Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology

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Covid-19 Pandemic: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives


Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa,, Egypt
2 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University,, Egypt
3 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab Private University for Science and Technology, Hama, Syrian Arab Republic
4 Department of Microbiology, Albatterjee Medical College, Jeddah 6231, Saudi Arabia
5 Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University of Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
     

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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lead to the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and more than one hundred million cases have been reported all over the world which resulted in millions of deaths and the outcome is increasing so far. It spreads certainly via contaminated droplets produced during breathing, coughing, sneezing and speaking. The mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis depends on the entry of the coronavirus into epithelial cells through ACE2 receptors. Previous studies have shown that increased proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL1β, IL6, IL12, INF-γ, IP10, and MCP1) in the serum of patients with SARS are associated with lung inflammation and extensive lung injury. Common symptoms include fever, cough, breathing difficulties, and loss of smell and taste. Complications may include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). There is no known specific antiviral medication, so primary treatment is currently symptomatic, while the current vaccines are still under testing and have not complete information's. Antiviral medications are under investigation for COVID-19, though none have yet been shown to be clearly effective on mortality. Herein, we discussed perspectives on pathophysiology, mechanisms underlying infection and some selected medications that are used in the challenge against COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords

COVID-19, Pathophysiology, Cytokine release syndrome, ACE2 receptor, Acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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  • Covid-19 Pandemic: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives

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Authors

Sameh Saber
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa,, Egypt
Ahmed E. Khodir
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University,, Egypt
Abdalkareem Omar Maghmomeh
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Arab Private University for Science and Technology, Hama, Syrian Arab Republic
Nehal A. Nouh
Department of Microbiology, Albatterjee Medical College, Jeddah 6231, Saudi Arabia
Ahmed M. El-Baz
Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University of Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt

Abstract


The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lead to the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and more than one hundred million cases have been reported all over the world which resulted in millions of deaths and the outcome is increasing so far. It spreads certainly via contaminated droplets produced during breathing, coughing, sneezing and speaking. The mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis depends on the entry of the coronavirus into epithelial cells through ACE2 receptors. Previous studies have shown that increased proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL1β, IL6, IL12, INF-γ, IP10, and MCP1) in the serum of patients with SARS are associated with lung inflammation and extensive lung injury. Common symptoms include fever, cough, breathing difficulties, and loss of smell and taste. Complications may include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). There is no known specific antiviral medication, so primary treatment is currently symptomatic, while the current vaccines are still under testing and have not complete information's. Antiviral medications are under investigation for COVID-19, though none have yet been shown to be clearly effective on mortality. Herein, we discussed perspectives on pathophysiology, mechanisms underlying infection and some selected medications that are used in the challenge against COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords


COVID-19, Pathophysiology, Cytokine release syndrome, ACE2 receptor, Acute respiratory distress syndrome.

References