Power Research

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Fast Charging Behaviour of High-Power Li-Ion Cell at Different Temperatures and Effect on Capacity and Internal Resistance


Affiliations
1 Electrical Appliances Technology Division, Central Power Research Institute, PB No 8066, Prof CV Raman Road, Sadashivanagar PO, Bangalore – 560080, Karnataka, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs), which have already proven to be a reliable power source in consumer electronics devices, are being considered a viable option for powering Electric Vehicles (EVs). Fast charging of EVs is one of the key challenges that is preventing a wide range of adoption of EVs. In this study, a lithium-ion cell with Lithium Titanium Oxide (LTO)-lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt oxide (NMC) chemistry of 30 Ah has been used to study the fast charging capabilities at different temperatures and C-rates. Various parameters such as temperature rise, nominal and exponential capacity, and internal resistance have been studied for different C-rates (C/3, 1C, and 2C) and at different temperatures (25 °C, 40 °C, and -10 °C). The ΔV values along with the charge and discharge characteristics have been analyzed, and the experimental results are compared with the simulation results.

Keywords

Fast Charging, High Energy Density, Internal Resistance, Lithium-Ion Battery, LTO-NMC.
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • Zhang YC, Briat O, Deletage J-Y, et al. Performance quantification of latest generation Li-ion batteries in wide temperature range. IECON 2017 - 43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society; 2017. p. 7666- 7671. https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON.2017.8217343 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON.2017.8217343

  • Andwari AM, Pesiridis A, Rajoo S, et al. A review of Battery Electric Vehicle technology and readiness levels. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017; 78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.138

  • Un-Noor F, Padmanaban S, et al. A comprehensive study of key Electric Vehicle (EV) components, technologies, challenges, impacts, and future direction of development. Energies. 2017; 10(8):1217. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10081217 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en10081217

  • Hannan MA, Hoque MM, Hussain, et al. State-of-the-art and energy management system of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicle applications: Issues and recommendations. IEEE Access. 2018; 6:19362-19378. https://doi.org/10.1109/ ACCESS.2018.2817655 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2817655

  • Yu M, Hynan P, et al. Current Li-ion battery technologies in electric vehicles and opportunities for advancements. Energies. 2017; 12(6):1074. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061074

  • Katari JS, Sneha R, Vinayaka KU, et al. A concise review of different standards for performance testing of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicle applications. IEEE International Conference on Power Systems Technology (POWERCON); 2020. p. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/POWERCON48463.2020.9230560 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/POWERCON48463.2020.9230560

  • Bank T, Feldmann J, Klamor S, et al. Extensive aging analysis of high-power lithium titanate oxide batteries: Impact of the passive electrode effect. Journal of Power Sources. 2020; 473: 228566. ISSN0378-7753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jpowsour.2020.228566 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228566

  • Stan A, Swierczyński M, Stroe D, et al. Lithium ion battery chemistries from renewable energy storage to automotive and back-up power applications - An overview. International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM); 2014. p. 713-720. https://doi.org/10.1109/OPTIM.2014.6850936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/OPTIM.2014.6850936

  • Foad HG, Jaguemont J, Goutam S, et al. Concept of reliability and safety assessment of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles: Basics, progress, and challenges. Applied Energy. 2019; 251:113343. ISSN 0306-2619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113343 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113343

  • Chen Z, Belharouak I, Sun, et al. Titanium-based anode materials for safe lithium-ion batteries. Adv Funct Mater. 2013; 23:959-969. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201200698 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201200698

  • Rana K, Kim SD, Ahn JH. Additive-free thick graphene film as an anode material for flexible lithium-ion batteries. Nanoscale. 2015; 7(16):7065-7071. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA09059A DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR06082B

  • Wang Y, Chu Z, Feng X, et al. Overcharge durability of Li4Ti5O12 based lithium-ion batteries at low temperature. Journal of Energy Storage. 2018; 19:302-310. ISSN-2352- 152X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2018.08.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2018.08.012

  • Nikolian A, Jaguemont J, de Hoog J, et al. Complete celllevel lithium-ion electrical ECM model for different chemistries (NMC, LFP, LTO) and temperatures (−5 °C to 45 °C) - Optimized modelling techniques. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems. 2018; 98:133-146. ISSN-0142-0615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijepes.2017.11.031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2017.11.031

  • Gauthier N, Courreges C, Demeaux J, et al. Probing the in-depth distribution of organic/inorganic molecular species within the SEI of LTO/NMC and LTO/LMO batteries: A complementary ToF-SIMS and XPS study. Applied Surface Science. 2020; 501:144266. ISSN-0169-4332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144266 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144266

  • Barai A, Uddin K, Dubarry M, et al. A comparison of methodologies for the non-invasive characterisation of commercial Li-ion cells. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 2019; 72:1-31. ISSN 0360-1285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2019.01.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2019.01.001

  • Gao Y, Zhang X, Cheng QB, et al. Classification and review of the charging strategies for commercial lithium-ion batteries. IEEE Access, 2019; 7:43511-43524. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2906117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2906117

  • Zeng X, Li M, Abd, et al. Commercialization of Lithium Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles. Adv Energy Mater. 2019, 9:1900161. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201900161 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201900161

  • Abdel-Monem M, Trad K, Omar N, et al. Influence analysis of static and dynamic fast-charging current profiles on ageing performance of commercial lithium-ion batteries. Energy. 2017; 120:179-191. ISSN 0360-5442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.12.110 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.12.110

