Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Pathophysiology and Urinary System Cancer:An Overview of the Most Important Herbal Plants and Natural Antioxidants on Kidney and Bladder Disorders


Affiliations
1 Urology Specialist, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran, Islamic Republic of
2 Student Research Committee Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran, Islamic Republic of
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


After diabetes and hypertension, urinary tract and kidney diseases and glomerulonephritis are a major cause of chronic kidney disease in developed countries. The use of medicinal plants can assist in the treatment and prevention of cancers and disorders of the urinary system and the kidneys, and various infections in the body due to the presence of antioxidant compounds, bioactive compounds, phenols, flavonoids, etc.These plants play the role of traditional medicine in the treatment and prevention of kidney diseases, kidney cancer, and other disorders of the urinary system. Some of the most important medicinal plants were addressed in this review for their effectiveness and mechanisms of actions.Based on the results obtained from the review of a number of articles indexed in certain databases such as Institute for Scientific Information, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, etc., a number of plants have been reported to be effective in the treatment and prevention of urinary tract disorders and bladder and kidney cancers, including Equisetum arvense, Cornus mas L., Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Lycium barbarum, Camellia sinensis, Panax ginseng, Liriope muscari, Nigella sativa Linn, Abelmoschus manihot, Astragalus membranaceus, Tripterygium wilfordii, Zingiber zerumbet, Pistacia vera, Terminalia chebula Retz, Paeonia lactiflorapall, Cornus officinalis, Senna auriculata, Terminalia, Chebula, Opuntia megacantha, and Punica granatum. Pharmacological studies have addressed the therapeutic effects of medicinal plants, their clinical effects, and the use of their active ingredients for the production of natural, useful drugs. The phytochemical studies on these plants have shown that the most important compounds of these plants include total flavonoids and phenolics, steroids, quercetin, terchebi, luteolin, tannic acid, luteic acid, terflavin B, tannins, etc.Due to the active ingredients and active flavonoids of these plants, they can be used in the production of natural drugs that are effective on urinary tract (kidney and bladder) disorders and cancers, and reduce the pain and suffering of the patients.

Keywords

Urinary Tract Disorders, Renal Cell Carcinoma, Bladder Cancer, Medicinal Plants.
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Collins AJ, Kasiske B, Herzog C, Chavers B, Foley R, Gilbertson D, Grimm R, Liu J, et al. Excerpts from the United States Renal Data System 2004 annual data report: atlas of end-stage renal disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005; 45(1 Suppl 1):A5-7, S1-280.

  • Yves Allorym Y, Culine S and De La TailleA. Kidney cancer pathology in the new context of targeted therapy. Pathobiology, 2011; 78(2): 90-98.

  • Atkins Michael B. Treatment selection for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: identification of features favoring upfront IL-2-based immunotherapy. Medical oncology, 2009; 26(1): 18-22.

  • Said JW, Thomas G, Zisman A.. Kidney pathology: current classification of renal cell carcinoma. Current urology reports, 2002; 3(1): 25-30.

  • Kovacs G. Molecular differential pathology of renal cell tumours. Histopathology, 1993; 22(1): 1-8.

  • Kovacs G, Akhtar M, Beckwith BJ, Bugert P, Cooper CS, Delahunt B, et al. The Heidelberg classification of renal cell tumours. The Journal of Pathology: A Journal of the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1997; 183(2): 131-133.

  • Störkel S, Eble JN, Adlakha K, Amin M, Blute ML, Bostwick DG, Darson M, Delahunt B, Iczkowski K. Classification of renal cell carcinoma: Workgroup No. 1. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society, 1997; 80(5): 987-989.

  • Brinker DA, Amin MB, de Peralta-Venturina M, Reuter V, Chan DY, Epstein JI. Extensively necrotic cystic renal cell carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study with comparison to other cystic and necrotic renal cancers. The American journal of surgical pathology, 2000; 24(7): 988-995.

  • Amin MB, Corless CL, Renshaw AA, Tickoo SK, Kubus J, Schultz DS. Papillary (chromophil) renal cell carcinoma: histomorphologic characteristics and evaluation of conventional pathologic prognostic parameters in 62 cases. The American journal of surgical pathology, 1997; 21(6): 621-635.

  • Hughson, Michael D., et al. Renal cell carcinoma of end-stage renal disease: an analysis of chromosome 3, 7, and 17 abnormalities by microsatellite amplification. Modern pathology: an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc, 1999; 12(3): 301-309.

  • Tickoo SK, Amin MB, Zarbo RJ. Colloidal iron staining in renal epithelial neoplasms, including chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: emphasis on technique and patterns of staining. The American journal of surgical pathology, 1998; 22(4): 419-424.

