Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Small-field Dosimetry of 6- and 10-MV Flattening Filter-free and Flattening Filter Photon Beams for Therapeutic Use


Affiliations
1 Department of Physics, Agra College, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra 282 004, India
2 Department of Medical Physics, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, New Chandigarh (Mullanpur), Punjab 140 901, India
3 Department of Physics, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab 151 001, India
4 Department of Radiotherapy, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab 147 001, India
 

This investigation aimed to measure and commission small unflat photon beams using the detectors described in our previous study10. Furthermore, the dosimetric parameters of small-field unflat and flat photon beams were compared to provide a better interpretation of beam energy and spectrum. The TrueBeam linear accelerator (TrueBeam LINAC, Varian Medical Systems) was employed in this study. The 10 and 6 MV unflat and flat photon beams were used to measure the output factor, depth dose, and beam profile of small-fields ranging in size from 1 cm × 1 cm to 6 cm × 6 cm. All measurements were performed according to the TRS-483 protocols established by the International Atomic Energy Agency. For both 10 and 6 MV, the output factors in unflat beam were significantly higher than in flat beam. The study found that unflat beam penumbras were slightly smaller than flat beam penumbras for both photon energies, which may improve tumor conformity and reduce doses to normal organs. The unflat photon beams had higher suface doses and lower depth doses at 10 cm than the flat photon beams for both energies, leading to considerably more beam energy degradation for unflat beams. The findings of this work are consistent with previously published data, and they will be useful for future research and LINAC commissioning.

Keywords

Small-field dosimetry; flattening filter free beam; Output Factor; Penumbra; Surface dose
User
Notifications
Font Size

  • Cashmore J, Phys Med Biol, 53 (2008) 1933.

  • Dalaryd M, Kragl G, Ceberg C, Georg D, McClean B, af Wetterstedt S, Wieslander E & Knöös T, Phys Med Biol, 55 (2010) 7333.

  • Georg D, Knoos T & McClean B, Med Phys, 38 (2011) 1280.

  • Ponisch F, Titt U, Vassiliev O N, Kry S F & Mohan R, Med Phys, 33 (2006) 1738.

  • Kawata K, Ono T, Hirashima H, Tsuruta Y, Fujimoto T, Nakamura M & Nakata M, Med Phys, 50 (2023) 1274.

  • Dieterich S & Sherouse G W, Med Phys, 38 (2011) 4166.

  • Laub W U & Wong T, Med Phys, 30 (2003) 341.

  • Yang Y & Xing L, Med Phys, 30 (2003) 433.

  • Yarahmadi M, Nedaie H A, Allahverdi M, Asnaashari K H & Sauer O A, Int J Radiat Res, 11 (2013) 215.

  • García-Garduño O A, Lárraga-Gutiérrez J M, Rodríguez-Villafuerte M, Martínez-Dávalos A & Celis M A, Radiother Oncol, 96 (2010) 250.

  • Dwivedi S, Kansal S, Dangwal V K, Bharati A & Shukla J, Biomed Phys Eng Express,7 (2021) 10.

  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), IAEA Vienna, Austria, TECDOC 1585 (2008).

  • Francescon P, Cora S & Satariano N, Med Phys, 38 (2011) 6513.

  • Palmans H, Andreo P, Huq M S, Seuntjens J, Christaki K E, IAEA Vienna, Austria, IAEA–AAPM TRS–483 (2017).

  • Tanny S, Sperling N & Parsai E I, Med Phys, 42 (2015) 5370.

  • Ono T, Kawata K, Nakamura M & Uto M, Radiol Phys Technol, 16 (2023) 10. 17 Akino Y, Mizuno H, Isono M, Tanaka Y, Masai N & Yamamoto T, J Appl Clin Med Phys, 21 (2020) 78.

  • Oh S A, Kang M K, Yea J W Kim S K & Oh Y K, J Korean Phys Soc, 60 (2012) 1973.

  • O'Malley L, Pignol J P, Beachey D J , Keller B M , Presutti J & Sharpe M, Phys Med Biol, 51 (10) (2006) 2537.

  • Yarahmadi M, Allahverdi M, Nedaie H A, Asnaashari K, Vaezzadeh S A & Sauer O A, Z Med Phys, 23 (2013) 291.

  • Wuerfel J U, Med Phys Int (MPI), 1 (2013) 81.

  • Zefkili S, Kappas C & Rosenwald J C, Med Phys, 21 (1994) 799.

  • Djouguela A, Griessbach I, Harder D, Kollhoff R, Chofor N, Rühmann A, Willborn K & Poppe B, Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik, 18 (2008) 301.

  • Morales J, Hill R, Crowe S, Kairn T & Trapp J, Australas Phys Eng Sci Med, 37 (2014) 303.

  • Wang Y, Khan M K, Ting J Y & Easterling S B, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 83 (2012) e281.

  • Huang Y, Siochi R A & Bayouth J E, J Appl Clin Med Phys, 13 (2012) 71.


Abstract Views: 85

PDF Views: 50




  • Small-field Dosimetry of 6- and 10-MV Flattening Filter-free and Flattening Filter Photon Beams for Therapeutic Use

Abstract Views: 85  |  PDF Views: 50

Authors

Jooli Shukla
Department of Physics, Agra College, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra 282 004, India
Shekhar Dwivedi
Department of Medical Physics, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, New Chandigarh (Mullanpur), Punjab 140 901, India
Sandeep Kansal
Department of Physics, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab 151 001, India
Vinod Kumar Dangwal
Department of Radiotherapy, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab 147 001, India
K. P. Tiwari
Department of Physics, Agra College, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Agra 282 004, India
Amit Kumar Singla
Department of Physics, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab 151 001, India
Supriya Rani
Department of Physics, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab 151 001, India

Abstract


This investigation aimed to measure and commission small unflat photon beams using the detectors described in our previous study10. Furthermore, the dosimetric parameters of small-field unflat and flat photon beams were compared to provide a better interpretation of beam energy and spectrum. The TrueBeam linear accelerator (TrueBeam LINAC, Varian Medical Systems) was employed in this study. The 10 and 6 MV unflat and flat photon beams were used to measure the output factor, depth dose, and beam profile of small-fields ranging in size from 1 cm × 1 cm to 6 cm × 6 cm. All measurements were performed according to the TRS-483 protocols established by the International Atomic Energy Agency. For both 10 and 6 MV, the output factors in unflat beam were significantly higher than in flat beam. The study found that unflat beam penumbras were slightly smaller than flat beam penumbras for both photon energies, which may improve tumor conformity and reduce doses to normal organs. The unflat photon beams had higher suface doses and lower depth doses at 10 cm than the flat photon beams for both energies, leading to considerably more beam energy degradation for unflat beams. The findings of this work are consistent with previously published data, and they will be useful for future research and LINAC commissioning.

Keywords


Small-field dosimetry; flattening filter free beam; Output Factor; Penumbra; Surface dose

References