Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Covid-19 Pandemic: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives


Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa,, Egypt
2 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University,, Egypt
3 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab Private University for Science and Technology, Hama, Syrian Arab Republic
4 Department of Microbiology, Albatterjee Medical College, Jeddah 6231, Saudi Arabia
5 Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University of Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lead to the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and more than one hundred million cases have been reported all over the world which resulted in millions of deaths and the outcome is increasing so far. It spreads certainly via contaminated droplets produced during breathing, coughing, sneezing and speaking. The mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis depends on the entry of the coronavirus into epithelial cells through ACE2 receptors. Previous studies have shown that increased proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL1β, IL6, IL12, INF-γ, IP10, and MCP1) in the serum of patients with SARS are associated with lung inflammation and extensive lung injury. Common symptoms include fever, cough, breathing difficulties, and loss of smell and taste. Complications may include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). There is no known specific antiviral medication, so primary treatment is currently symptomatic, while the current vaccines are still under testing and have not complete information's. Antiviral medications are under investigation for COVID-19, though none have yet been shown to be clearly effective on mortality. Herein, we discussed perspectives on pathophysiology, mechanisms underlying infection and some selected medications that are used in the challenge against COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords

COVID-19, Pathophysiology, Cytokine release syndrome, ACE2 receptor, Acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Monto, A. S. J. T. Y. j. o. b. & medicine. Medical reviews. Coronaviruses. 1974; 47, 234 .

  • Gralton, J. et al. The role of particle size in aerosolised pathogen transmission: a review. 2011; 62, 1-13 .

  • Yang, C. et al. Coronavirus disease 2019: a clinical review. 2020; 24.

  • Unhale, S., Ansar, Q., Sanap, S., Thakhre, S. & Wadatkar, S. J. W. J. P. L. S. a Review on Corona Virus (Covid-19). 2020; 6, 109-115 .

  • Bai, Y. et al. Presumed asymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID-19. 2020; 323, 1406-1407 .

  • Chan, J. F.-W. et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. 2020; 395, 514-523 .

  • Li, Z. et al. Caution on kidney dysfunctions of 2019-nCoV patients. (2020).

  • Chai, X. et al. Specific ACE2 expression in cholangiocytes may cause liver damage after 2019-nCoV infection. (2020).

  • Radzikowska, U. et al. Distribution of ACE2, CD147, cyclophilins, CD26 and other SARS-CoV-2 associated molecules in human tissues and immune cells in health and disease. (2020).

  • Cooling, L. Blood Groups in Infection and Host Susceptibility. Clinical microbiology reviews 2015; 28, 801-870.

  • Lippi, G. and Mattiuzzi, C. J. H., Transfusion & Therapy, C. Hemoglobin value may be decreased in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019. (2020).

  • Zhou, F. et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet (London, England) 2020; 395, 1054-1062 .

  • Shah, A. et al. Systemic hypoferremia and severity of hypoxemic respiratory failure in COVID-19. 2020; 24, 1-4 .

  • Motta, I. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in beta thalassemia: Preliminary data from the Italian experience. American journal of hematology (2020).

  • Varga, Z. et al. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet (London, England) 2020; 395, 1417-1418.

  • Gattinoni, L. et al. COVID-19 pneumonia: ARDS or not? Critical care (London, England) 24, 154, (2020).

  • Hirschhorn, T. and Stockwell, B. R. The development of the concept of ferroptosis. Free radical biology & medicine. 2019; 133, 130-143 .

  • Eren, N. Y. E. Covid-19's passion for iron and fear of oxygen: Perhaps covid-19 craves the atmospheric environment in ancient times. (2020).

  • Han, Y. et al. Lactate dehydrogenase, a risk factor of severe COVID-19 patients. (2020).

  • Faure, E. et al. Distinct immune response in two MERS-CoV-infected patients: can we go from bench to bedside? PloS one. 2014; 9, e88716.

  • Hao, S. et al. QTY code-designed water-soluble Fc-fusion cytokine receptors bind to their respective ligands. 2020; 1-18 .

  • Saber, S. Angiotensin II: a key mediator in the development of liver fibrosis and cancer. Bulletin of the National Research Centre. 2018; 42, 18.

  • Saber, S. et al. Telmisartan ameliorates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in rats by modulating NF-κB signalling in the context of PPARγ agonistic activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 671, 185-195.

  • Saber, S. et al. Lisinopril inhibits nuclear transcription factor kappa B and augments sensitivity to silymarin in experimental liver fibrosis. International Immunopharmacology. 2018; 64, 340-349 .

  • Saber, S. et al. Telmisartan ameliorates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in rats by modulating NF-κB signalling in the context of PPARγ agonistic activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 671, 185-195.

