South Asian Journal of Management

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Thriving at Work:A Conceptual Examination of the Role of Emotional Social Competence (ESC) among Indian Managers


Affiliations
1 Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), Sardar Patel Road, Chennai 600036, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Emotional Intelligence (EI) has been often studied in the Indian management context. While the earlier studies on EI and leadership in India have focused more on performance aspects and leadership style, this study explores it as an integrated construct focusing not only on EI but also on the Social Intelligence (SI) required in an interpersonal context. This study adopts the integrated framework of Emotional Social Competence (ESC) to explore the role it plays in the manager’s own thriving at work. The purpose of this study is to understand the influence and impact of ESC on the leaders’ individual outcomes like thriving at work. A conceptual framework has been developed and propositions formulated to empirically evaluate the relationships between components of ESC and its influence on thriving of Indian managers, while taking into account the possible moderating role of Locus of Control (LoC) and Team Climate. The review of literature identifies the gaps in exploring the phenomenon of thriving at work in India in the context of ESC.

Keywords

Emotional Intelligence (EI), Emotional Social Competence (ESC), Locus of Control (LoC), Team Climate, Thriving at Work.
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • Amabile, T., & Kramer, S. (2011). The progress principle: Using small wins to ignite joy, engagement, and creativity at work. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Press.

  • Anderson, N., & West, M. A. (1996). The Team Climate Inventory: Development of the TCI and its applications in teambuilding for innovativeness. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(1), 53-66.

  • Antonakis, J., Ashkanasy, N. M. & Dasborough, M. T. (2009). Does leadership need emotional intelligence? The Leadership Quarterly, 20(2), 247-261.

  • Anuradha, M. V. R. S. L., & Ghuman, S. (2017). An assessment of the influence of the psychological consequences of task significance on employee engagement and turnover intentions. South Asian Journal of Management, 24(3), 62-87.

  • Atwater, L., & Carmeli, A. (2009). Leader–member exchange, feelings of energy, and involvement in creative work. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(3), 264-275.

  • Bar-On (1988); In Bar-On, R. (2006). The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI) 1. Psicothema, 18(Suplemento), 13-25.

  • Berg, J. M., Dutton, J. E., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2008). What is job crafting and why does it matter? Ann Arbor, MA: University of Michigan. Retrieved April 15, 2018, from http://positiveorgs.bus.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/What-is-Job-CraftingandWhy-Does-it-Matter1.pdf

  • Biswas, S. (2010). Relationship between psychological climate and turnover intentions and its impact on organizational effectiveness: A study in Indian organizations. IIMB Management Review, 22(3), 102-110.

  • Boyatzis. R.E. (1982). The competent manager: A model for effective performance. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

  • Boyatzis, R. E. (1999). Self-directed change and learning as a necessary metacompetency for success effectiveness in the twenty-first century. Keys to employee success in coming decades, 15-32.

  • Boyatzis, R. E., Goleman, D., & Rhee, K. (2000). Clustering competence in emotional intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI). Handbook of Emotional Intelligence, 343-362.

  • Boyatzis, R. E. (2009). Competencies as a behavioral approach to emotional intelligence. Journal of Management Development, 28(9), 749-770.

  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In: Richardson, J., Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. Westport, CT: Greenwood: 241-58.

  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822.

  • Bruch, H., & Menges, J. I. (2010). The acceleration trap. Harvard Business Review, 88(4), 80-86.

  • Brundin, E., & Nordqvist, M. (2008). Beyond Facts and Figures: The role of emotions in boardroom dynamics. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 16(4), 326-341.

  • Carmeli, A., Brueller, D., & Dutton, J. E. (2009). Learning behaviours in the workplace: The role of highquality interpersonal relationships and psychological safety. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 26(1), 81-98.

  • Carver, C. S. (1998). Resilience and thriving: Issues, models, and linkages. Journal of Social Issues, 54(2), 245-266.

  • Cherniss, C., Goleman, D., Emmerling, R., Cowan, K., & Adler, M. (1998). Bringing emotional intelligence to the workplace. New Brunswick, NJ: Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations, Rutgers University.