  • Liu Z, Gao Y, Chen H, et al. Thermal performance of lithium titanate oxide anode based battery module under high discharge rates. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2021; 12(3):158. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030158 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030158

  • Cicconi P, Landi D, Germani M, Thermal analysis and simulation of a Li-ion battery pack for a lightweight commercial EV. Applied Energy. 2017; 192:159-177. ISSN 0306-2619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.02.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.02.008

  • Ansean D, Gonzalez M, Viera JC, et al. Electric vehicle li-ion battery evaluation based on internal resistance analysis. IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC); 2014. p. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007058 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007058

  • Belt JR, Ho CD, Motloch CG, et al. A capacity and power fade study of Li-ion cells during life cycle testing. Journal of Power Sources. 2003; 123(2):241-246. ISSN 0378-7753, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00537-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00537-8

  • Cittanti D, Ferraris A, Airale A, et al. Modeling Li-ion batteries for automotive application: A trade-off between accuracy and complexity. International Conference of Electrical and Electronic Technologies for Automotive; 2017. p. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.23919/EETA.2017.7993213 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23919/EETA.2017.7993213

  • Nemes R, Ciornei S, Ruba M, Hedesiu, H, et al. Modeling and simulation of first-order Li-Ion battery cell with experimental validation. 8th International Conference on Modern Power Systems (MPS); 2019. p. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPS.2019.8759769 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MPS.2019.8759769

  • Naha A, Han S, Agarwal S. et al. An incremental voltage difference based technique for online state of health estimation of Li-ion batteries. Sci Rep. 2020; 10:9526. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66424-9 PMid:32533023 PMCid:PMC7293255 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66424-9

  • Samadani E, Farhad S, Panchal, et al. Modeling and evaluation of li-ion battery performance based on the electric vehicle field tests. SAE Technical Papers; 2014. https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1848 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1848

  • Mushini JCD, Rana K, Aspalli MS. Analysis of open circuit voltage and state of charge of high power lithium ion battery. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS). 2022 Jun; 13(2):657-664. ISSN:2088- 8694. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i2.pp657-664 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i2.pp657-664

  • Tornheim A, O’Hanlon DC. What do coulombic efficiency and capacity retention truly measure? a deep dive into cyclable lithium inventory, limitation type, and redox side reactions. J Electrochem Soc. 2020; 167:110520 https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab9ee8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab9ee8

  • Liu Y, Zhang L, Jiang J, et al. A data-driven learning-based continuous-time estimation and simulation method for energy efficiency and coulombic efficiency of lithium ion batteries. Energies. 2017; 10:597. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050597

  • Yang F, Zhao Y, Tsui K-L, Bae, et al. A study of the relationship between coulombic efficiency and capacity degradation of commercial lithium-ion batteries. Energy. 2018; 145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.144

  • Feng F, Lu, R, Zhu, et al. A combined state of charge estimation method for lithium-ion batteries used in a wide ambient temperature range. Energies. 2014; 7:3004-3032. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7053004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en7053004

  • Qiu C, He G, Shi W, et al. The polarization characteristics of lithium-ion batteries under cyclic charge and discharge. J Solid State Electrochem. 2019; 23:1887-1902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-019-04282-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-019-04282-w

  • Liu Z, Wang C, Guo X, et al. Thermal characteristics of ultrahigh power density lithium-ion battery. Journal of Power Sources. 2021; 506:230205. ISSN-0378-7753, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230205


Abstract Views: 235

PDF Views: 0




  • Fast Charging Behaviour of High-Power Li-Ion Cell at Different Temperatures and Effect on Capacity and Internal Resistance

Abstract Views: 235  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

N. Srilekha
Electrical Appliances Technology Division, Central Power Research Institute, PB No 8066, Prof CV Raman Road, Sadashivanagar PO, Bangalore – 560080, Karnataka, India
Kuldeep Rana
Electrical Appliances Technology Division, Central Power Research Institute, PB No 8066, Prof CV Raman Road, Sadashivanagar PO, Bangalore – 560080, Karnataka, India
Pradeep Kumar
Electrical Appliances Technology Division, Central Power Research Institute, PB No 8066, Prof CV Raman Road, Sadashivanagar PO, Bangalore – 560080, Karnataka, India
Shashank K. Ravanikar
Electrical Appliances Technology Division, Central Power Research Institute, PB No 8066, Prof CV Raman Road, Sadashivanagar PO, Bangalore – 560080, Karnataka, India
P. Chandrashekar
Electrical Appliances Technology Division, Central Power Research Institute, PB No 8066, Prof CV Raman Road, Sadashivanagar PO, Bangalore – 560080, Karnataka, India

Abstract


Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs), which have already proven to be a reliable power source in consumer electronics devices, are being considered a viable option for powering Electric Vehicles (EVs). Fast charging of EVs is one of the key challenges that is preventing a wide range of adoption of EVs. In this study, a lithium-ion cell with Lithium Titanium Oxide (LTO)-lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt oxide (NMC) chemistry of 30 Ah has been used to study the fast charging capabilities at different temperatures and C-rates. Various parameters such as temperature rise, nominal and exponential capacity, and internal resistance have been studied for different C-rates (C/3, 1C, and 2C) and at different temperatures (25 °C, 40 °C, and -10 °C). The ΔV values along with the charge and discharge characteristics have been analyzed, and the experimental results are compared with the simulation results.

Keywords


Fast Charging, High Energy Density, Internal Resistance, Lithium-Ion Battery, LTO-NMC.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.33686/prj.v18i2.222177