  • Saber, S. et al. Olmesartan ameliorates chemically-induced ulcerative colitis in rats via modulating NFκB and Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling crosstalk. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2019; 364, 120-132.

  • Saber, S. et al. Telmisartan attenuates N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in mice by modulating the NF-κB-TAK1-ERK1/2 axis in the context of PPARγ agonistic activity. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2019; 392, 1591-1604.

  • Saber, S. et al. Losartan, an angiotensin-II type 1 receptor blocker, attenuates CCl4-induced liver fibrosis with a positive impact on survival in mice. 2017; 5, 121-126 .

  • Saber, S. et al. Perindopril, fosinopril and losartan inhibited the progression of diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in mice via the inactivation of nuclear transcription factor kappa-B. Toxicology letters. 2018; 295, 32-40.

  • Saber, S. et al. Renin-angiotensin system inhibition ameliorates CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis in mice through the inactivation of nuclear transcription factor kappa B. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology. 2018; 96, 569-576.

  • Mancia, G. et al. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Blockers and the Risk of Covid-19. The New England journal of medicine (2020).

  • Hussain, A. et al. COVID-19 and diabetes: Knowledge in progress. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2020; 162, 108142.

  • Gautret, P. et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 2020; 105949 .

  • Petri, M. et al. Hydroxychloroquine blood levels predict hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Arthritis & Rheumatology. 2020; 72, 448-453.

  • Zarogoulidis, P. et al. Macrolides: from in vitro anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties to clinical practice in respiratory diseases. European journal of clinical pharmacology 2012; 68, 479-503.

  • Anand, K. et al. Coronavirus main proteinase (3CLpro) structure: basis for design of anti-SARS drugs. Science. 2003; 300, 1763-1767 .

  • Freedberg, D. E. et al. Famotidine use is associated with improved clinical outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A propensity score matched retrospective cohort study. Gastroenterology (2020).

  • Kuba, K. et al. A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus–induced lung injury. Nature medicine. 2005; 11, 875-879 .

  • Patrì, A. and Fabbrocini, G. Hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin: A synergistic combination for COVID-19 chemoprophylaxis and treatment? Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2020; 82, e221 .

  • Pollard, H. B. et al. Classical drug digitoxin inhibits influenza cytokine storm, with implications for COVID-19 therapy. bioRxiv (2020).

  • Khan, Y. D. et al. iProtease-PseAAC (2L): A two-layer predictor for identifying proteases and their types using Chou's 5-step-rule and general PseAAC. Analytical biochemistry. 2020; 588, 113477 .

  • Khan, Y. D. and Roomi, M. S. Promising compounds for treatment of COVID-19. VAWKUM Transactions on Computer Sciences. 2020; 17, 1-8 .

  • Chow, E. J. et al. Influenza virus-related critical illness: prevention, diagnosis, treatment. Critical Care. 2019; 23, 214 .

  • Segler, M. H. et al. Planning chemical syntheses with deep neural networks and symbolic AI. Nature. 2018; 555, 604-610 .

  • Russell, C. D. et al. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. The Lancet. 2020; 395, 473-475.

  • Bestle, D. et al. TMPRSS2 and furin are both essential for proteolytic activation and spread of SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cells and provide promising drug targets. bioRxiv (2020).

  • Gordon, D. E. et al. A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing. Nature. 2020; 1-13.


Abstract Views: 142

PDF Views: 0




  • Covid-19 Pandemic: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives

Abstract Views: 142  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Sameh Saber
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa,, Egypt
Ahmed E. Khodir
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University,, Egypt
Abdalkareem Omar Maghmomeh
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab Private University for Science and Technology, Hama, Syrian Arab Republic
Nehal A. Nouh
Department of Microbiology, Albatterjee Medical College, Jeddah 6231, Saudi Arabia
Ahmed M. El-Baz
Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University of Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt

Abstract


The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lead to the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and more than one hundred million cases have been reported all over the world which resulted in millions of deaths and the outcome is increasing so far. It spreads certainly via contaminated droplets produced during breathing, coughing, sneezing and speaking. The mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis depends on the entry of the coronavirus into epithelial cells through ACE2 receptors. Previous studies have shown that increased proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL1β, IL6, IL12, INF-γ, IP10, and MCP1) in the serum of patients with SARS are associated with lung inflammation and extensive lung injury. Common symptoms include fever, cough, breathing difficulties, and loss of smell and taste. Complications may include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). There is no known specific antiviral medication, so primary treatment is currently symptomatic, while the current vaccines are still under testing and have not complete information's. Antiviral medications are under investigation for COVID-19, though none have yet been shown to be clearly effective on mortality. Herein, we discussed perspectives on pathophysiology, mechanisms underlying infection and some selected medications that are used in the challenge against COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords


COVID-19, Pathophysiology, Cytokine release syndrome, ACE2 receptor, Acute respiratory distress syndrome.

References