  • Cherniss, C. (2000). Emotional intelligence: What it is and why it matters. In Annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New Orleans, LA (Vol. 15).

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal performance. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

  • Deeter-Schmelz, D. R., & Sojka, J. Z. (2003). Developing effective salespeople: Exploring the link between emotional intelligence and sales performance. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11(3), 211-220.

  • Dutton, J. E., & Heaphy, E. D. (2003). The power of high-quality connections. Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline, 3, 263-278.

  • Dutton, J. E., & Spreitzer, G. M. (Eds.) (2014). How to be a positive leader: Small actions, big impact. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

  • Epstein, S. (1998). Cognitive-experiential self-theory. In D. F. Barone, M. Hersen and V. B. Van Hasselt (Eds.) Advanced Personality (pp. 211-238). Switzerland: Springer Nature AG.

  • Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 300-319.

  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226.

  • Ganster, D. C., & Fusilier, M. R. (1989). Control in the workplace. In C. L. Cooper and I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 235-280). Oxford, UK: John Wiley and Sons.

  • Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ for character, health and lifelong achievement, New York, NY: Bantam Books.

  • Goleman, D. (1998). Working with Emotional Intelligence. New York, NY: Bantam Books.

  • Goleman, D. (2000). Leadership that gets results. Harvard Business Review, 78(2), 4-17.

  • Goleman, D. (2001). An EI-based theory of performance. In D. Goleman and C. Cherniss (Eds.), The emotionally intelligent workplace: How to select for, measure, and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, groups, and organizations (pp. 2744). New York. NY: John Wiley and Sons.

  • Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. E., & McKee, A. (2002). The new leaders: Transforming the art of leadership into the science of results. London, UK: Little Brown.

  • Goleman, D., & Boyatzis, R. (2008). Social intelligence and the biology of leadership. Harvard Business Review, 86(9), 74-81.

  • Guillén Ramo, L., Saris, W. E., & Boyatzis, R. E. (2009). The impact of social and emotional competencies on effectiveness of Spanish executives. Journal of Management Development, 28(9), 771-793.

  • Ghosh, N. B., & Rajaram, G. (2015). Developing emotional intelligence for entrepreneurs: The role of entrepreneurship development programs. South Asian Journal of Management, 22(4), 85-100.

  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, leadership, and organization: do American theories apply abroad? Organizational Dynamics, 9(1), 42-63.

  • Hofstede, G. (2003). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.

  • Hosking, D. M., & Anderson, N. (1992). Organizing change and innovation: challenges for European work and organizational psychology. Organizational change and innovation: Psychological perspectives and practices in Europe, 1-17.

  • Izard, C. E. (1984). Emotion-cognition relationships and human development. In C. E. Izard, J. Kagan and R. B. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognition, and behavior (pp. 17-37). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

  • Jha, S. D., & Singh, K. (2011). An analysis of individualism-collectivism across Northern India. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 37(1), 149-156.

  • Jiang, Z. (2017). Proactive personality and career adaptability: The role of thriving at work. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 98, 85-97.

  • Joshi, A., Lazarova, M. B., & Liao, H. (2009). Getting everyone on board: The role of inspirational leadership in geographically dispersed teams. Organization Science, 20(1), 240-252.

  • Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of Core Self-evaluations Traits— self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability— with Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 80-92.

  • Kataria, A., Rastogi, R., & Garg, P. (2013). Organizational effectiveness as a function of employee engagement. South Asian Journal of Management, 20(4), 57-73.

  • Keyes, C. L. (2002). The Mental Health Continuum: From Languishing to Flourishing In Life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43, 207-222.

  • Kozlowski, S. W., & Ilgen, D. R. (2006). Enhancing the effectiveness of work groups and teams. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 7(3), 77-124.

  • Kirkman, B. L., & Rosen, B. (1999). Beyond self-management: Antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 42(1), 58-74.