  • Amin MB, Crotty TB, Tickoo SK, Farrow GM. Renal oncocytoma: a reappraisal of morphologic features with clinicopathologic findings in 80 cases. The American journal of surgical pathology, 1997; 21(1): 1-12.

  • Taki A, Nakatani Y, Misugi K, Yao M, Nagashima Y. Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study of 21 Japanese cases. Modern pathology: an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc, 1999, 12.3: 310-317.

  • Chao D, Zisman A, Pantuck AJ, Gitlitz BJ, Freedland SJ, Said JW, Figlin RA, Belldegrun AS. Collecting duct renal cell carcinoma: clinical study of a rare tumor. The Journal of urology, 2002; 167(1): 71-74.

  • Srigley, John R.; EBLE, John N. Collecting duct carcinoma of kidney. In: Seminars in diagnostic pathology. 1998; 54-67.

  • Fogt F, Zhuang Z, Linehan WM, Merino MJ. Collecting duct carcinomas of the kidney: a comparative loss of heterozygosity study with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncology reports, 1998; 5(4): 923-929.

  • de Peralta-Venturina M, Moch H, Amin M, Tamboli P, Hailemariam S, Mihatsch M, Javidan J, Stricker H, Ro JY, Amin MB. Sarcomatoid differentiation in renal cell carcinoma: a study of 101 cases. The American journal of surgical pathology, 2001; 25(3): 275-284.

  • Debby Chao, Amnon Zismana Stephen J Freedland,Allan JPantuck, Jonathan WSaidb Arie SBelldegrun. Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma: basic biology, clinical behavior and response to therapy. In: Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations. Elsevier, 2001; 231-238.

  • Said, Jonathan W.; Thomas, George; Zisman, Amnon. Kidney pathology: current classification of renal cell carcinoma. Current urology reports, 2002, 3.1: 25-30.

  • Bennington, James L. Cancer of the kidney—etiology, epidemiology, and pathology. Cancer, 1973; 32(5): 1017-1029.

  • Alroy, Joseph; Sabnis, Sharda; Kopp, Jeffrey B. Renal pathology in Fabry disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2002; 13(suppl 2): 134-138.

  • Pashos CL, Botteman MF, Laskin BL, Redaelli A. Bladder cancer: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Cancer practice, 2002; 10(6): 311-322.

  • Burger M, Catto JW, Dalbagni G, Grossman HB, Herr H, Karakiewicz P, Kassouf W, Kiemeney LA, La Vecchia C, Shariat S, Lotan Y. Epidemiology and risk factors of urothelial bladder cancer. European urology, 2013; 63(2): 234-241.

  • Westhoff, Ellen, et al. Body Mass Index, Diet-Related Factors, and Bladder Cancer Prognosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Bladder Cancer, 2018; 4(1): 91-112.

  • Schmitz-Dräger BJ, Droller M, Lokeshwar VB, Lotan Y, Hudson MA, van Rhijn BW, Marberger MJ, Fradet Y, et al. Molecular markers for bladder cancer screening, early diagnosis, and surveillance: the WHO/ICUD consensus. Urologia internationalis, 2015; 94(1): 1-24.

  • Pasin E, Josephson DY, Mitra AP, Cote RJ, Stein JP. Superficial bladder cancer: an update on etiology, molecular development, classification, and natural history. Reviews in urology, 2008; 10(1): 31.

  • Montironi, Rodolfo; Lopez-Beltran, Antonio. The 2004 WHO classification of bladder tumors: a summary and commentary. International journal of surgical pathology, 2005; 13(2): 143-153.

  • Clark, Peter E., et al. Bladder cancer. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2013; 11(4): 446-475.

  • Martin-Doyle, William, et al. Improving selection criteria for early cystectomy in high-grade t1 bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of 15,215 patients. J Clin Oncol, 2015; 33(6): 643-50.

  • Davies B, Waxman J, Wasan H, Abel P, Williams G, Krausz T, Neal D, Thomas D, Hanby A, Balkwill F. Levels of matrix metalloproteases in bladder cancer correlate with tumor grade and invasion. Cancer Research, 1993; 53(22): 5365-5369.

  • Neal RD, Tharmanathan P, France B, Din NU, Cotton S, Fallon-Ferguson J, Hamilton W, et al. Bladder cancer. Nature reviews Disease primers, 2017; 3: 17022.

  • Neal RD, Tharmanathan P, France B, Din NU, Cotton S, Fallon-Ferguson J et al. Is increased time to diagnosis and treatment in symptomatic cancer associated with poorer outcomes? Systematic review. British journal of cancer, 2015; 112 (s1): S92.

