Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

A Prospective Observational Study on Assessment of Risk Factor Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in South Indian Population


Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science,Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, Chennai, India
2 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science,Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, Chennai, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Objective: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) appears to be the most common cause of blindness worldwide. The objective of the study was to assess the risk factors that would increase the onset or progression of the microvascular complication caused due to type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital, Chennai. The enrolled patients based on their inclusion and exclusion criteria were followed and the information collected includes their demographic data and lab investigations such as, Hypertension, HbA1c, and Dyslipedimia. The data observed was analyzed with SPSS V20.0 to find significance among the risk factors of Diabetic Retinopathy. Results: Among the study population of 230, risk factor was analysed for occurrence of Diabetic Retinopathy, Female patient was more affected with Diabetic Retinopathy compared to male 112 and it showed the P - value of 0.001. Most of the people who have Diabetic Retinopathy fall under the age category of 40 to 60 years. The descriptive statistics for age showed the following results Mean ± SD (48.16±10.29) for patients without Diabetic Retinopathy and Mean ± SD (56.24±7.35) for patients with Diabetic Retinopathy. It showed a P-value of 0.004. A significant correlation was seen between the duration of Diabetes Mellitus and the occurrence of Diabetic Retinopathy, showing a P- value of 0.001. Presence of Hypertension also seemed to increase the occurrence of Diabetic Retinopathy, showing a highly significant P-value of 0.001. Presence of Hyperlipidemia had no correlation with the occurrence of Diabetic Retinopathy. A significant level of correlation was seen between the level of glycated haemoglobin and the occurrence of Diabetic Retinopathy showing a P- value of 0.001. Conclusion: Our study concluded that duration of diabetes, presence of hypertension, presence of dyslipedimia and high level of HbA1c has a significant relationship as a risk factor for the onset and progression of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR).

Keywords

Risk Factors, Dyslipedimia, Hypertension, HbA1c, Diabetes, Retinopathy.
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • "About diabetes". World Health Organization..Available from: URL:http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/.

  • "Diabetes Fact sheet No 312". WHO. October 2013.

  • Shoback, edited by David G. Gardner, Dolores (2011). "Chapter 17". Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-07-162243-8.

  • "Diabetes: Facts And Figures". International Diabetes Federation. N.p., 2017. Web. 4 Mar. 2017.

  • "Diabetic retinopathy". Diabetes.co.uk. Retrieved 25 November 2012.

  • Kertes PJ, Johnson TM, eds. (2007). Evidence Based Eye Care. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-6964-7.

  • Tapp RJ; Shaw JE; Harper CA; et al. (June 2003). "The prevalence of and factors associated with diabetic retinopathy in the Australian population". Diabetes Care. 26 (6): 1731–7. doi:10.2337/diacare.26.6.1731. PMID 12766102.

  • International Diabetes Federation: The Diabetes Atlas. 4th edition; 2009.

  • Aiello LP, Gardner TW, King GL, Blanken-ship G, Cavallerano JD, Ferris FL, et al. Diabetes Care (technical review). Diabetes Care. 1998; 21:143–56.

  • Pugliese G, Solini A, Zoppini G, Fondelli C, Zerbini G, Vedovato M, et al. High prevalence of advanced retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes from the Renal Insufficiency and Cardiovascular Events(RIACE) Italian Multicenter Study. Elsevier Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012; 98(2):329–37.

  • Esteves J, da Rosa CM, Kramer CK, Osowski LE, Milano S, Canani LH: Absence of diabetic retinopathy in a patient who has had diabetes mellitus for 69 years, and inadequate glycemic control: case presentation. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2009; 1:13.

  • Chatziralli, Irini P et al. "Risk Factors Associated With Diabetic Retinopathy In Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Type 2.". BMC Research Notes 3.1. 2010; 153. Web.

  • Rani PK, Raman R, Chandrakantan A, Pal SS, Perumal GM, Sharma T: Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in self-reported rural population with diabetes. J Postgrad Med. 2009; 55:92-96.

  • Krishnaiah, Sannapaneni et al. "Risk Factors for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Findings From The Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study In South India". Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science 46.12 (2005); 4442.