  • Levenson, H. (1973). Reliability and Validity of the I, P, and C Scales-A Multidimensional View of Locus of Control.

  • Li, J. B., Vazsonyi, A. T., & Dou, K. (2018). Is individualism-collectivism associated with self-control? Evidence from Chinese and US samples. PloS one, 13(12), e0208541.

  • Luthans, F. & Avolio, B.J. (2003). Authentic leadership: a positive developmental approach. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, R. E. Quinn (Eds.) Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline (pp. 241-58). San Francisco, CA: BerrettKoehler.

  • Luthans, F., Norman, S., & Hughes, L. (2006). Authentic leadership. Inspiring Leaders, 84-104.

  • Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803-855.

  • Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence. In P. Salovey and D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 3-31). New York, NY: Basic Books.

  • McCall, M. W. (1998). High flyers: Developing the next generation of leaders. Harvard Business Press.

  • Mencl, J., Wefald, A. J., & van Ittersum, K. W. (2016). Transformational leader attributes: interpersonal skills, engagement, and well-being. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 37(5), 635-657.

  • Miller, J. B., & Stiver, I.P. (1997). The Healing Connection: How Women Form Relationships in Therapy and in Life. In, Spreitzer, G., Sutcliffe, K., Dutton, J.E, Sonenshein, S and Grant, A.M. (2005). A Socially Embedded Model of Thriving at Work. Organization Science, 16(5), 537-549.

  • Mishra, R. C. (1994). Individualist and collectivist orientations across generations. In U.Kim, H.C. Triandis, C.Kagitcibasi, S. Choi., & G.Yoon. (Eds.), Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method and Applications (pp. 225-238). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc.

  • Mishra, P. S., & Mohapatra, A. D. (2010). Relevance of emotional intelligence for effective job performance: An empirical study. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 35(1), 53-62.

  • Pavlovich, K., & Krahnke, K. (2012). Empathy, connectedness and organisation. Journal of Business Ethics, 105(1), 131-137.

  • Pfeffer, J. (2010). Building sustainable organizations: The human factor. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 24(1), 34-45.

  • Quinn, R. W., & Dutton, J. E. (2005). Coordination as energy-in-conversation. Academy of Management Review, 30(1), 36-57.

  • Rathi, N. (2014). Impact of emotional intelligence and emotional labor on organizational outcomes in service organizations: A conceptual model. South Asian Journal of Management, 21(4), 54-71.

  • Riggio, R. E., & Lee, J. (2007). Emotional and interpersonal competencies and leader development. Human Resource Management Review, 17(4), 418-426.

  • Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(1), 1-28.

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination Theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78.

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141-166.

  • Schor, J. (2008). The overworked American: The unexpected decline of leisure. Basic books.

  • Shipper, F., Kincaid, J., Rotondo, D. M., & Hoffman IV, R. C. (2003). A crosscultural exploratory study of the linkage between emotional intelligence and managerial effectiveness. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11(3), 171-191.

  • Shipper, F., & Manz, C. C. (1992). Employee self-management without formally designated teams: An alternative road to empowerment. Organizational Dynamics, 20(3), 48-61.

  • Shraga, O., & Shirom, A. (2009). The construct validity of vigor and its antecedents: A qualitative study. Human Relations, 62(2), 271-291.

  • Singh, S. K. (2007). Emotional intelligence and organisational leadership: A gender study in Indian context. International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, 1(1-2), 48-63.

  • Sonnenwald, D. H., & Pierce, L. G. (2000). Information behavior in dynamic group work contexts: interwoven situational awareness, dense social networks and contested collaboration in command and control. Information Processing & Management, 36(3), 461-479.

  • Spector, P. E. (1988). Development of the work locus of control scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 61(4), 335-340.

  • Spencer, L.M. Jr., & Spencer, S.M. (1993). Competence at Work: Models for superior performance. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

  • Spreitzer, G., Sutcliffe, K., Dutton, J.E., Sonenshein, S., & Grant, A.M. (2005). A Socially Embedded Model of Thriving at Work. Organization Science, 16(5), 537-549

  • Spreitzer, G. M., Lam, C. F., & Quinn, R. W. (2012). Human energy in organizations: Implications for POS from six interdisciplinary streams. The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship, 155-167.