  • Mommsen, Søren; Aagaard, Jørgen; SELL, Arne. Presenting symptoms, treatment delay and survival in bladder cancer. Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology, 1983; 17(2): 163-167.

  • Smith JR, Joseph A., et al. Bladder cancer clinical guidelines panel summary report on the management of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (stages Ta, T1 and TIS). The Journal of urology, 1999; 162(5): 1697-1701.

  • Repetto, M. G.; Llesuy, S. F. Antioxidant properties of natural compounds used in popular medicine for gastric ulcers. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research, 2002; 35(5): 523-534.

  • .Ivanova, D., et al. Polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of Bulgarian medicinal plants. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2005; 96(1-2): 145-150.

  • Zeineldin, Mohamed, et al. A Review: Herbal Medicine as an Effective Therapeutic Approach for Treating Digestive Disorders in Small Ruminants. Alexandria Journal for Veterinary Sciences, 2018; 56.1.

  • Fleming, Sherrill A., et al. Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 2006; 20(2): 435-444.

  • Zhang, Haiying, et al. Effect of ethanol ischolar_main extract of Equisetum arvense (L) on urinary bladder activity in rats and analysis of principal plant constituents. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2015; 14(8): 1451-1458.

  • Hosseinpour-Jaghdani, Fatemeh, et al. Cornus mas: a review on traditional uses and pharmacological properties. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 2017; 14.3.

  • Lüthje, Petra, et al. Gynostemma pentaphyllum exhibits anti-inflammatory properties and modulates antimicrobial peptide expression in the urinary bladder. Journal of Functional Foods, 2015; 17: 283-292.

  • Zhang, Xian-Jun, et al. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides inhibit proliferation and migration of bladder cancer cell lines BIU87 by suppressing Pi3K/AKT pathway. Oncotarget, 2017; 8(4): 5936.

  • Tsai, Wen‐Hsin, et al. l‐Theanine inhibits proinflammatory PKC/ERK/ICAM‐1/IL‐33 signaling, apoptosis, and autophagy formation in substance P‐induced hyperactive bladder in rats. Neurourology and urodynamics, 2017; 36(2): 297-307.

  • Park, Taeyeol; LEE, Sanghun. Clinical Experiences of Korean Medicine Treatment against Urinary Bladder Cancer in General Practice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016; 2016.

  • Hayatdavoudi P, Rad AK, Rajaei Z, Hadjzadeh MA-R. Renal injury, nephrolithiasis and Nigella sativa: A mini review. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine. 2016; 6(1):1.

  • Hamid, Zariyantey Abdul, et al. Nephroprotective effects of Zingiber zerumbet Smith ethyl acetate extract against paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 2012; 13(3): 176-185.

  • Ehsani, Vahid, et al. Protective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Pistacia vera against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Renal failure, 2017; 39(1): 519-525.

  • Rao, Nalamolu Koteswara; Nammi, Srinivas. Antidiabetic and renoprotective effects of the chloroform extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. seeds in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 2006; 6(1): 17.

  • SU, Jing, et al. Effects of total glucosides of paeony on oxidative stress in the kidney from diabetic rats. Phytomedicine, 2010; 17(3-4): 254-260.

  • Yokozawa, Takako, et al. Protective effects of morroniside isolated from Corni Fructus against renal damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2008; 31(7): 1422-1428

  • Annie, S.; Rajagopal, P. L.; Malini, S. Effect of Cassia auriculata Linn. ischolar_main extract on cisplatin and gentamicin-induced renal injury. Phytomedicine, 2005; 12(8): 555-560.

  • Rao, Nalamolu Koteswara; NAMMI, Srinivas. Antidiabetic and renoprotective effects of the chloroform extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. seeds in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 2006; 6.1: 17.

  • Bwititi, P.; Musabayane, C. T.; Nhachi, C. F. B. Effects of Opuntia megacantha on blood glucose and kidney function in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2000; 69(3): 247-252

  • Mollazadeh, Hamid, et al. Effects of pomegranate seed oil on oxidative stress markers, serum biochemical parameters and pathological findings in kidney and heart of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Renal failure, 2016; 38(8): 1256-1266.

  • Nasri H, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Protective effects of herbal antioxidants on diabetic kidney disease. J Res Med Sci 2014; 19(1):82-83.

  • Amini FG, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Nematbakhsh M, Baradaran A,Nasri H. Ameliorative effects of metformin on renal histologic and biochemical alterations of gentamicin-induced renal toxicity in Wistar rats. J Res Med Sci 2012; 17(7): 621-625.