  • Pradeepa R, Anitha B, Mohan V, Ganesan A, Rema M: Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in a South Indian Type 2 diabetic population—the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES) Eye Study 4. Diabet Med. 2008; 25:536-542.

  • UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group: Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 1998; 352(9131):837–853.

  • Krishnamurty U, Steffes MW. Glycohemoglobin: a primary predictor of the development or reversal of complications of diabetes mellitus. Clin Chem. 2001; 47: 1157–65.

  • Sabanayagam C, Liew G, Tai ES, Shankar A, Lim SC, Subramaniam T, et al. Relationship between glycated haemoglobin and microvascular complications: is there a natural cut-off point for the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetologia. 2009 [Epub ahead of print].

  • Nakagami T, Kawahara R, Hori S, Omori Y. Glycemic control and prevention of retinopathy in Japanese NIDDM patients. A 10-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care. 1997; 20: 621–2.

  • Brow JB, Pedula KL, Summers KH. Diabetes Care. 2003 ;26: 2637–42.

  • Anitha B, Sampathkumar R, Balasubramanyam M, Rema M. Advanced glycation index and its association with severity of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic subjects. J Diabet Complications. 2008; 22:261–6.

  • McKay R, McCarty CA, Taylor HR. Diabetic retinopathy in Victoria, Australia: the visual impairment project. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000; 84:865–70.

  • Cho NH, Kim TH, Woo SJ, Park KH, Lim S, Cho YM, Park KS, Jang HC, Choi SH: Optimal HbA1c cutoff for detecting diabetic retinopathy. Acta Diabetol. 2013. doi:10.1007/s00592-013-0452-3.

  • Aiello LP, Cahill MT, Wong JS: Systemic considerations in the management of diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001; 132:760–776.

  • Cheung N, Mitchell P, Wong TY: Diabetic retinopathy. Lancet. 2010; 376:124–136.

  • Fong DS, Aiello L, Gardner TW, King GL, Blankenship G, Cavallerano JD, Ferris FL, Klein R: Retinopathy in diabetes. Dia Care. 2004; 27(suppl 1):s84–s87.


Abstract Views: 182

PDF Views: 0




  • A Prospective Observational Study on Assessment of Risk Factor Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in South Indian Population

Abstract Views: 182  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

P. Geetha
Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science,Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, Chennai, India
P. Shanmugasundaram
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science,Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, Chennai, India

Abstract


Objective: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) appears to be the most common cause of blindness worldwide. The objective of the study was to assess the risk factors that would increase the onset or progression of the microvascular complication caused due to type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital, Chennai. The enrolled patients based on their inclusion and exclusion criteria were followed and the information collected includes their demographic data and lab investigations such as, Hypertension, HbA1c, and Dyslipedimia. The data observed was analyzed with SPSS V20.0 to find significance among the risk factors of Diabetic Retinopathy. Results: Among the study population of 230, risk factor was analysed for occurrence of Diabetic Retinopathy, Female patient was more affected with Diabetic Retinopathy compared to male 112 and it showed the P - value of 0.001. Most of the people who have Diabetic Retinopathy fall under the age category of 40 to 60 years. The descriptive statistics for age showed the following results Mean ± SD (48.16±10.29) for patients without Diabetic Retinopathy and Mean ± SD (56.24±7.35) for patients with Diabetic Retinopathy. It showed a P-value of 0.004. A significant correlation was seen between the duration of Diabetes Mellitus and the occurrence of Diabetic Retinopathy, showing a P- value of 0.001. Presence of Hypertension also seemed to increase the occurrence of Diabetic Retinopathy, showing a highly significant P-value of 0.001. Presence of Hyperlipidemia had no correlation with the occurrence of Diabetic Retinopathy. A significant level of correlation was seen between the level of glycated haemoglobin and the occurrence of Diabetic Retinopathy showing a P- value of 0.001. Conclusion: Our study concluded that duration of diabetes, presence of hypertension, presence of dyslipedimia and high level of HbA1c has a significant relationship as a risk factor for the onset and progression of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR).

Keywords


Risk Factors, Dyslipedimia, Hypertension, HbA1c, Diabetes, Retinopathy.

References