  • Spreitzer, G., Porath, C. L., & Gibson, C. B. (2012). Toward human sustainability: How to enable more thriving at work. Organizational Dynamics, 41(2), 155-162.

  • Storms, P. L., & Spector, P. E. (1987). Relationships of organizational frustration with reported behavioural reactions: The moderating effect of locus of control. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 60(3), 227-234.

  • Strating, M. M. & Nieboer, A. P. (2009). Psychometric test of the Team Climate Inventory-short version investigated in Dutch quality improvement teams. BMC Health Services Research, 9. Doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-9-126

  • Tekleab, A. G., Sims Jr, H. P., Yun, S., Tesluk, P. E., & Cox, J. (2008). Are we on the same page? Effects of self-awareness of empowering and transformational leadership. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 14(3), 185-201.

  • Thayer, R. E., Newman, J. R., & McClain, T. M. (1994). Self-regulation of mood: Strategies for changing a bad mood, raising energy, and reducing tension. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(5), 910-925.

  • Theeboom, T., Beersma, B., & van Vianen, A. E. (2014). Does coaching work? A meta-analysis on the effects of coaching on individual level outcomes in an organizational context. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(1), 1-18.

  • Thorndike, E. L. (1920). Intelligence and its uses. Harper’s magazine.

  • Tomkins, S. (1962). Affect Imagery Consciousness: Volume I: The Positive Affects. Springer publishing company.

  • Tsui, A. S., & Ashford, S. J. (1994). Adaptive self-regulation: A process view of managerial effectiveness. Journal of Management, 20(1), 93-121.

  • Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96(3), 506.

  • Van den Bossche, P., Gijselaers, W. H., Segers, M., & Kirschner, P. A. (2006). Social and cognitive factors driving teamwork in collaborative learning environments: Team learning beliefs and behaviors. Small Group Research, 37(5), 490-521.

  • Van Velsor, E., Taylor, S., & Leslie, J. B. (1993). An examination of the relationships among self-perception accuracy, self-awareness, gender, and leader effectiveness. Human Resource Management, 32(2-3), 249-263.

  • Walter, F., & Bruch, H. (2008). The positive group affect spiral: A dynamic model of the emergence of positive affective similarity in work groups. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 239-261.

  • Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), 678-691.

  • Weber, R.J. (2000). The Created Self: Reinventing Body, Persona, and Spirit. New York, NY: Norton.

  • Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

  • Zimmerman, B. J. (1990). Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: An overview. Educational Psychologist, 25(1), 3-17.


Abstract Views: 204

PDF Views: 1




  • Thriving at Work:A Conceptual Examination of the Role of Emotional Social Competence (ESC) among Indian Managers

Abstract Views: 204  |  PDF Views: 1

Authors

Abha Bhartia
Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), Sardar Patel Road, Chennai 600036, India
V. Vijayalakshmi
Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), Sardar Patel Road, Chennai 600036, India

Abstract


Emotional Intelligence (EI) has been often studied in the Indian management context. While the earlier studies on EI and leadership in India have focused more on performance aspects and leadership style, this study explores it as an integrated construct focusing not only on EI but also on the Social Intelligence (SI) required in an interpersonal context. This study adopts the integrated framework of Emotional Social Competence (ESC) to explore the role it plays in the manager’s own thriving at work. The purpose of this study is to understand the influence and impact of ESC on the leaders’ individual outcomes like thriving at work. A conceptual framework has been developed and propositions formulated to empirically evaluate the relationships between components of ESC and its influence on thriving of Indian managers, while taking into account the possible moderating role of Locus of Control (LoC) and Team Climate. The review of literature identifies the gaps in exploring the phenomenon of thriving at work in India in the context of ESC.

Keywords


Emotional Intelligence (EI), Emotional Social Competence (ESC), Locus of Control (LoC), Team Climate, Thriving at Work.

References