganisms, Solid Soaps, Time Kill Kinetics, MIC.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.18311/jnr%2F2018%2F22434