  • Nasri H, Tavakoli M, Ahmadi A, Baradaran A, Nematbakhsh M, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Ameliorative effect of melatonin against contrast media induced renal tubular cell injury. Pak J Med Sci 2014; 30(2): 261-265.

  • Baradaran A, Nasri H, Nematbakhsh M, Rafieian-Kopaei M.Antioxidant activity and preventive effect of aqueous leaf extract of Aloe vera on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Clin Ter 2014; 165(1): 7-11.

  • Rafieian-Kopaei M, Ghaed-Amini F, Nasri H. Ginger and diabetic nephropathy: a letter to the editor. J Isfahan Med School 2014; 32(273): 86-89.

  • Nasri H, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Medicinal plants and antioxidants: why they are not always beneficial? Iran J Public Health 2014; 43(2): 255-257.

  • Djeridane, A., et al. Antioxidant activity of some Algerian medicinal plants extracts containing phenolic compounds. Food chemistry, 2006, 97.4: 654-660.

  • Kähkönen, Marja P., et al. Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1999, 47.10: 3954-3962.

  • Cai, Yi-Zhong, et al. Structure–radical scavenging activity relationships of phenolic compounds from traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Life sciences, 2006, 78.25: 2872-2888.

  • Zheng, Wei; Wang, Shiow Y. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2001, 49.11: 5165-5170.

  • Marín, Laura, et al. Bioavailability of dietary polyphenols and gut microbiota metabolism: antimicrobial properties. BioMed research international, 2015, 2015.

  • Loh, Alwin HL; Cohen, Arthur H. Drug-induced kidney disease–pathology and current concepts. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 2009, 38.3: 240-250.

  • Nicholson, Jeremy K., et al. Metabonomics: a platform for studying drug toxicity and gene function. Nature reviews Drug discovery, 2002, 1.2: 153.

  • Fontana, Robert J. Pathogenesis of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury and clinical perspectives. Gastroenterology, 2014, 146.4: 914-928. e1.

  • Ekinci Akdemir, Fazile Nur, et al. The protective effects of p-coumaric acid on acute liver and kidney damages induced by cisplatin. Biomedicines, 2017, 5.2: 18.

  • Nasri H, Nematbakhsh M, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Ethanolic extract of garlic for attenuation of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2013;7:376-382.

  • Sharafati R, Sharafati F, Rafieian-kopaei M. Biological characterization of Iranian walnut (Juglans regia) leaves. Turk J Biol. 2011; 35:635-639.

  • Taghikhani M, Nasri H, Asgari A, et al. The renal toxicity of hydroalcoholic extract of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl in Wistar rats. Life Sci J. 2012; 9: 3025-3031.

  • Bahmani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Saki K, et al. Identification of medical plants acting on reproductive system disorders: an ethnobotanical study in Urmia, Northwest of Iran. J Chem Pharm Res. 2015; 7: 493-502.

  • Delfan B, Kazemeini HR, Bahmani M. Identifying effective medicinal plants for cold in Lorestan province, West of Iran [published online January 22, 2015]. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. doi:10.1177/2156587214568458.

  • Asgary S, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Shamsi F, Najafi S, Sahebkar A.Biochemical and histopathological study of the anti-hyperglycemicand anti-hyperlipidemic effects of cornelian cherry (Cornusmas L.) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Complement IntegrMed. 2014;11:63-69.

  • Rafieian-Kopaie M. Metformin and renal injury protection.J Renal Inj Prev. 2013; 2: 91-92.

  • Shirzad H, Taji F, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Correlation between antioxidant activity of garlic extracts and WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma tumor growth in BALB/c mice. J Med Food. 2011; 14: 969-974.

  • Shirzad M, Kordyazdi R, Shahinfard N, Nikokar M. Does royal jelly affect tumor cells? J HerbMed Pharmacol. 2013; 2(2):45-48.

  • Amirmohammadi M, Khajoenia S, Bahmani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Eftekhari Z, Qorbani M. In vivo evaluation of antiparasitic effects of Artemisia abrotanum and Salvia officinalis extracts on Syphacia obvelata, Aspiculoris tetrapetra and Hymenolepis nana parasites. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2014;4:250-254.

  • Bahmani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Medicinal plants and secondary metabolites for leech control. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2014; 4:315-316.

  • Rajurkar, N. S.; Damame, M. M. Mineral content of medicinal plants used in the treatment of diseases resulting from urinary tract disorders. Applied radiation and isotopes, 1998, 49.7: 773-776.

  • Gholami-Ahangaran M, Bahmani M, Zia-Jahromi N. Comparative and evaluation of anti-leech (Limnatis Nilotica) effect of Olive (Olea Europaea L.) with Levamisol and Tiabendazole. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2012; 2(1): 101-103.

  • Taghikhani A, Afrough H, Ansari-Samani R, Shahinfard N, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Assessing the toxic effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl on rat’s liver. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2014; 115: 121-124.

  • Faryadian S, Sydmohammadi A, Khosravi A, Kashiri M, Padera Faryadayn P and Abasi N. Aqueous extract of Echlum amoenum elevate CSF serotonin and dopamine level in depression rat. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 2014; 7(1):137-40.

  • Baharvand-Ahmad B, Bahmani M, Zargaran A, Eftekhari Z, Saki K, Baharvand-Ahmadi S and Rafieian-Kopaei M. Ruta graveolens plant: A plant with a range of high therapeutic effect called cardiac plant. Der Pharmacia Lettre 2015; 7 (11): 172-173

  • Bahmani M, Shirzad H, Mirhosseini M, Mesripour A, Rafieian-Kopaei M. A Review on Ethnobotanical and Therapeutic Uses of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L). J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2016; 21(1): 53-62.

  • Froushani SMA, Zarei L, Ghaleh HEG, Motlagh BM. Estragole and methyl-eugenol-free extract of Artemisia dracunculus possesses immunomodulatory effects. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 2016; 6(5): 526-534.

  • Baharvand-Ahmadi B, Bahmani M, Naghdi N, Saki K, Baharvand-Ahmadi S and Rafieian-Kopaei M. Medicinal plants used to treat infectious and non-infectious diseases of skin and skin appendages in city of Urmia, northwest Iran. Der Pharmacia Lettre 2015; 7(11): 189-196.

  • Abbasi N, Azizi Jalilian F, Abdi M, Saifmanesh M. A comparative study of the antimicrobial effect of Scrophularia striata Boiss. Extract and selective antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus and Pesudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2007; 6(SUPPL. 1): 10-18+69.


Abstract Views: 291

PDF Views: 0




  • Pathophysiology and Urinary System Cancer:An Overview of the Most Important Herbal Plants and Natural Antioxidants on Kidney and Bladder Disorders

Abstract Views: 291  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Abdolreza Kheirollahi
Urology Specialist, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran, Islamic Republic of
Afshin Hasanvand
Student Research Committee Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran, Islamic Republic of
Saber Abbaszadeh
Student Research Committee Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran, Islamic Republic of
Arash momeni Safarabadi
Student Research Committee Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran, Islamic Republic of
Mona Moghadasi
Student Research Committee Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran, Islamic Republic of

Abstract


After diabetes and hypertension, urinary tract and kidney diseases and glomerulonephritis are a major cause of chronic kidney disease in developed countries. The use of medicinal plants can assist in the treatment and prevention of cancers and disorders of the urinary system and the kidneys, and various infections in the body due to the presence of antioxidant compounds, bioactive compounds, phenols, flavonoids, etc.These plants play the role of traditional medicine in the treatment and prevention of kidney diseases, kidney cancer, and other disorders of the urinary system. Some of the most important medicinal plants were addressed in this review for their effectiveness and mechanisms of actions.Based on the results obtained from the review of a number of articles indexed in certain databases such as Institute for Scientific Information, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, etc., a number of plants have been reported to be effective in the treatment and prevention of urinary tract disorders and bladder and kidney cancers, including Equisetum arvense, Cornus mas L., Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Lycium barbarum, Camellia sinensis, Panax ginseng, Liriope muscari, Nigella sativa Linn, Abelmoschus manihot, Astragalus membranaceus, Tripterygium wilfordii, Zingiber zerumbet, Pistacia vera, Terminalia chebula Retz, Paeonia lactiflorapall, Cornus officinalis, Senna auriculata, Terminalia, Chebula, Opuntia megacantha, and Punica granatum. Pharmacological studies have addressed the therapeutic effects of medicinal plants, their clinical effects, and the use of their active ingredients for the production of natural, useful drugs. The phytochemical studies on these plants have shown that the most important compounds of these plants include total flavonoids and phenolics, steroids, quercetin, terchebi, luteolin, tannic acid, luteic acid, terflavin B, tannins, etc.Due to the active ingredients and active flavonoids of these plants, they can be used in the production of natural drugs that are effective on urinary tract (kidney and bladder) disorders and cancers, and reduce the pain and suffering of the patients.

Keywords


Urinary Tract Disorders, Renal Cell Carcinoma, Bladder Cancer, Medicinal Plants.

References